Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Offshore and the Political and Legal Geography of Finance: 1066-2020 AD","authors":"Daniel Haberly","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3741902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3741902","url":null,"abstract":"Economic geographers have long defined themselves in opposition to the abstract theoretical universe of economics, rather emphasizing the specificity of economic activities in the “real world.” To a large extent, this emphasis also characterizes the subfield of financial geography, which has tended to focus on the human and material apparatus of financial centers. This focus has allowed the field to provide key insights into the organization and operation of the world economy that have been overlooked by researchers in other fields. However, it also often led to less emphasis being paid to the abstract vehicles and constructs that constitute finance itself—as opposed to the financial system. <br><br>Crucially, the fact that these abstract constructs and vehicles do not inhabit the physical world, does not mean that they do not have a geography. Rather, their geographic footprint defines what is broadly referred to as the “offshore” financial system. A quick review of almost any international economics statistics underscores the rather alarming centrality of this system to the organization of the world economy—with roughly two thirds of the world’s stock of FDI, for example, either in or from shell company jurisdictions where it is unlikely to have a local attachment to substantive activity . However, notwithstanding a significant body of work in economic geography (e.g. Cobb 1998; Haberly and Wojcik 2015; Roberts 1994; Toepfer and Hall 2018; Hudson 2000; Wainwright 2011; Warf 2000), the offshore system continues to be mostly treated as a footnote in analyses of the world economy.<br><br>As will be demonstrated in this chapter, attempting to construct a model of the “real” economy or financial system that simply ignores or strips away the “fictions” of the offshore system is somewhat analogous to stripping away the operating system of a computer in order to try to get a clearer view of the hardware. In other words, rather than being regarded some veil of illusions that obscures our view of the economy, the offshore system needs to be regarded as an integral and critical component of its operational fabric (Coe et. al 2014; Maurer 2008; Palan et al. 2010; Seabrooke and Wigan 2014). Furthermore, far from being some novel feature of the modern world, offshore has deep historical roots. Specially, as will be shown, the unbundling of the state as an institution into what can be described as onshore and offshore spheres has been, since the middle ages in Europe, a persistent outcome of fundamental political tensions that surround the role of the state in capitalism. Indeed, capitalism was in many respects born offshore, and offshore is where capital, to a large extent, continues to live.","PeriodicalId":448175,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129388340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Highly Would Walmart Rank if It Were a Country? A Comparison of Walmart Revenue to Nations’ GDP","authors":"Robert W. McGee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3524078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3524078","url":null,"abstract":"Walmart’s revenues are larger than the GDP of many countries. This paper ranks Walmart, comparing Walmart’s annual revenue to the GDP of the world’s 185 largest nations.","PeriodicalId":448175,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal","volume":"200 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124477378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minority Entrepreneurship and Access to Finance","authors":"Elizabeth A. Berger, John H. Y. Edwards, Yang Wang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3518018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3518018","url":null,"abstract":"We explore whether financial access explains persistent gender and racial imbalance in entrepreneurship. The 1979 NLSY overlaps with bank deregulation events between 1971 and 2001, permitting a difference in differences analysis of the propensity for young people to attempt entrepreneurship. We find that the movement away from local finance supported new entry by African American men into entrepreneurship, but not by women of any race. We show that financial access is an important determinant of the propensity of young adults to become entrepreneurs and provide new evidence about a mechanism through which the demographic gap in entrepreneurship might be closed.","PeriodicalId":448175,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal","volume":"215 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115589289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of IMF on Income Inequality: A Semi-Parametric Treatment Effects Approach","authors":"M. Chletsos, Andreas Sintos","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3516014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3516014","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we examine the effect of IMF (imposed) programs on countries income inequality for the period 1963-2015. To deal with selection bias, we use a potential outcomes framework, which does not rely on the selection of matching variables and has the further advantage of uncovering the effect of the treatment on the outcome variable over time. Our results indicate an increase in income inequality. The effect of some targeted IMF programs shows no significant evidence on income inequality, supporting the view of a new policy strategy designed to mitigate this disturbing trend.","PeriodicalId":448175,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132685706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender and Development in Southern Philippines: Experiences on GAD Budget Policy in some Barangays of Iligan City","authors":"Myrma Jean A. Mendoza, Sulpecia L. Ponce, Liwayway S. Viloria, Irene Estrada, Marph Daryl O. Porras","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3515057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3515057","url":null,"abstract":"The Philippines is one of the early countries in Asia with strong advocacy for gender and sustainable development. As one of the signatory countries of the Beijing Platform for Action (BPA) and Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the Philippine government and its national women machinery, the National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women (NCRFW) had adapted and implemented international gender policies and legislated Gender and Development (GAD) mandates and structures. The government’s concern for women is embodied in the Philippine Plan for Gender Responsive Development (PPGRD) 1995–2025. Over the years, through various legal mandates, GAD has shifted from being highly centralized to decentralization, from national government to sub-national governments, more known as local government units in the Philippines. As Heilet (et al. 2008) aptly stated, local government is in a unique position to contribute to the global struggle for gender equality and can have a great impact on the status of gender equality around the world, in its capacities as the level of governance closest to the citizens. This article adapts the Gender and Development framework embodied in the PPGD which promotes gender empowerment and equality. That is, sustainable development can truly be attained if the needs and issues of the marginalized women sector at the basic administrative local government units are addressed through representation and legislated gender budget. With more than 2 decades after PPGRD has been passed, the pressing need is to find out how gender mainstreaming and GAD Budget Policy compliance has fared in the southern part of the country, in the city of Iligan, specifically to its most basic administrative units, the barangay. The GAD Budget Policy, a vital component of Gender and Development (GAD) is the focus in this article that is to find out the gender budget compliance in the barangay level, specifically the 15 barangays in Iligan City. The study, conducted in 2016 to 2017 used Key Informant Interviews and reviewed national and local GAD ordinances and documents. Barangay Gender and Development and gender budget policy has still a long way to go in the barangays with its triumphs and challenges. While GAD structures based on mandates from the city government cascaded to the barangay level it is noticeable women are still a minority at the barangay governance. There is however, a high level of compliance, to the 5% gender budget and the preparation of the annual GAD Plan & Budget (GDB). The limited gender budgets although allotted for gender-friendly programs, projects, and activities are not enough. Through women’s representation and involvement, feelings of equality, empowerment and self-worth among the women beneficiaries are reported for having contributed to the family income and represented and involved in community development projects.","PeriodicalId":448175,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128977140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Non-Economic Policy and the Post-Communist Experience of Georgia","authors":"V. Papava","doi":"10.13187/es.2019.2.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13187/es.2019.2.143","url":null,"abstract":"Economic policy is an integral part of public policy and is to be based on the accomplishments of economics. If an economic policy is not only far from economics, but in certain cases contradicts its basic postulates and rules, then such an economic policy carried out by the government represents a “non-economic policy.” Among the causes that lead to “non-economic policies,” first and foremost, is the unprofessional economic team of the government and false opinions entrenched in economics or economics lagging behind the processes unfolding in the economy. The present article offers the typology of a non-economic policy. The experience of post-Communist Georgia illustrates a number of clear examples when the governments in the country implemented non-economic policies which quite negatively affected the development of the country. As a result of developing a successful economic policy such economic reforms were carried out which allowed the country to overcome hyperinflation in the 1990s and macroeconomic stability was achieved. After carrying out currency reform, the national currency, the lari, was introduced. The reforms were fully based on economics. The main challenge is to approximate the economic policy to economics which can be achieved only in the case when economic policy-makers are highly skilled economists.","PeriodicalId":448175,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal","volume":"281 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134487046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Gender Wage Gap on an Online Labour Market: The Cost of Interruptions","authors":"Abi Adams‐Prassl","doi":"10.1162/rest_a_01282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_01282","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses gender differences in working patterns and wages on Amazon Mechanical Turk, a popular online labour platform. Using information on 2 million tasks, we find no gender differences in task selection nor experience. Nonetheless, women earn 20% less per hour on average. Gender differences in working patterns are a significant driver of this wage gap. Women are more likely to interrupt their working time on the platform with consequences for their task completion speed. A follow-up survey shows that the gender differences in working patterns and hourly wages are concentrated amongst workers with children.","PeriodicalId":448175,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal","volume":"171 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116128251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Democrat Disaster: Hurricane Exposure, Risk Aversion and Insurance Demand","authors":"Raluca L. Pahontu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3515282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3515282","url":null,"abstract":"How do voters respond to heightened risk? Dominant theories expect accountability issues to surface or distributional conflict to intensify once threats become salient. Unsatisfactorily, these accounts rely on compound treatment effects of exposure not only to risk but also to direct losses or self-selection into unfortunate circumstances. To circumvent this, I use difference-in-differences estimates of hurricane nearly-hit areas in the US to study the effect of risk on vote choice. I find that Democrats' vote share decreases in both House and Senate races between 2002-2014 following a near-miss. Conventional explanations related to religiosity, authority, or competence fail to explain this effect. Instead, I propose Republican gains are driven by voters' spending on private insurance and increased willingness to take risks when spared from disaster. I therefore advance an alternative explanation of voting under risk by relying on novel data on hurricane trajectories, precinct electoral returns, risk-aversion, and private insurance inquiries. These results are politically meaningful not least because US general elections follow closely after the hurricane season.","PeriodicalId":448175,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal","volume":"185 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114373260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Referrals in Immobility, Inequality, and Inefficiency in Labor Markets","authors":"Lukas Bolte, Nicole Immorlica, M. Jackson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3512293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3512293","url":null,"abstract":"We study the consequences of job markets' heavy reliance on referrals. Referrals screen candidates and lead to better matches and increased productivity, but disadvantage job-seekers who have few or no connections to employed workers, leading to increased inequality. Coupled with homophily, referrals also lead to immobility: a demographic group's low employment rate in one period leads that group to have relatively low employment in future periods as well. We identify conditions under which distributing referrals more evenly across a population not only reduces inequality, but also improves economic mobility across generations as well as future productivity. We use the model to examine optimal policies, showing that one-time affirmative action policies involve short-run production losses, but lead to long-term improvements in equality, mobility, and productivity due to induced changes in future referrals. We also show how the possibility of firing workers changes the effects of referrals.","PeriodicalId":448175,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131178615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Kemalist One-Party State and Economic Wellbeing of Turkey","authors":"Hasan Çamlı","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3793833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3793833","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the period from 1923 to 1950. In this period, we examine a Kemalist One-Party state that contains extremist measures towards the people and radical reforms in the country. This rule of single-party regime lasts for 27 years and contains a great variety of hints to understand Turkish political thought. In this sense, economic developments and state intervened policies of the postwar period will also be investigated. This is illustrated by giving examples of the state’s taxation policies and the industrial capabilities of the new republic. It is hoped that this study will enlighten readers to understand the indispensable issue that is the people’s reaction against state’s economic policies and their complacency towards the reforms.","PeriodicalId":448175,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal","volume":"535 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117041741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}