IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Transient Analysis of Hybrid Cu-CNT On-Chip Interconnects Using MRA Technique","authors":"Amit Kumar;Brajesh Kumar Kaushik","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2021.3138344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJNANO.2021.3138344","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the transient analysis of the equivalent single conductor (ESC) model of hybrid Cu-CNT on-chip interconnects for nanopackaging using matrix rational approximation (MRA) modeling technique. The analysis of propagation delay and peak crosstalk noise is carried out for single and coupled Cu-CNT interconnect lines at 14 nm and 22 nm technology nodes. It has been observed that the proposed MRA model provides a speed-up factor of 131 compared to the HSPICE. An error of less than 1% confirms the accuracy of the proposed model compared to the SPICE simulations. It is observed that Cu-CNT lines are more immune to the crosstalk due to lesser coupling effects compared to Cu and CNT interconnects. The efficacy, accuracy, and comprehensive analysis using the proposed model ensures immense application possibility of the proposed model in the VLSI design automation tools at the nanopackaging level.","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"3 ","pages":"24-35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8782713/9680797/09663009.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3514042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guest Editorial: Nanopackaging Part I","authors":"Attila Bonyar;Brajesh Kumar Kaushik;James E. Morris","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2021.3134382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJNANO.2021.3134382","url":null,"abstract":"This is the first of two Special Sections on Nanopackaging. This first one has appeared in OJ-NANO Vol. 2, 2021 and the second will appear in Vol. 3, 2022. Electronics packaging is a very multidisciplinary activity requiring an understanding of Electrical, Mechanical, Materials, Thermal (and Thermomechanical) Engineering, and of the underlying Physics and Chemistry. The papers in these two Special sections will reflect this diversity, and the application of modern mathematical algorithms and computational techniques to advance the engineering design techniques. Nanopackaging could refer to the packaging of possibly disruptive nanoelectronics technologies, and this would undoubtedly be a challenging and useful field, but so far, the term has been applied more to the application of nanotechnologies to microelectronics packaging. Although this is the case with some of the papers in this collection, two are particularly driven by the packaging needs of the continuation of Moore’s Law into advanced nanoscales.","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"2 ","pages":"201-202"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8782713/9316416/09662658.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3515812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon-Based THz Microstrip Antenna Design: A Review","authors":"Guanxuan Lu;Jiaqi Wang;Zhemiao Xie;John T. W. Yeow","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2021.3135478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJNANO.2021.3135478","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing demands for high-speed wireless communication have stimulated the development of novel optoelectrical devices. Typically, terahertz (THz) wave, is much advantageous because of its relatively high-resolution transportation and strong penetrability property. One of the electromagnetic devices, the antenna, plays a key role in future THz devices. However, there are few review publishments related to carbon-based THz microstrip antenna designs. In this article, we list the basic figure of merits for evaluating antennas. We also show the developing microstrip antenna structures. Importantly, we summarize the current progress of THz microstrip antennas using different dimensional carbon materials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon foams. This review will lay a solid foundation for carbon-based THz microstrip antenna design, and furthermore provide novel sights for other THz antenna designs.","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"3 ","pages":"15-23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8782713/9680797/09652034.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3476147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-Rail Adiabatic Logic for Energy-Efficient and CPA-Resistant Cryptographic Circuit in Low-Frequency Medical Devices","authors":"Amit Degada;Himanshu Thapliyal","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2021.3135364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJNANO.2021.3135364","url":null,"abstract":"Designing energy-efficient and secure cryptographic circuits in low-frequency medical devices are challenging due to low-energy requirements. Also, the conventional CMOS logic-based cryptographic circuits solutions in medical devices can be vulnerable to side-channel attacks (e.g. correlation power analysis (CPA)). In this article, we explored single-rail Clocked CMOS Adiabatic Logic (CCAL) to design an energy-efficient and secure cryptographic circuit for low-frequency medical devices. The performance of the CCAL logic-based circuits was checked with a power clock generator (2N2P-PCG) integrated into the design for the frequency range of 50 kHz to 250 kHz. The CCAL logic gates show an average of approximately 48% energy-saving and more than 95% improvement in security metrics performance compared to its CMOS logic gate counterparts. Further, the CCAL based circuits are also compared for energy-saving performance against dual-rail adiabatic logic, 2-EE-SPFAL, and 2-SPGAL. The adiabatic CCAL gates save on an average of 55% energy saving compared to 2-EE-SPFAL and 2-SPGAL over the frequency range of 50 kHz to 250 kHz. To check the efficacy of CCAL to design a larger cryptographic circuit, we implemented a case-study design of a Substitution-box (S-box) of popular lightweight PRESENT-80 encryption. The case-study implementation (2N2P-PCG integrated into the design) using CCAL shows more than 95% energy saving compared to CMOS for the frequency 50 kHz to 125 kHz and around 60% energy saving at frequency 250 kHz. At 250 kHz, compared to the dual-rail adiabatic designs of S-box based on 2-EE-SPFAL and 2-SPGAL, the CCAL based S-box shows 32.67% and 11.21% of energy savings, respectively. Additionally, the CCAL logic gate structure requires a lesser number of transistors compared to dual-rail adiabatic logic. The case-study implementation using CCAL saves 45.74% and 34.88% transistor counts compared to 2-EE-SPFAL and 2-SPGAL. The article also presents the effect of varying tank capacitance in 2N2P-PCG over energy efficiency and security performance. The CCAL based case-study was also subjected against CPA. The CCAL-based S-box case study successfully protects the revelation of the encryption key against the CPA attack, However, the key was revealed in CMOS-based case-study implementation.","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"3 ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8782713/9680797/09650767.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3511373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient Selection and Placement of In-Package Decoupling Capacitors Using Matrix-Based Evolutionary Computation","authors":"Akash Jain;Heman Vaghasiya;Jai Narayan Tripathi","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2021.3133213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJNANO.2021.3133213","url":null,"abstract":"In the era of advanced nanotechnology where billions of transistors are fabricated in a single chip, high-speed operations are challenging due to packaging related issues. In High-Speed Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) systems, decoupling capacitors are essentially used in power delivery networks to reduce power supply noise and to maintain a low impedance of the power delivery networks. In this paper, the cumulative impedance of a power delivery network is reduced below the target impedance by using state-of-the-art metaheuristic algorithms to choose and place decoupling capacitors optimally. A Matrix-based Evolutionary Computing (MEC) approach is used for efficient usage of metaheuristic algorithms. Two case studies are presented on a practical system to demonstrate the proposed approach. A comparative analysis of the performance of state-of-the-art metaheuristics is presented with the insights of practical implementation. The consistency of results in both the case studies confirms the validity of the proposed appraoch.","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"2 ","pages":"191-200"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8782713/9316416/09640572.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3500653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning Techniques for Modeling and Performance Analysis of Interconnects","authors":"Jai Narayan Tripathi;Heman Vaghasiya;Dinesh Junjariya;Aksh Chordia","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2021.3133325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJNANO.2021.3133325","url":null,"abstract":"Interconnects are essential components of any electronic system. Their design, modeling and optimization are becoming complex and computationally expensive with the evolution of semiconductor technology as the devices of nanometer dimensions are being used. In high-speed applications, system level simulations are needed to ensure the robustness of a system in terms of signal and power quality. The simulations are becoming very expensive because of the large dimensional systems and their full-wave models. Machine learning techniques can be used as computationally efficient alternatives in the design cycle of the interconnects. This paper presents a review of the applications of machine learning techniques for design, optimization and analysis of interconnects in high-speed electronic systems. A holistic discussion is presented, including the basics of interconnects, their impact on the system performance, popular machine learning techniques and their applications related to the interconnects. The performance evaluation, optimization and variability analysis of interconnects are discussed in detail. Future scope and overlook that are presented in the literature are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"2 ","pages":"178-190"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8782713/9316416/09640578.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3500094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Osteogenic Effect of Rabbit Periosteum-Derived Precursor Cells Co-Induced by Electric Stimulation and Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in a 3D Co-Culture System","authors":"Alvin Chao-Yu Chen;Yun-Wen Tong;Chih-Hao Chiu;Kin Fong Lei","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2021.3131653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJNANO.2021.3131653","url":null,"abstract":"Periosteum-derived progenitor cells (PDPCs) are highly promising cell sources for bone fracture healing because of their stem cell-like multipotency to undergo osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. Both externally physical stimulation and internally biochemical signal were reported to enhance osteogenic differentiation of bone tissues. Electric stimulation (ES) could trigger the differentiation of stem cells, like mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). But the effect is still unclear on PDPCs. In order to investigate the differentiation ability of PDPCs co-induced by ES and ADSCs, a biomimetic 3-dimensional (3D) co-culture system was developed for providing ES and co-culturing with ADSCs. Gene expression was studied after a 3-day culture course. From our results, osteogenic differentiation of PDPCs was significantly activated under the ES of 0.7 V/cm, 80 kHz, and 3 hrs/day. Moreover, co-culturing with ADSCs during the ES treatment was found to have synergistic effect of osteogenic differentiation. In addition, chondrogenic differentiation was shown when the PDPCs were cultured for a long culture course. In summary, osteogenic differentiation of PDPCs was shown to be co-induced by ES and ADSCs. This study provides significant insights of the PDPC therapy for bone tissue regeneration.","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"2 ","pages":"153-160"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8782713/9316416/09633183.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3482739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances in Femtosecond Laser Fabrication: From Structures to Applications","authors":"Yangdong Wen;Haibo Yu;Yuzhao Zhang;Ye Qiu;Peiwen Li;Xiaoduo Wang;Boliang Jia;Lianqing Liu;Wen Jung Li","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2021.3131818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJNANO.2021.3131818","url":null,"abstract":"Femtosecond laser processing is fast becoming a pervasive method for fabricating micro/nanostructures because it can be used to produce micro/nanostructures on myriads of materials with high precision and resolution, requires little control over environmental conditions, and is simple to implement. Here, we review recent developments in the use of femtosecond lasers for the fabrication of micro/nanostructures through ablation and two-photon polymerization (TPP). Moreover, the applications of some of the fabricated micro/nanostructures are also discussed. We highlight the advantages of femtosecond laser processing by explaining the underlying principles of laser ablation and TPP. We also show the use of this method to fabricate new devices with outstanding performance in several application realm, such as sensors, optical devices, microfluidic chips, and soft robotics.","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"2 ","pages":"161-177"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8782713/9316416/09632350.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3482578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of Phonon Transport in Lateral Direction for Gap-Controlled Si Nanopillar/SiGe Interlayer Composite Materials","authors":"Daisuke Ohori;Min-Hui Chuang;Asahi Sato;Sou Takeuchi;Masayuki Murata;Atsushi Yamamoto;Ming-Yi Lee;Kazuhiko Endo;Yiming Li;Jenn-Hwan Tarng;Yao-Jen Lee;Seiji Samukawa","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2021.3131165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJNANO.2021.3131165","url":null,"abstract":"The phonon transport in the lateral direction for gap-controlled Si nanopillar (NP) /SiGe interlayer composite materials was investigated to eliminate heat generation in the channel area for advanced MOS transistors. The gap-controlled Si NP/SiGe composite layer showed 1/250 times lower thermal conductivity than Si bulk. Then, the phonon transport behavior in lateral direction could be predicted by the combination between the 3-omega measurement method for thermal conductivity and the Landauer approach for phonon transport in Si NP/Si\u0000_0.7\u0000Ge\u0000_0.3\u0000 interlayer composite structure. We found that the NP structure could regulate the phonon transport in the lateral direction by changing the NP gaps by preventing the phonon transportation from the drain region and the potential heat generation. As such, this structure achieves the first step toward phonon transport management in the same electron transportation direction of planar-type MOSFETs and represents a promising solution to heat generation for advanced CMOS devices.","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"2 ","pages":"148-152"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8782713/9316416/09628021.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3482736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Design Methodology of Line Feedback Shift Registers With Quantum Cellular Automata","authors":"Mingliang Zhang;Xiaokuo Yang;Huanqing Cui;Zhigang Gu;Zhenglin Han","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2021.3129858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJNANO.2021.3129858","url":null,"abstract":"The quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) present great promising advantages for emerging nano logic circuits. However, feedback design in QCA sequential circuit is often a big problem. Especially in line feedback shift registers (LFSR), each feedback loop consists of at least a modulo-2 adder and a trigger unit, which is hard to implement using the conventional methods. Given the importance of LFSR in communication systems, a design methodology with QCA is proposed in this work. At first, a new structure is presented to be used in every single feedback LFSR since it can make the feedback loop consume only one clock cycle of delay. Subsequently, quantitative criteria are presented to judge whether any multi-feedback LFSR can be directly designed using the proposed structure. LFSR that cannot satisfy the criteria are supposed to be transformed to their equivalent forms. We verify any LFSR can be transformed to the type of single feedback, according to the theorem of searching the monic and irreducible polynomials over Galois field GF (2). The step-by-step method of transforming multi-feedback into single feedback is given on the consideration of all kinds of cases. Further, two other simple transforming methods are presented to cope with the exponential growth of clock delay in the multi-to-single transforming method. The most remarkable advantage of this series of methods is to keep from introducing undesired bits into the payload data flowing in the sequential circuits.","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"2 ","pages":"129-139"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8782713/9316416/09625794.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3515466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}