African Security最新文献

{"title":"Military Expenditure and Security Outcome Convergence in Africa: An Application of the Club Clustering Approach","authors":"C. Saba","doi":"10.1080/19392206.2020.1808418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2020.1808418","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study investigates the degree of convergence in military expenditure and security outcomes for a panel of 34 African countries spanning the period 1995 to 2015. We apply the Phillips and Sul methodology. Overall, the results reveal no evidence among African countries to suggest that military expenditure and security outcomes converge. The results of the analysis show that there exist: (i) three convergence clubs for military expenditure; (ii) one convergence club for security outcome. These findings imply that African countries are at different levels of military expenditure and the resultant security outcomes.","PeriodicalId":44631,"journal":{"name":"African Security","volume":"13 1","pages":"260 - 295"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19392206.2020.1808418","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41340435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Counterinsurgency, Coup-Avoidance and Military Expenditure in Africa","authors":"Temitope B. Oriola, W. Knight","doi":"10.1080/19392206.2020.1822576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2020.1822576","url":null,"abstract":"This issue of African Security contains three articles on different but interconnected themes. In the lead article, Brandon Brooks interrogates the US Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manu...","PeriodicalId":44631,"journal":{"name":"African Security","volume":"13 1","pages":"213 - 214"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19392206.2020.1822576","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44869790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Winning Hearts and Minds in the Congo: Assessing the Limitations of the U.S. Army Counterinsurgency Field Manual","authors":"Brandon M Brooks","doi":"10.1080/19392206.2020.1800164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2020.1800164","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The U.S. Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual (FM 3-24) has received near-universal praise for stabilizing Iraq. Yet few have examined whether FM 3-24 is generalizable to other conflicts. This paper explores this question, assessing its applicability to the war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s North and South Kivu provinces. Although FM 3-24 offers useful historical insights on counterinsurgency that are largely applicable to the Kivu Conflict, both the Congolese government and the UN peacekeeping mission face notable political constraints that would undermine their ability to operationalize its prescriptions.","PeriodicalId":44631,"journal":{"name":"African Security","volume":"13 1","pages":"215 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19392206.2020.1800164","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43840281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peacekeeping as Coup Avoidance: Lessons from Ghana","authors":"D. K. Banini, Jonathan M Powell, Michael Yekple","doi":"10.1080/19392206.2020.1802546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2020.1802546","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recent scholarship has claimed that peacekeepers are more likely to mutiny or attempt military coups against their governments after returning home. These trends stand in contrast to the case of Ghana, which witnessed a perhaps unprecedented transition out of the “coup trap” to stable democratic rule, including multiple transfers of power to the political opposition while providing substantial and ongoing peacekeeping manpower. This is especially interesting given Ghana’s infamous mutiny in the Congo and the coup against Kwame Nkrumah, had their roots in peacekeeping. Potentially seen as a deviant case through the lens of recent scholarship, as evaluation of Ghana’s experience illustrate that different leaders under various regime types deliberately utilized peacekeeping deployments as a coup avoidance strategy. This experience has also acted as a tool to gain military resources from foreign donors, while the government has deliberately made efforts to avoid mission hardships and perceptions of victimization seen in other contingents.","PeriodicalId":44631,"journal":{"name":"African Security","volume":"13 1","pages":"235 - 259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19392206.2020.1802546","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42431571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Children in Boko Haram Conflict: The Neglected Facet of a Decade of Terror in Nigeria","authors":"Hakeem Onapajo","doi":"10.1080/19392206.2020.1770919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2020.1770919","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In conflict and international studies, the security of children is gradually becoming a budding area of study. This is against the backdrop of rising concerns over the humanitarian and security dimensions of the experiences of children in conflict zones. This paper focuses on the case of children in the Boko Haram conflict, which has over a ten-year period ravaged the northeastern part of Nigeria and other areas of the Lake Chad. Despite the reality that children have been one of the most affected, the scholarly narrative of the conflict, as well as policy directions, do not seem to pay adequate attention to them. This paper, therefore, analyzes the implications of the Boko Haram conflict for child security and further appraises the existing interventions to deradicalize, rehabilitate and reintegrate children involved in the conflict. It demonstrates that children are of strategic interests to both the terrorists and the state security forces; hence, this poses a major threat to the freedom, survival and development of children in the conflict zone. The study advocates for the inclusion of child security in peacebuilding efforts in northeastern Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":44631,"journal":{"name":"African Security","volume":"13 1","pages":"195 - 211"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19392206.2020.1770919","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48800374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The African Union and Human Protection: Towards a Regional Protection Regime","authors":"Noele Crossley","doi":"10.1080/19392206.2020.1779528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2020.1779528","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A global discourse of protection and responsibility suggests that human protection norms have gained traction. Empirically, this coincides with an observed global reduction in violence. How does this relate to regional protection practices in Africa; is there a regional protection regime? If so, how is this regime constituted, and what does it comprise? Does it shape regional protection practices, and if so, in what ways? This article describes the origins of human protection norms in Africa and assesses the role of the protection regime in shaping regional practices. An analytical framework based on regime theory, that assumes that the emergence of institutions and consistent practice indicates the emergence of a regime, is employed. An empirical survey of institutions and practices suggests the development of a regional protection regime. However, the regional structures differ from, and compete with, preexisting international structures. While the structural prerequisites for a regional protection regime are now in place, several factors interfere with the development of the regional protection regime. The article concludes with several observations. First, the incoherence of global and regional structures results in contradictions and duplication among institutions. Second, a lack of agency of local actors, owing to limited resources and understaffing, inhibits consistent protective responses. Third, resistance by some regional agents to the norms underpinning the protection regime. However, incoherence, inconsistency, and hypocrisy are common features of regimes. Consequently, the fact that the African human protection regime is characterized by incoherence, inconsistency, and hypocrisy undermines neither its significance, nor its ability to shape practice and promote human protection.","PeriodicalId":44631,"journal":{"name":"African Security","volume":"13 1","pages":"147 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19392206.2020.1779528","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46216819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19, George Floyd and Human Security","authors":"Temitope B. Oriola, W. Knight","doi":"10.1080/19392206.2020.1783760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2020.1783760","url":null,"abstract":"Our beleaguered world was thrown into a major turmoil in December 2019 when the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, a novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-19 or COVID-19) was discovered in Wuhan, China and q...","PeriodicalId":44631,"journal":{"name":"African Security","volume":"13 1","pages":"111 - 115"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19392206.2020.1783760","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45782297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women, Internal Displacement and the Boko Haram Conflict: Broadening the Debate","authors":"Títílọpẹ F. Ajàyí","doi":"10.1080/19392206.2020.1731110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2020.1731110","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Women and children make up 79 per cent of the population displaced by the conflict between the Nigerian government and the armed movement informally known as Boko Haram. Their lived experiences expose the considerable protection and humanitarian risks of being female in violent contexts and the complexities of addressing them. In addition to open conflict and inconsistent policy and humanitarian responses, women’s displacement is being protracted by disjunctures between women’s roles and their construction as victims in policy and humanitarian frameworks. Construed as lacking agency, displaced women are resisting the hardship of displacement by returning to Boko Haram. This article argues for a rethinking of the importance of context, autonomy and agency as a prerequisite to reconciling false narratives about women’s experiences of conflict and displacement and their lived realities. It speaks to broader debates about women and conflict and the utility of current approaches and frameworks for addressing the roles and needs of women in these contexts.","PeriodicalId":44631,"journal":{"name":"African Security","volume":"13 1","pages":"171 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19392206.2020.1731110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48952957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Cyclical Nature of Maritime Security Threats: Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing as a Threat to Human and National Security in the Gulf of Guinea","authors":"I. Okafor-Yarwood","doi":"10.1080/19392206.2020.1724432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2020.1724432","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Analyzes of [maritime] security issues have long focused on threats to the nation-state, thereby promulgating traditional state-centric security policies and practices. The preceding claim is valid for maritime security responses on the African continent, where piracy/armed robbery at sea has been met with robust regional and international interventions, and resulted in two UN resolutions and regional policies. Focusing primarily on illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, this paper seeks to highlight the centrality of human security issues to national security by providing evidence of the cyclical relationship between the two; anything that undermines human security, explicitly threatens national security. Utilizing evidence from Nigeria, the paper critiques the tendency to ignore the individual as the referent object of security.","PeriodicalId":44631,"journal":{"name":"African Security","volume":"13 1","pages":"116 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19392206.2020.1724432","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44737418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Governing “Ungoverned Spaces” in the Foliage of Conspiracy: Toward (Re)ordering Terrorism, from Boko Haram Insurgency, Fulani Militancy to Banditry in Northern Nigeria","authors":"John Sunday Ojo","doi":"10.1080/19392206.2020.1731109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2020.1731109","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores the dominant narrative of ill-governed or ungoverned territories in the northern region of Nigeria where informality and socioeconomic deficit fashioned the mannerism of everyday life. Reconnoitering ungoverned territories, positing that radical jihadist and non-jihadist movements and criminal-armed groups are ideologically driven by localism and informal networks, particularly in the areas unkempt by the state. The paper interrogates to what extent ungoverned spaces embolden the recruitment of criminal and terrorist groups in northern Nigeria. It explains the complex security paradoxes confronting the Nigerian state, it analyses the Boko Haram insurgency, Fulani militancy and banditry within the context of ungoverned spaces that continuously breed terrorist organizations, and criminal networks, that pose an enormous risk to human security. It adopts a qualitative approach and spatial network analysis using Geographical Information System (GIS). The paper argues that the primordial negligence of ungoverned areas with limited state surveillance or unharmonized state presence, controlled by informal networks and hybrid arrangements creates an enabling environment for warlordism, religious fanaticism and tribal self-defense forces. It further demonstrates that governance failure in these regions stimulates illegal movement of arms and ammunition, the raw material for bombs, illegal drugs and foreign machines, and becomes abodes for Boko Haram jihadist and non-Boko Haram armed groups. The paper concludes that ungoverned spaces could be morphed into a production site for Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) by the terrorists in the near future, thus, until the Nigerian state pays attention to the territories under-governed or poorly governed, it will become difficult to win the war against terrorism, Fulani militancy and banditry through military response. Therefore, good governance that transcends ethnic chauvinism remains a veritable weapon in conquering multilayered security quagmires facing the giant of Africa.","PeriodicalId":44631,"journal":{"name":"African Security","volume":"13 1","pages":"77 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19392206.2020.1731109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48178719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}