Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of the Relationship between Occupational Stress and Emotional Intelligence in Nurses Working in Intensive Care and General Wards of the Hospital: A Case-Control Study.","authors":"Farzad Abaaspour Fasaei, Nasrin Elahi, Mohammad Adineh, Mohammad Hosein Haghighizadeh","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_302_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_302_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Emotional intelligence (EI) is increasingly recognized as an important factor in managing occupational stress. This study aimed to examine and compare the association between EI and occupational stress in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and General Ward (GW) nurses.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In this case-control study, 478 nurses were recruited in 2020 from hospitals affiliated with Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Participants included 239 ICU nurses (case group) and 239 GW nurses (control group), selected through multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected using the Sybria Sherink Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire and the Expanded Nursing Stress Scale (ENSS). Statistical analyses (<i>t</i>-tests, Pearson correlation, and stepwise regression) were performed using SPSS version 16.0 with a significance level of <i>p</i> < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean (SD) age of participants was 34.2 (6.31) in the case group and 33.4 (7.12) in the control group. The mean (SD) occupational stress was 157.21 (38.62) in the case group and 132.51 (41.13) in the control group. This mean was significantly greater in the case group (t₄₇₆ = 6.78, <i>p</i> < 0.001). EI scores were inversely correlated with occupational stress (r = -0.31, <i>p</i> < 0.001). EI explained 9.7% of the variance in occupational stress (R² =0.097, β = -0.31, t = -7.13, <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ICU nurses experience greater occupational stress than those in GWs. Higher EI is significantly associated with lower stress, suggesting that EI enhancement could be a useful strategy to reduce stress in high-pressure nursing environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"31 3","pages":"439-444"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13375179/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148473092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wearable Blood Sugar Alert Gadget for Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Glycemic Notifications: A Futuristic Concept.","authors":"Hardeep Kaur, Shatrughan Pareek, Yashwant Ramawat","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_160_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_160_25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"31 3","pages":"544"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13375168/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148473265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application and Effectiveness of the Nola Pender Model in Nursing: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Indiana L R Torres, Diana M P Rojas, Gloria L Amell, Santiago G Martínez","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_442_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_442_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Health behavior encompasses the behaviors and decisions individuals make regarding their daily activities, which can impact their health and well-being. This study aimed to explore the application and effectiveness of Nola Pender's health promotion model in nursing practice.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This narrative review was conducted between 2018 and 2022. The keywords, such as \"Nola, Pender,\" \"lifestyle,\" \"effectiveness,\" and \"Nursing,\" were used, both in English and Spanish. These keywords were individually searched in international databases, such as Scielo, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria were full texts of original articles and articles related to the use and effectiveness of the Nola Pender model in nursing practice. Studies with abstracts only, other nursing models, duplicates, or insufficient methodological rigor were excluded. Each article was evaluated for methodological rigor, clarity of objectives, study design, and relevance to nursing. A total of 32 articles met the criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis of the selected documents identified applications of the model in the promotion of eating habits, sexual and reproductive health, management of arterial hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, participation in community activities and lifestyles in general. The Pender model proved to be effective in adherence to treatment, stress management and cardiovascular disease, hand hygiene, smoking reduction, and exercise promotion.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The scientific literature analyzed shows the effectiveness of the Nola Pender model in nursing practice for health-promoting behaviors both individually and collectively. The model proposed by Pender provides different strategies with beneficial results for the health and well-being of people.</p>","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"31 3","pages":"366-375"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13375195/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148473006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigate the Relationship Between Receiving the COVID-19 Vaccine and Menstrual Disorders among Females of Reproductive Age in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.","authors":"Ola M Esheaba, Howieda A Fouly, Fathia K Kassem","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_400_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_400_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There are many physical side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine, including unexpected changes occurring in menstrual bleeding. This study aimed to assess the relation between the COVID-19 vaccine and disorders in menstruation among females of reproductive age.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Participants were recruited from a nonprobability snowball sampling targeted at females who are living in Jeddah city between March 2022 and August 2022, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A quantitative cross-sectional design was utilized to conduct the study, a nonexperimental design based on a single observation point. The sample size is estimated by the G*Power software to be 180, considering missed cases, it increased to 197.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Regarding menstrual changes, <i>n</i> = 86 (43.65%) experienced a delay, and about one-third reported an earlier menstruation cycle. A significant relationship is observed between nationality, occupation, and changes in period (<i>t</i> = 3.89, <i>P</i> < 0.001 and <i>t</i> = -2.94, <i>P</i> < 0.004). There is no significant difference in the occurrence of complications among the different vaccine types.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Receiving the COVID-19 vaccine was strongly linked with unexpected disturbance in menstruation among the studied group, from simple menstrual irregulates to reported amenorrhea after receiving the booster doses. However, the occurrence of menstrual cycle delays was not linked to the vaccine type. Further studies should be done to investigate each type of vaccine specifically to determine if the type of vaccine affects the reproductive function generally not only the menstrual cycle, in a larger survey for more generalizability.</p>","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"31 3","pages":"471-478"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13375197/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148473154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Review of Nurse-Patient Communication Status in Palliative Care and its Affecting Factors.","authors":"Naiire Salmani, Imane Bagheri, Zahra Rezaei, Mohammad Hasanzadeh Naeini, Atena Dadgari","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_57_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_57_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Investigating the status of nurse-patient communication in Palliative Care (PC) and understanding the factors affecting it helps to provide effective patient-centered care and optimize care strategies in PC settings. Therefore, this review was conducted with the aim of determining the status of nurse-patient communication in PC and factors affecting it.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This systematic search was conducted in both Iranian and international databases, including Scientific Information Database (SID), Magiran, Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), Public Medical Database (PubMed), and ProQuest, using keywords: \"Palliative Care\" AND \"Communication\" AND \"Nurses\" to find related articles published until 2024. Inclusion criteria for the articles included original studies whose results focus on nurse-patient communication in PC.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nurses do not communicate comfortably and effectively with patients in the PC setting, especially in conversations related to advanced care plans, end-of-life care, and prognosis. This communication is influenced by factors such as trust issue between patient and nurse, individual preparation of nurse and patient, effective collaboration between nurses and physicians, the nurse's skill in being a good listener and establishing empathetic interaction with patient, and allocation of sufficient time for nurse-patient communication. The use of structured communication models, such as Sage and Thyme, Comfort, can help nurses to be a more effective communicator.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of present study showed that nurses do not have effective conversations with patients in the context of PC. Therefore, in order to improve nurses' communication skills, training programs are suggested to be designed and implemented in accordance with the identified needs of nurses in relation to difficult conversations with patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"31 3","pages":"376-390"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13375196/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148473008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Qualitative Exploratory Study of the Continuity of Midwifery Care for the Adolescent Pregnancy in Indonesia.","authors":"Dewi Susanti, Hardisman Dasman, Yusrawati Yusrawati, Mudjiran Mudjiran, Rahmi A Yuda","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_135_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_135_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adolescent pregnancy poses serious biopsychosocial challenges and increases maternal and infant health risks. Continuity of Midwifery Care (CMC) is essential to ensure optimal outcomes, yet its implementation for adolescent pregnancies remains suboptimal. This study aims to explore gaps in CMC for adolescent pregnancies and provide recommendations for improvement.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This qualitative study was conducted in Padang, West Sumatera Indonesia, from January to June 2022. Using purposive sampling, participants included adolescent pregnant women (<i>n</i> = 4), Private Midwifery Practices (<i>n</i> = 4), maternal and child health (MCH) program holders (<i>n</i> = 3), a maternal care coordinator midwife (<i>n</i> = 1), and a public health division head (<i>n</i> = 1). Data were collected through in-depth, semistructured interviews and analyzed thematically using an inductive approach with triangulation to ensure rigor.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three key themes emerged: (1) Management continuity; care primarily focused on physical health, with limited assessment of psychological well-being. Diagnosis and care planning neglected adolescent-specific needs. Emotional support was minimal during implementation and follow-up. (2) Informational Continuity; Health information was general, lacking relevance to adolescent risks. Verbal explanations and the Maternal and Child Health Handbook were commonly used, with limited digital tools. Retention barriers included judgment, low confidence, and lack of adolescent-friendly materials. (3) Relational Continuity; Midwifery care lacked psychological support and was disrupted by staff rotation, reducing consistency. Family and partner support were often limited, affecting adherence and safety.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>To improve CMC for adolescent pregnancy in Indonesia, it is essential to integrated psychological support, develop adolescent-specific guidelines, provide personalized health education and strengthen midwife-client continuity.</p>","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"31 3","pages":"401-407"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13375167/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148473498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Independence and Self-Dependence on the Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Hemodialysis in Medan, indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.","authors":"Cholina Trisa Siregar, Azizah Nasution, Khairunnisa Khairunnisa, Riri Andri Muzasti","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_381_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_381_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Long-term hemodialysis (HD) causes biological, psychological, social, and spiritual changes and decreases work capacity, resulting in loss of autonomy and increased dependence on daily activities. This study aimed to examine the relationships between independence, self-dependence, and the quality of life (QoL) in patients receiving HD.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study, with a descriptive analytical design, included 136 patients receiving HD. The study was conducted from June to October 2023 using demographic questionnaires, self-care assessments, and the Barthel and Kidney Disease Quality of Life 36-item Short Form survey (KDQoL SF-36) for patients aged 18-70 years receiving routine HD. Validity and reliability were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman's correlation tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most patients on HD had partial self-dependence (91%), were classified as dependent (65%), and reported a very good QoL (72%). The mean (SD) highest KDQoL-36 dimension scale in the symptom/problem list domain was 72.32 (13.06). There was no statistically significant correlation between independence and QoL (<i>r</i> = -0.10, <i>p</i> = 0.124). However, a weak but statistically significant negative correlation was found between self-dependence and QoL (<i>r</i> = -0.16, <i>p</i> = 0.035).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The ability to perform self-care and achieve independence in meeting daily needs increased with acceptance of the changes that occurred. Proper self-acceptance can be fostered with the help of family members and healthcare teams.</p>","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"31 3","pages":"466-470"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13375170/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148473152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Affecting the Turnover Intention in Newly Graduated Nurses: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Simin Jahani, Kourosh Zarea, Sara Arianmehr, Nooshin Sarvi-Sarmeydani, Masumeh Javanparast Sheikhani, Aida Alizadeh","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_392_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_392_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>High turnover among newly graduated nurses poses a serious challenge to healthcare systems, contributing to staff shortages, compromised patient safety, and increased operational costs. This narrative review aimed to identify the key factors influencing turnover intention in this group.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This narrative review involved a literature review across the Science Direct, SID, Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Magiran databases for English and Persian language studies published between 2010 and 2022, ultimately selecting 19 relevant studies. The findings revealed that both individual and organizational factors play significant roles in shaping nurses' decisions to leave their jobs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Turnover intention among newly graduated nurses was influenced by distinct individual and organizational factors. On the individual level, risk factors included emotional instability, sleep disturbances, job-related stress, poor communication with patients, insufficient clinical skills, role conflict, and role ambiguity. Protective factors that reduced turnover intention were strong professional commitment, conscientiousness, and psychological capital such as resilience and optimism. Organizational factors also had a major impact. High workload, workplace bullying, rude or unprofessional colleagues, and lack of adequate resources increased the likelihood of turnover. In contrast, supportive leadership and positive workplace relationships helped retain newly graduated nurses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We recommend that policymakers establish safe staffing ratios and antibullying policies, managers prioritize leadership development and clinical resources, educators enhance communication training, and institutions implement resilience programs and mentorship. These evidence-based actions are essential to improve nurse retention and advance patient care quality through a stable nursing workforce.</p>","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"31 3","pages":"357-365"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13375188/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148473156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of SP6 Acupressure on Labor Pain During Childbirth Among Nulliparous Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","authors":"Arpana Basnett, Barkha Devi, Doma Giri","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_48_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_48_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acupressure is a nonpharmacological therapeutic technique that involves applying pressure to specific body points to promote energy flow and relieve pain. This study evaluated the effect of Sanyinjiao (SP6) acupressure on labor pain among nulliparous women.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A randomized clinical trial was conducted between January and March 2023 in the labor and maternity wards of a tertiary care hospital in Sikkim, India. Sixty nulliparous women at 37-42 weeks of gestation with at least three contractions in 10 minutes were randomly assigned to an intervention group (<i>n</i> = 30) or a control group (<i>n</i> = 30). The control group received routine obstetric care, while the intervention group received SP6 acupressure for two minutes during each contraction for 30 minutes, starting at 4 cm and continuing until 8 cm cervical dilatation. Labor pain was assessed seven times using the visual analogue scale (VAS). The collected data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), repeated-measures ANOVA, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant difference was observed in the baseline pain scores between the groups (F_1,58 = 0.12, <i>p</i> > 0.05). Repeated-measures ANOVA showed a significant reduction in pain intensity in the intervention group at 4 cm (F_1,58 = 88.67, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and 6 cm dilation (F_1,58 = 305.4, <i>p</i> < 0.001). ANCOVA confirmed significant differences between the groups across seven measurements (F_1,58 = 117.20, <i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SP6 acupressure demonstrated a positive effect on pain intensity and was a safe, noninvasive, and cost-effective method for reducing labor pain among nulliparous women. Therefore, it can be recommended as a supportive midwifery practice alongside routine obstetric care.</p>","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"31 3","pages":"418-426"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13375169/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148473141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Educational Barriers and Facilitators Related to Iran's Pronatalist Population Policy: A Qualitative Study.","authors":"Leila Asadi, Fatemeh Keshmiri, Shahnaz Kohan","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_419_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_419_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In recent years, Iran has introduced new policies aimed at enhancing demographic indicators by reducing the replacement fertility rate. These policies present both challenges and opportunities for health education, particularly within midwifery, the frontline provider of reproductive health services. This study aims to explore the experiences of Reproductive Health Service (RHS) providers concerning the educational barriers and facilitators related to Iran's Pronatalist Population Policy.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This qualitative study was conducted in Yazd, Iran, from May to September 2023. The study involved 32 RHS providers in various roles, including six midwifery instructors, nine midwifery students, 11 midwives, and six health providers in the community health center. Participants were selected via purposive sampling with maximum variation. Data collection employed semi-structured, in-depth interviews alongside field note-taking. Data analysis followed Graneheim and Lundman's qualitative content analysis method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The barriers were classified under the domain of \"multidimensional conflict in driving childbearing policy\" and organized into three main categories: sociocultural barriers, economic barriers, and structural issues within reproductive and sexual health services. Moreover, educational facilitators were identified within two main categories: \"policy-making\" and \"educational infrastructure.\"</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings reveal that educational barriers to childbearing programs in Iran arise from intertwined sociocultural, economic, and systemic issues, reflecting complex societal norms, financial constraints, and service accessibility challenges. Moreover, facilitators such as effective policy-making and strong educational infrastructure are vital in mitigating these obstacles. These results underscore the necessity for culturally sensitive, economically supportive, and systemically integrated interventions to improve educational outcomes in reproductive health services.</p>","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"31 3","pages":"479-488"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13375190/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148473218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}