{"title":"Crossing the Figurative Gap: Metaphor and Metonymy in Midnight’s Children","authors":"M. Fenwick","doi":"10.1177/0021989404047046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021989404047046","url":null,"abstract":"Among the great dangers of every revolution, success is surely the most pernicious. The academic and institutional revolution occasioned by postcolonial (post-colonial?) studies is not exempt. Having successfully carried the theoretical day and secured a place in both the syllabuses and teaching faculties of virtually every university, post-colonialism (postcolonialism?) has become home to, and perhaps even dependent upon, a number of what can only be called canonical maxims. Post (with or without the hyphen) colonialism is about questioning accepted truths; it is dedicated to opening up new fields of inquiry in old literatures, and to providing a space for previously ignored voices; it is anti-hegemonic, anti-hierarchical and anti-canonical. It is not post-structuralism; it is – or ought to be – politically committed. Above all else, post/colonialism (to dispense with the hyphenated/non-hyphenated debate altogether) is dedicated to the proposition that the world cannot be rightly or properly understood according to the old imperialist terms of “us and them,” centre and margin, right and wrong: binary opposition is to be abandoned, and a more flexible and relational form of understanding and interpretation is to be embraced. What are we then to make of the proposition, frequently made and surprisingly, rarely (if ever) questioned, that in post/colonial literature, metaphor is to be shunned and metonymy embraced? One would think that as two of the most dependable workhorses of twentieth-century literary criticism their role would have received careful and full attention from the promulgators of any new revolutionary way to apprehend texts. But this has not been the case: rather than striving for a relational and Crossing the Figurative Gap","PeriodicalId":44714,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF COMMONWEALTH LITERATURE","volume":"39 1","pages":"45 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2004-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0021989404047046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65354643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pandering Caribbean Spice: The Strategic Exoticism of Robert Antoni’s My Grandmother’s Erotic Folktales","authors":"Eric D. Smith","doi":"10.1177/0021989404047043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021989404047043","url":null,"abstract":"Now translated into nearly half a dozen languages, Robert Antoni’s My Grandmother’s Erotic Folktales (2001) has eclipsed in sales his previous two novels,1 the first of which, Divina Trace, was awarded the 1992 Commonwealth Writers’ Prize and is now hailed as a landmark achievement in contemporary Caribbean fiction. In fact, an upcoming US edition of Divina Trace gestures toward the considerable international success of the more popularly accessible Folktales by featuring not the familiar black Madonna and child of the Overlook paperback edition, but a sensual female nude, recalling the (dubious) eroticism of the latter novel. Thus, critics of Folktales’ mainstream success have accused Antoni of abandoning the high literary aspirations of his prior novels and pandering to western tastes through an appeal to Caribbean exoticism. One internet reviewer charges that Folktales has, in fact, “none of the dignity and grace” of Antoni’s previous books and that this “long-awaited third book comes as a bit of a surprise and a disappointment”.2 The implication that Antoni’s latest book is somehow a sell-out, however, invites us to look more closely at the way exoticism functions as a discourse in Folktales. I offer that Antoni’s latest book might be profitably read alongside the concept of what Graham Huggan has termed “strategic exoticism”, in which exoticist codes of representation are appropriated by the postcolonial writer and then cunningly redeployed as either a means of subverting those codes or laying bare inequities of power.3 With My Grandmother’s Erotic Folktales, Antoni certainly stages a conspicuously Pandering Caribbean Spice","PeriodicalId":44714,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF COMMONWEALTH LITERATURE","volume":"39 1","pages":"24 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2004-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0021989404047043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65354751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial Leonard Woolf in Ceylon 1904–1911","authors":"Y. Gooneratne","doi":"10.1177/0021989404047042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021989404047042","url":null,"abstract":"It should surprise no one that Leonard Woolf titled the second volume of his five-volume autobiography, Growing. This is the volume that covers the seven years Woolf spent as a British civil servant in Sri Lanka (then Ceylon), and in those seven years he not only grew in years and experience, but significantly outgrew the assumptions about Britain and its Empire with which he had confidently embarked from Tilbury Docks on the P. & O. Syria in October 1904, taking with him into an unknown, exotic, tropical world his ninety volumes of Voltaire, three bright green flannel collars, and a wire-haired fox-terrier named Charles to assist him in his task of helping to rule the British Empire. “The complete selfconfidence of the British imperialist”, Woolf was to write later of his years in Ceylon, “was really rather strange”. While on leave in England in 1912, Woolf took the “icy plunge” back into his old life, re-entering the circle of his Cambridge friends, and eventually marrying Virginia Stephen. But although the old life might have seemed familiar at first, it was not the same. The world had changed, and so had Woolf. His seven years as a servant of imperialism had disillusioned him about many concepts that he had never questioned in 1904: imperialism, for instance, and even the nature of civilization itself:","PeriodicalId":44714,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF COMMONWEALTH LITERATURE","volume":"39 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2004-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0021989404047042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65354716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"with Covered Eyes: Amerindians and the Arts of Seeing in Wilson Harris and Steve McQueen","authors":"Michael Mitchell","doi":"10.1177/0021989404047049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021989404047049","url":null,"abstract":"The Yekuana people, Carib speakers living around the Paragua River in Venezuela, who in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries undertook breathtaking journeys to Kijkoveral and Georgetown and were known to Richard Schomburgk1 as “Maiongkong”, tell in their creation epic Watunna of the first man Wanadi and his dark brother Odosha, an embodiment of evil, deception and death. In the third phase of creation Odosha pursues Wanadi from the centre of the universe in Kushamakari to the edges of the material world. At each stage of the journey Wanadi creates diversions to hold Odosha up; first there are rapids in the rivers stocked with game, then entire cities full of riches designed to make Odosha think he has found Wanadi and entered heaven. Thus he creates the village of Angostura, populating it with a race of whites called Iaranavi. When this fails to deter Odosha he creates Amenadiña (Georgetown), from which traders will later bring the murderous Kanaima. Finally, when Odosha continues his pursuit, Wanadi constructs his ultimate creation Kahu Awadiña, a city of mirrors and glass at the edge of the universe:","PeriodicalId":44714,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF COMMONWEALTH LITERATURE","volume":"39 1","pages":"107 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2004-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0021989404047049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65355112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Caught between the Goddess and the Cyborg: Third-World Women and the Politics of Science in Three Works of Indian Science Fiction","authors":"S. Mathur","doi":"10.1177/0021989404047050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021989404047050","url":null,"abstract":"In 1905 Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, a young Bengali reformist, wrote a short story entitled “Sultana’s Dream”. Dubbed “a terrible revenge!” (against men) by her husband, who proudly arranged for its publication in The Indian Ladies’ Magazine,1 this short utopian tale of gender role inversion forcefully articulated Hossain’s views regarding the power of modern education to transform the position of women in contemporary Muslim society. Nearly a century later, Manjula Padmanabhan wrote Harvest (1996) for “the Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation International Competition for a new, original, unproduced, unpublished play which ‘deals with the problems facing Man on the threshold of the 21st century’”.2 This dystopian play, which won first prize in the competition, forcefully articulates the author’s concerns regarding the neocolonial implications, especially for third-world women, of economic globalization. 1996 also saw the publication of Amitav Ghosh’s The Calcutta Chromosome, a novel that explores in fictional form the omissions and commissions of the discourse of modern science that has been subjected to extensive critique by both feminist and postcolonial theory in the past couple of decades. Not surprisingly, its overt engagement with the history of science, combined with a temporal span that includes the future, has led The Calcutta Chromosome to be characterized as a work of science fiction. The label of science fiction, however, could be applied with equal justification to “Sultana’s Dream” as well as Harvest, not only because of Caught between the Goddess and the Cyborg","PeriodicalId":44714,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF COMMONWEALTH LITERATURE","volume":"39 1","pages":"119 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2004-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0021989404047050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65355217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modernism or Exile? E.H. McCormick and Letters and Art in New Zealand","authors":"J. Smithies","doi":"10.1177/0021989404047048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021989404047048","url":null,"abstract":"Upon its publication in 1940 E.H. McCormick’s Letters and Art in New Zealand immediately became a landmark in his country’s cultural landscape. Indeed, the book remains one of the most significant ever written in New Zealand. This “lucid and invaluable”1 text garnered only one negative review for over thirty years and remained in print for half a century, establishing the author as the first professional critic of New Zealand literature. McCormick’s work provided a basis for both literary and cultural reflection on New Zealand, and has the added significance of being the chief accomplishment of the 1940 Centennial Celebrations. Written in a period of both local and global upheaval, and with governmental backing, Letters and Art contains a surfeit of information for literary historians interested in the institutional and aesthetic origins of New Zealand identity. Revealingly, the key to understanding the book lies in the author’s exploration of what he believed was an ambiguous and troubling relationship between New Zealand and the outside world. Caught between the heady critical world of modernist Europe and exile in the South Pacific, McCormick posited that his situation was analogous to that of New Zealand culture generally. In doing so, he advanced a thesis that has yet to be resolved. Perhaps surprisingly given his background, Eric McCormick found himself thrust into the centre of the European melting pot in 1931 when he moved to England to attend Cambridge University. The decade to follow would witness unprecedented social, economic and political turmoil: a global economic depression; the rise in Marxist and Socialist ideology on the Left and Fascist tendencies on the Right; civil war in Modernism or Exile?","PeriodicalId":44714,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF COMMONWEALTH LITERATURE","volume":"39 1","pages":"106 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2004-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0021989404047048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65355057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“It’s Game Over Forever”: Atwood’s Satiric Vision of a Bioengineered Posthuman Future in Oryx and Crake","authors":"J. Bouson, Margaret Atwood","doi":"10.1177/0021989404047051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021989404047051","url":null,"abstract":"In a biotechnological world in which the “boundaries between science fiction and science fact are fast collapsing”, corporations can own, patent, and commodify technologically designed species, and while some scientists are attempting to clone human beings, “others imagine concocting chimeras that are half-human, half-ape for medical and experimental purposes”.2 If the “postmodern adventure” in science “strives to overcome all known limits, subverting boundaries such as those that demarcate species”, it also “steers us into an alleged ‘age of biological control’”.3 Moreover, even as a heedless “gene rush” is now underway, the genetic sciences, write Best and Kellner, all too often exhibit “a dangerous one-dimensional, reductionist mind-set that is blind to the social and historical context of science and to the ethical and ecological “It’s Game Over Forever”","PeriodicalId":44714,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF COMMONWEALTH LITERATURE","volume":"39 1","pages":"139 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2004-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0021989404047051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65354835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tagore and Nationalism","authors":"M. Quayum","doi":"10.1177/0021989404044732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021989404044732","url":null,"abstract":"An article that examines Tagore's perception of the philosophy of nationalism and why he was opposed to it at a time when nationalism was the most universally accepted political institution in the world -- East and West.","PeriodicalId":44714,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF COMMONWEALTH LITERATURE","volume":"39 1","pages":"1 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0021989404044732","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65353520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anti-Racism, the Nation-State and Contemporary Black British Literature","authors":"Dave Gunning","doi":"10.1177/0021989404044734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021989404044734","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper I am concerned to address some of the ways in which contemporary black British literature has been located in relation to a national framework. I do not want to deny that this literature can be seen to illuminate identities that have their roots in international traditions and global cultural forms. However, I wish to take issue with the apparent reluctance among literary critics in this area to accept the use of the nation as an explanatory tool in analysing these works. It is my contention that an understanding of any material anti-racist politics articulated in these texts can only be achieved when placed within the context of the actual discursive practices of the state and civil society of the nation at any given time. I intend to address some of the problems attached to the increasingly popular analytic model of the transnational. While this model may be seen to provide a way of discussing the specificity of individual nations in a way that other conceptions of globalization or postcolonialism fail to achieve, in practice one can frequently still detect a failure to assert fully the materiality of the national space to the degree that a viable conception of transnationality would seem to require. To demonstrate the need for an idea of the nation when analysing anti-racism in black writing in Britain, I intend to present a critique of one of the most influential non-national analyses of black identity: Paul Gilroy’s The Black Atlantic. In showing how this model may not be able to explain particular instances of anti-racist discourse, I hope to present a case in which the importance of the nation-state to expressions of anti-racist","PeriodicalId":44714,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF COMMONWEALTH LITERATURE","volume":"39 1","pages":"29 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0021989404044734","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65354050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“City of Mongrel Joy”: Bombay and the Shiv Sena in Midnight’s Children and the Moor’s Last Sigh","authors":"Rachel Trousdale","doi":"10.1177/0021989404044738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021989404044738","url":null,"abstract":"Salman Rushdie’s novels contain a scathing critique of the failure of pluralist intellectuals and politicians to live up to their rhetoric. By emphasizing the fragmented and incomplete form cosmopolitanism takes in India, Rushdie shows how those who claim to promote unity are, in fact, complicit in the creation of communalism and violence. The examples Rushdie treats are taken from the political life of the city of Bombay, but, I will argue, the critique global: while Rushdie subscribes to the ideal of a productive, inclusive cosmopolitanism, he shows that his ideal, when only partially achieved, can have terrible, unintended consequences. In The Moor’s Last Sigh, Camoens Da Gama advocates an impossible ideal: he is a Communist and attempts to bring Leninism to Cochin, but he is unwilling to abandon his life of privilege. When tasked with his inconsistency, he says that he wants everyone to live the same life of luxury: ‘‘Cabral Island for all,’’ he says, speaking of his luxurious home. The impossibility of Camoens’s goal (Cabral Island naturally depends upon a fleet of servants for its upkeep, and the money to pay them comes from the capitalist ventures of the Da Gama spice trade) suggests why Rushdie’s idealistic characters fail: their dreams are only superficially inclusive. To Camoens, ‘‘Cabral Island’’ takes precedence over ‘‘for all’’. Rushdie’s examination of inclusivity, which is only partial, of Cabral Island Communism, suggests that such partial solutions only make the problem of inequality worse, destroying what they were designed to preserve.","PeriodicalId":44714,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF COMMONWEALTH LITERATURE","volume":"65 1","pages":"110 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0021989404044738","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65354084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}