African Security最新文献

{"title":"U.S. Training of African Forces and Military Assistance, 1997–2017: Security versus Human Rights in Principal–Agent Relations","authors":"Stephanie M. Burchard, S. Burgess","doi":"10.1080/19392206.2018.1560969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2018.1560969","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Despite its reputation for global democracy promotion, the United States has developed substantial long-term military partnerships with several African countries that have less than stellar human rights records. While in some instances the United States has chosen to rebuke countries for human rights abuses, it has also elected to continue security partnerships with others in the face of similarly credible accusations. To explain this seeming inconsistency, this article analyzes U.S. security partnerships with six African countries: Nigeria, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, Ethiopia, and Kenya, finding that a combination of intensity of interest and magnitude of the violation explains when the United States chooses to censure those countries, when it does not, and the intensity of the rebuke. Countries where the United States has significant interest are most often exempted from censure. The comparative weight of interests to values determines the U.S. response to norm violations. Constructivist principal–agent theory explains this finding in terms of a struggle within the U.S. security establishment in which those who believe offending African militaries can be improved through continuous engagement and training wield more influence in security assistance policy than those who assert that the United States should disengage from those militaries and sanction them.","PeriodicalId":44631,"journal":{"name":"African Security","volume":"11 1","pages":"339 - 369"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19392206.2018.1560969","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46558797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Memoriam: James J. Hentz (1955–2018)","authors":"W. Knight, Temitope B. Oriola","doi":"10.1080/19392206.2018.1574069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2018.1574069","url":null,"abstract":"The founding editor in chief of African Security, Colonel James J. Hentz, passed away— suddenly and unexpectedly. Not only did his passing leave a gaping hole in the hearts of his beloved wife Michele and their two daughters, Julia and Katherine, that fateful day of February 17, 2018, it also devastated his colleagues at the Department of International Studies and Political Science, Virginia Military Institute, and sent shock waves across the membership of the editorial board of African Security. Those of us on the Editorial Board who had a chance to work closely with Colonel Hentz from the inception of his “baby” knew instinctively that James would have wanted us to carry on the work that he started with this scholarly publication. The publisher, Taylor & Francis Group, a leader in the scholarly publications industry since 1798, was also keen to continue the legacy of Colonel Hentz. They contacted members of the Editorial Board with a virtual SOS message asking about the possibility of someone who might be willing to serve in a pinch under the straitened circumstances to complete the volume that James was working on. Thankfully, Professor Ulf Engel of Leipzing University, Germany, valiantly stepped up and served as temporary editor in chief until an official bid for editorship of the journal was vetted. We (W. AndyKnight and Temitope Oriola) were appointed joint editors in chief ofAfrican Security in September 2018 for a five-year term. We welcome the opportunity to continue the legacy of Professor James Hertz and to build on the solid foundation that he left us. The founding editor in chief, James Hentz, a native of Philadelphia, earned a bachelor’s degree from St. Joseph’s College. He then did a stint in American Samoa in the Marist Volunteer Teaching Program before teaching at a secondary school in Zambia. Upon his return to theUnited States, James earned amaster’s degree at GeorgetownUniversity, followed by a doctorate from the University of Pennsylvania. In 1997, Hentz joined the faculty of Virginia Military Institute (VMI), becoming department head in 2006. He received a number of major honors, including the VMI Distinguished Teaching Award (2004), the Matthew Fontaine Maury Research Award (2006), the Virginia Outstanding Faculty Award (2007), the Adams-Collins Faculty Research Award (2010), and the Virginia Social Science Association’s Scholar Award for Scholarship in international studies and political science (2014). Hentz was a visiting fellow at Hoover Institute, Stanford University (2008), as well as at Wolfson College, Cambridge University (2009). A bone fide scholar of security issues in sub-Saharan Africa and author of several scholarly articles and books on African security themes, Hentz developed an expertise in African political affairs and international relations from his days of teaching at Rand Afrikaans University in Johannesburg, South Africa; at Saint Charles Lwanga Seminary in Zambia; and as a Fulbright Scholar at the Mi","PeriodicalId":44631,"journal":{"name":"African Security","volume":"11 1","pages":"293 - 295"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19392206.2018.1574069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48299600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating the Enigma of Negotiating with a Jihadist Terrorist Group","authors":"Babatunde F. Obamamoye","doi":"10.1080/19392206.2018.1560973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2018.1560973","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A notable shocking development in the advancement of the Boko Haram terrorist revolt was the abduction of about 276 Chibok girls in April 2014. Shortly afterward, while the terrorists made known their extremist determination to offer the girls for sale, the Nigerian government vowed unconditional rescue of the girls. Notwithstanding the evident opposition of both adversaries to nonviolent engagement, some of the victims were eventually released through negotiations. What then were the rationales that paved the way for negotiations? What are the implications of this approach? This article demystifies the rationales for negotiation between the Nigerian government and the Boko Haram terrorist group over the abducted girls. It argues that nonviolent engagement in this context arose out of intersecting interests but, more important, reinforced the “vulnerability” of the “new” religious terrorists to negotiation when violence proved futile in accomplishing some of their vital objectives.","PeriodicalId":44631,"journal":{"name":"African Security","volume":"11 1","pages":"397 - 417"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19392206.2018.1560973","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43634848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"South Africa’s profile as peacekeeper: In keeping with the times?","authors":"Faith Mabera","doi":"10.1080/19392206.2018.1520798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2018.1520798","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT South Africa has been at the forefront of peace diplomacy in Africa as seen by its commitment to peacekeeping and its various conflict resolution activities such as mediation, negotiation, and postconflict reconstruction. Participation in peacekeeping has stood out as one of the pillars of South Africa’s Afrocentric stabilization agenda, positioning the country as a leader in both African Union and United Nations missions on the continent. In 2012, the white paper on South Africa’s participation in international peace missions was revised to align South Africa’s policies and strategic objectives with the evolving global peace operations environment. In spite of South Africa’s growing experience in peacekeeping, challenges abound in the form of operational shortfalls such as shortage of skilled personnel and outdated equipment and strategic drawbacks such as the lack of adequate and sustainable funding. This article serves as an appraisal of South Africa’s approach to peace operations vis-à-vis contemporary challenges and trends in peace operations at the global and regional levels.","PeriodicalId":44631,"journal":{"name":"African Security","volume":"11 1","pages":"223 - 251"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19392206.2018.1520798","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44977080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age of Choice or Diversification? Brazil, Portugal, and Capacity-Building in the Angolan Armed Forces","authors":"Pedro Seabra, A. Abdenur","doi":"10.1080/19392206.2018.1514153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2018.1514153","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The role of South–South cooperation in peace and security has prompted new questions about how, and to what extent, these ties differ from responses implemented by traditional donor countries. However, little of this literature has taken a directly comparative approach, and few studies exist on the role of such cooperation ties in the security domain. This article helps to fill these gaps by contrasting the roles of Portugal and Brazil in capacity-building of the Angolan Armed Forces. Portugal has long held a central role in this domain. However, that centrality has been increasingly challenged by emerging South–South defense cooperation players that claim to offer different approaches. Brazil, in particular, made considerable inroads with Angola in recent years. How has Brazil engaged with the Angolan military, and how does its approach to compare with that of Portugal? We focus on the case study of the Angolan Navy against the backdrop of emerging maritime security issues while addressing the question of whether or not rising powers can break the restricted club of external security providers in Africa.","PeriodicalId":44631,"journal":{"name":"African Security","volume":"11 1","pages":"252 - 273"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19392206.2018.1514153","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43180112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The African Union’s Soft Power: An Assessment of Transnational Power of Attraction","authors":"Oluwaseun Tella","doi":"10.1080/19392206.2018.1507663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2018.1507663","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Soft power is almost exclusively associated with states. International organizations, however, given their multilateral character, possess meaningful power of attraction that could be wielded to project their norms and ideas and achieve their set goals. Focusing on the African Union (AU), this article examines the salience of soft power in the context of regional organizations. It seeks to determine if AU values such as human rights, democracy, and good governance, as well as its conflict resolution programs, appeal to member states, and the extent to which the organization has projected these values among these states. The discussion thus engages with the soft power impact of African Peer Review Mechanism and the Panel of the Wise to illuminate the AU’s role in promoting human rights and democracy, and conflict resolution, respectively. The conclusion is that, while the AU has significant soft power potential, its apparent incapacity to ensure that member states wholeheartedly subscribe to its values and its inefficiency in reducing conflict on the continent inhibit the optimization of soft power.","PeriodicalId":44631,"journal":{"name":"African Security","volume":"11 1","pages":"201 - 222"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19392206.2018.1507663","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44355553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The military and democratization: A comparison of the Egyptian and Zimbabwean experiences","authors":"Enock Ndawana","doi":"10.1080/19392206.2018.1480142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2018.1480142","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Employing the notion of reserve domains of power, this article considers the relationship between the military and democracy focusing on the Egyptian and Zimbabwean experiences. It examines the actions of the Egyptian military and its decision to desist from brutally repressing the protesters during the Arab Spring against Mubarak but doing the opposite against Morsi. It also discusses the actions of the Zimbabwean military and its decision to intervene into the political arena in November 2017, which led to the end of Mugabe’s rule after standing by him against the opposition Movement for Democratic Change political party since 2000. The article argues that the actions of the military in Egypt and Zimbabwe should be understood in light of the two countries’ civil–military relations and the consequences for what their military leadership had to gain or lose, both organizationally and individually, in acting to support or not support Presidents Mubarak, Morsi, and Mugabe respectively. The article illustrates how in both cases the military’s decisions to allow the overthrow of these countries’ leaders mirrored political intentions and worked for the military’s organizational and individual interests.","PeriodicalId":44631,"journal":{"name":"African Security","volume":"11 1","pages":"127 - 159"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19392206.2018.1480142","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43796928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"James J. Hentz (1955-2018)","authors":"I. Taylor","doi":"10.1080/19392206.2018.1478669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2018.1478669","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44631,"journal":{"name":"African Security","volume":"11 1","pages":"109 - 109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19392206.2018.1478669","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41628900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Killing Fields of the Nigerian Army: Any Lessons Learned?","authors":"Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos","doi":"10.1080/19392206.2018.1480140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2018.1480140","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Nigerian army has long had a poor human rights record. From the times of the Biafra War (1967–1970) to massacres of Boko Haram members in 2009 and clashes with the Shiite minority in 2015, soldiers and officers have perpetrated widespread and serious violations. Corruption, impunity, a weak chain of command and lack of accountability, qualifications, training, recruitment, supplies, and control by civilian authorities explain their wrongdoings, together with the military dictatorships of the 1970s and 1980s and the war on terror since 2009. Such problems are still prevalent as Nigeria heads for general elections in 2019. This article thus shows that lessons were not learned despite the democratization process since the end of military rule in 1999.","PeriodicalId":44631,"journal":{"name":"African Security","volume":"9 1","pages":"110 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19392206.2018.1480140","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60062968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opposing Foreign Intervention’s Impact on the Warfare in Civil Wars: the case of the Ethiopian-Ogaden Civil War, 1976–1980","authors":"Adam Lockyer","doi":"10.1080/19392206.2018.1480141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2018.1480141","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the impact of opposing foreign intervention on the course and nature of the warfare in the Ethiopian-Ogaden Civil War. The Ogaden War, having been sporadically fought between 1963 and 1988, was one of the longest and bloodiest in the Horn of Africa’s turbulent history. It was typical of civil wars in having attracted the involvement of a range of regional and international actors; in the Ogaden’s case, it was the Soviet Union, the United States, Somalia, Cuba, South Yemen, Israel, East Germany and North Korea. This article is an empirical study of the effect that external actors had on the warfare between the Ethiopian military junta (normally referred to as the Derg) and the main Ogaden Somali insurgent group, the Western Somali Liberation Front, between 1976 and 1980. The warfare in the Ogaden during this period can be divided into three distinct phases: medium intensity guerrilla warfare (1976–1977), conventional warfare (1977–1978), and low-intensity guerrilla warfare (1978–1980). It is argued that each phase was, to a large extent, influenced by the type and volume of support the Derg and the Western Somali Liberation Front received from international sponsors. Finally, the article concludes that the current theory on foreign intervention, and opposing intervention in particular, fails to capture the true complexity of its impact on warfare in civil wars.","PeriodicalId":44631,"journal":{"name":"African Security","volume":"11 1","pages":"181 - 199"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19392206.2018.1480141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42741261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}