Journal of Neurorestoratology最新文献

{"title":"Therapeutic effects of repeated transcranial acupuncture stimulation on facial nerve compression injury-induced facial paralysis in rats via Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway activation","authors":"Wan-Qing Yang ,&nbsp;Jian Shi ,&nbsp;Jia-Chao Qin ,&nbsp;Zhi-Jun Ye ,&nbsp;Bao-Kang Yu ,&nbsp;Meng-Ru Huang ,&nbsp;Shu-Qi Huang ,&nbsp;Jin Zhong ,&nbsp;Zhong-Wen Li ,&nbsp;Yu-Mei Zhang ,&nbsp;Chun-Fang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Facial nerve injury is a neurological condition that involves paralysis or weakness of the facial muscles. Repeated transcranial acupuncture stimulation (rTAS) is a specialized acupuncture technique that has shown effectiveness in clinical studies for treating facial nerve paralysis; however, its underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We aimed to clarify the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of rTAS on facial nerve compression injury-induced facial paralysis in rats.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Fifty rats were divided into five groups (<em>n</em> = 10 per group): control group (CG), model group (MG), and three rTAS groups: 0-min repeated transcranial acupuncture stimulation group (rTAS-0), 2-min repeated transcranial acupuncture stimulation group (rTAS-2), 5-min repeated transcranial acupuncture stimulation group (rTAS-5). The MG and rTAS groups underwent facial nerve compression to model paralysis, whereas CG underwent nerve exposure only. The rTAS groups then received acupuncture (30 min daily for 14 days) with varying twisting and rest durations. We assessed facial function, temperature, and electrophysiology, followed by serum and facial nerve collection for hematoxylin and eosin, Nissl, and Masson's staining, and for immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to explore nerve repair factors.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared with the CG, the MG showed reduced facial function, prolonged latency and decreased amplitude of compound muscle action potentials, and more severe nerve injury, including lower Nissl body counts and collagen fiber ratios (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). rTAS treatment alleviated facial nerve damage; rTAS-5 exhibited the greatest effects, with improved facial function, nerve activity, and electrophysiological indices and reduced pathological scores. rTAS-5 also enhanced histological features such as Nissl body density and collagen fiber ratios (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Moreover, rTAS-5 upregulated JAK1 and STAT3 expression in the facial nerve, suggesting activation of the JAK/STAT pathway during the repair process.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>rTAS may improve facial function in rats with facial paralysis, and a longer twisting time might yield better results. Our findings suggest that rTAS increases JAK1 and STAT3 expression to activate the JAK/STAT pathway, thereby promoting the regeneration and repair of damaged nerves.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44709,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurorestoratology","volume":"13 5","pages":"Article 100239"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144809993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Icariin protects against intracerebral hemorrhage in mice by enhancing neuroprotection","authors":"Aigerim Bizhanova ,&nbsp;Xiangyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Maham Mazhar ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Liu ,&nbsp;Gaili Yan ,&nbsp;Sara Xue ,&nbsp;V. Wee Yong ,&nbsp;Mengzhou Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a major type of stroke associated with high rates of mortality and long-term disability, often leading to inflammation, brain edema, and neuronal loss. Icariin (ICA) is the primary active compound extracted from <em>Herba epimedii,</em> and it possesses several pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. However, its neuroprotective capacity and mechanisms in ICH remain unknown. This study investigates the neuroprotective potential of ICA in an ICH mouse model.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 108 C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to three groups: sham group (<em>n</em> = 36), ICH + vehicle group (<em>n</em> = 36), and ICH + ICA group (<em>n</em> = 36). ICH was induced in the ICH + Vehicle and ICH + ICA groups through injection of collagenase type VII into the basal ganglia. The ICH + ICA group was administered ICA (60 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally for three consecutive days. Neurological assessment was conducted using the corner test and modified neurological severity scores. TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling) staining was performed to evaluate brain cell death. Brain water content, Western blot, Evans blue (EB) dye extravasation, and immunofluorescence staining were conducted 3 days post-ICH.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>ICA treatment significantly alleviated brain edema and enhanced neurological function in mice three days post-ICH. Immunofluorescence results revealed that ICA decreased microglia and astrocyte activation and reduced neutrophil infiltration. Western blot results demonstrated that ICA maintained blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity by decreasing the loss of tight junction proteins, including Occludin and Zonula occludens-1. ICA also lowered matrix metalloproteinase-9 and the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. TUNEL staining showed a reduction in neuronal cell death with ICA, linked to enhanced level of the anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein and reduced expression of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) protein.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>ICA exhibits significant neuroprotective effects in mice following ICH by reducing neuroinflammation, maintaining BBB integrity, and attenuating brain cell death.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44709,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurorestoratology","volume":"13 5","pages":"Article 100224"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144623705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bibliometric analysis of C7 nerve transfer surgery","authors":"Ling Yang ,&nbsp;Yuyang Liu ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Xie ,&nbsp;Shemin Zhang ,&nbsp;Hailin Jiang ,&nbsp;Jihua Wang ,&nbsp;Jiansen Cao ,&nbsp;Xin Zhang ,&nbsp;Chao Li ,&nbsp;Ning Cao ,&nbsp;Yaping Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>C7 nerve transfer surgery aims to bridge neural gaps and promote functional recovery in patients with central nervous system (CNS) injuries. The surgery involves transferring the C7 nerve root from the healthy side to the affected side, promoting neural plasticity and reconstructing motor control. Research on C7 nerve transfer surgery is gradually coming into the public eye, with more innovations and applications in evidence-based research and biological mechanism studies in this field.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This is the first bibliometric analysis of C7 nerve transfer surgery. Relevant articles related to the field published between 1986 and 2023 were assessed, providing an emerging theoretical basis for future advances and developments. The literature source was the Web of Science Core Collection. The publication column, author details, affiliated institutions and countries, publication year, and keywords were recorded.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 3,416 articles were included. The annual publications on C7 nerve transfer surgery fluctuated within a certain range. “BRAIN RESEARCH” is the journal with the most publications, and the “INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS VOLUME” is the most influential journal. GU YD is the most prolific author, with 40 articles and the highest H-index (h = 19). The top-ranking country and institution are the United States and the University of California System, producing 1,004 and 159 articles, respectively. Co-keyword cluster analysis indicates that the temporal research trends in C7 nerve transfer surgery are mainly focused on imaging examinations and long-term prognosis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study collected, visualized, and analyzed the literature in the field of C7 nerve transfer surgery over the past 47 years to map the development process and examine research frontiers, research hotspots, cutting-edge directions of clinical practice, and the therapeutic mechanisms underlying the operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44709,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurorestoratology","volume":"13 4","pages":"Article 100210"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144253832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative sensory assessment in patients with spinal cord injury","authors":"Yan Wang,&nbsp;Yong-Qiang Li,&nbsp;Tong Yu,&nbsp;Zun-Cheng Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100220","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44709,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurorestoratology","volume":"13 4","pages":"Article 100220"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144472308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress in spinal cord electrical stimulation for consciousness recovery in patients with disorders of consciousness","authors":"Yingjie Li ,&nbsp;Chaowang An ,&nbsp;Wenling Li ,&nbsp;Zheng Wang ,&nbsp;Hari Shanker Sharma ,&nbsp;Haipeng Xie ,&nbsp;Xiaolei Song ,&nbsp;Di Zhang ,&nbsp;Jingwen Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Disorders of consciousness (DOC) are neuropsychiatric disorders with causes that include traumatic brain injury, hypoxia, and stroke. The possibility of spontaneous recovery is low, and treatment remains a difficult problem in the frontier challenge of neuroscience and medicine. With progress in neurocritical care, the number of patients with DOC is growing. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) can improve the level of consciousness in patients with DOC. The present article reviews the current research status and development trends of SCS in promoting consciousness recovery in patients with DOC. It also seeks to identify the frontier problems and challenges associated with this neuroregulatory technology. Through a systematic review of the relevant literature, criteria for inclusion and exclusion in SCS therapy were established, suitable patients with DOC were identified, and the effects of different stimulation frequencies on consciousness and motor function were examined. Additionally, the optimal SCS mode was investigated, and evaluation criteria, treatment mechanisms, and factors influencing effectiveness were summarized. The present review aims to guide the clinical application and research development of SCS. Although SCS has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of DOC, responses to SCS exhibit significant individual variation. Consequently, further studies are necessary to expand the sample size for continued exploration and enhancement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44709,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurorestoratology","volume":"13 4","pages":"Article 100219"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modes of brain cell death and neurorestoration following stroke: Molecular mechanisms and clinical potential","authors":"Lingxiao Qi ,&nbsp;Pingping Guo ,&nbsp;Xiangyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Voon Wee Yong ,&nbsp;Mengzhou Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100218","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44709,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurorestoratology","volume":"13 4","pages":"Article 100218"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144167790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional brain network discrepancies in disorders of consciousness: A brain connectivity analysis","authors":"Xuewei Qin ,&nbsp;Xuanling Chen ,&nbsp;Xin Zhao ,&nbsp;Lan Yao ,&nbsp;Zongsheng Xu ,&nbsp;Hongchuan Niu ,&nbsp;Fengqiao Sun ,&nbsp;Kai Li ,&nbsp;Changyu Lu ,&nbsp;Yuanli Zhao ,&nbsp;Shengpei Wang ,&nbsp;Xiangyang Guo ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging provides insight into brain function in patients with consciousness disorders. We investigated the variability in functional brain networks in consciousness disorders with different etiologies and identified potential correlations with recovery.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this single-center prospective observational study, we included seven patients with traumatic brain injury, seven with cerebrovascular accidents, and a healthy control group of eight participants with intraspinal space-occupying lesions. All participants underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and were assessed using the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised. Regional homogeneity values were compared across groups to evaluate differences in functional brain activity.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Patients with traumatic brain injury demonstrated increased regional homogeneity values in the right fusiform gyrus, left middle cingulum, and right inferior frontal gyrus and reduced values in the left middle temporal gyrus, right supramarginal gyrus, right supplementary motor area, right precentral gyrus, and inferior frontal gyrus. Both groups exhibited higher regional homogeneity values in subcortical nuclei compared with the healthy control group. Patients with traumatic brain injury had reduced regional homogeneity in the paracentral lobule and frontal, temporal, and supramarginal regions compared with patients with cerebrovascular accidents. Preoperative Coma Recovery Scale-Revised scores were positively correlated with regional homogeneity in the hippocampus and negatively correlated with regional homogeneity in the midline temporal region. For 3 months, both groups showed improved consciousness.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Regional homogeneity analysis can identify alterations in functional brain activity associated with recovery of consciousness, offering potential neuroimaging biomarkers for clinical assessment and prognosis for consciousness disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44709,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurorestoratology","volume":"13 4","pages":"Article 100208"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biportal endoscopy for atlantoaxial stenosis","authors":"Guidong Shi,&nbsp;Yongqin Chen,&nbsp;Liang Wang,&nbsp;Haozhi Yu,&nbsp;Yunpeng Jiang,&nbsp;Lei Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent epidemiological data have revealed an increasing incidence of atlantoaxial (C1–C2) stenosis. In this study, we review the merits and limitations of traditional surgical techniques for the decompression and excision of atlantoaxial stenosis, and introduce a novel biportal endoscopy method. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 1562 cases extracted from 19 articles. These patients, diagnosed with cervical spondylotic myelopathy or cervical spondylosis with various etiologies, underwent surgery using either a posterior biportal endoscopic approach for cervical discectomy or cervical canal decompression. Additionally, we present two cases of atlantoaxial cervical spondylosis treated using the biportal endoscopy approach, yielding positive clinical and radiological outcomes. Common complications associated with spinal endoscopy surgery include dura injury, nerve root injury, hematoma, and recurrence of the condition. While endoscopic cervical spinal surgery shows promising results in terms of efficacy and safety, further detailed assessments of potential complications are necessary.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44709,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurorestoratology","volume":"13 4","pages":"Article 100221"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144549318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ischemic stroke treatment by vagus nerve stimulation: A comprehensive review of mechanisms, clinical efficacy, and future directions","authors":"Penglang Fan ,&nbsp;Chao Wu ,&nbsp;Bin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a promising neuromodulatory therapy for ischemic stroke that uses multifaceted mechanisms to address acute injury and chronic recovery. This review synthesizes evidence from preclinical and clinical studies, highlighting three neuroprotective mechanisms of VNS: (1) hemodynamic optimization through cholinergic-mediated vasodilation and neurovascular coupling enhancement, (2) suppression of proinflammatory cascades via the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (e.g., &gt;60% TNF-α reduction in animal models), and (3) facilitation of neuroplasticity via brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) upregulation and reorganization of neural networks. Preclinical studies have demonstrated robust efficacy, including 38% infarct reduction in rodent models, whereas clinical trials have found heterogeneous outcomes, with 65%–82% of patients achieving functional improvement, underscoring the need for personalized protocols. Technological advancements are pivotal: noninvasive transcutaneous VNS (tVNS) offers safer alternatives to comparable acute-phase efficacy, and closed-loop systems integrating electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and biomarker feedback reduce adverse effects by 37% through adaptive parameter optimization. However, translational challenges persist, including interspecies pathophysiological disparities, trial design heterogeneity, and long-term safety concerns (e.g., 28%–33% incidence of neural adaptation in chronic invasive VNS). Future directions emphasize humanized stroke models, multimodal data integration, and cost-effective tVNS deployment to improve accessibility. This review delineates a roadmap for VNS clinical translation by bridging mechanistic insights with engineering innovations, positioning VHS as a transformative adjunct therapy in precision stroke rehabilitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44709,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurorestoratology","volume":"13 4","pages":"Article 100209"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repeated intrathecal injections of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for spastic cerebral palsy: Single-arm safety and preliminary efficacy clinical trial","authors":"Mohammadhosein Akhlaghpasand ,&nbsp;Maede Hosseinpoor ,&nbsp;Bardia Hajikarimloo ,&nbsp;Atieh Hajarizadeh ,&nbsp;Maryam Golmohammadi ,&nbsp;Roozbeh Tavanaei ,&nbsp;Ida Mohammadi ,&nbsp;Nastaran Ansari Noghlebari ,&nbsp;Niloofar MohammadEbrahim ,&nbsp;Alireza Zali ,&nbsp;Saeed Oraee-Yazdani","doi":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most prevalent motor disability among children, for which effective treatment options remain limited. This research sought to evaluate the safety and initial effectiveness of multiple intrathecal administrations of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in children with spastic CP.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A phase I, prospective, single-arm, open-label clinical trial was conducted on 16 children aged 2–12 years with spastic CP. Patients received four intrathecal injections of MSCs at monthly intervals. Safety was evaluated based on the occurrence of adverse events, while efficacy was assessed using various clinical scales, including the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). Assessments were conducted at baseline before treatment, and at a 12-month post-treatment follow-up.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Safety assessment revealed no severe adverse events. Mild adverse events included nausea (18.75%), fatigue (12.5%), and headache (12.5%). Statistically significant improvements were observed in motor function, balance, and spasticity. GMFCS levels improved, with the proportion of patients in Level V decreasing from 62.5% to 43.75% (<em>p</em> = 0.0047). Total GMFM scores increased significantly from 47.01 ± 21.45 to 54.69 ± 22.62 (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), with domain-specific improvements in lying (<em>p</em> = 0.002), sitting (<em>p</em> = 0.001), crawling (<em>p</em> = 0.002), standing (<em>p</em> = 0.004), and walking (<em>p</em> = 0.043). BBS scores improved from 6.75 ± 10.88 to 9.88 ± 13.60 (<em>p</em> = 0.001), while MAS reduced from 2.25 ± 1.18 to 1.62 ± 0.96 (<em>p</em> = 0.004). Functional independence improved significantly, with FIM motor scores increasing from 38.63 ± 24.35 to 47.44 ± 25.27 (<em>p</em> = 0.001) and cognitive scores from 57.06 ± 29.15 to 70.88 ± 26.96 (<em>p</em> = 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Repeated intrathecal injections of autologous MSCs are safe and significantly improve motor function, balance, and spasticity in children with spastic CP. These findings suggest that MSC therapy enhances functional outcomes and quality of life, though larger randomized controlled trials are needed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44709,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurorestoratology","volume":"13 4","pages":"Article 100207"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144194918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}