Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment最新文献

{"title":"The Negative Impact of Cannabis Use on School Grades and Intelligence Among Adolescents","authors":"Medhat M. Bassiony, M. Fawzi, Haidy K. Ammar, Yomna Khalil","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000207","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Cannabis use among adolescents is a public health problem, one associated with intellectual and cognitive impairment. This study investigated the negative impact of cannabis use on adolescents’ school grades and intelligence. Methods: The study screened 1682 students during their university preadmission medical examination. Thirty-six students tested positive for cannabis, and 36 controls who tested negative for drugs were also included in the study. Sociodemographic and clinical data, school grades, and IQ (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) scores were collected from cases and controls. Results: Cases weremore likely to have lower final exam grades than controls in secondary and preparatory school, although they had higher grades than controls in primary school before starting cannabisuse. Caseswere more likely to have lower scores in verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, and total IQ than controls. However, the working memory and processing speed scores of both groups were equivalent. Students who started cannabis use at an earlier age (<15 y old) were more likely to have lower scores in total and all domains of IQ except verbal comprehension than students who started at a later age (>15 y old). There was an association between frequent use of cannabis and lower IQ scores (total and all domains). Conclusions: Cannabis use is associated with lower school grades and intelligence scores among adolescents, especially those who used cannabis frequently and at a young age.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45598310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ulysses Coercion Through Psychiatric Advanced Directives in Homeless People With Substance Use Disorder: A Qualitative Study of the Colombian Perspective","authors":"Juan P. Borda, Pablo Zuleta","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000204","url":null,"abstract":"Homeless substance users (HSUs) represent a public health challenge given their high social impact and the numerous barriers they have to overcome to receivemental health treatment. Recent public debate in Colombia is concerned with how to approach HSUs within the health system. The aim of this publication was to explore the possibility of implementing Psychiatric Advance Directives (PADs) in HSUs as an alternative to coercive treatment, to favor substance abuse treatment adherence and service retention in this population. For this purpose, the authors conducted 3 in-depth interviews of individuals who previously experienced homelessness and were voluntarily admitted to an inpatient substance abuse treatment ward at the moment of the interview. This research indicates that substance abuse in homeless individuals does not imply an impairment of their mental or legal capacity. Moreover, restraining HSUs during intense craving episodes within inpatient settings by implementation of PAD does not seem to be a viable option given the multiple risks and challenges it poses to mental health care providers. Finally, the use of any coercivemeasure towardHSUs, and this type of PADs in particular, could potentially be associated with violent episodes or human rights violations within mental health institutions.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46157566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Explains Poor Health-related Quality of Life Associated With Opioid Use Among Adults With Chronic Noncancer Pain Conditions? A Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition","authors":"J. Patel, K. Alhussain, U. Sambamoorthi","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000201","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the extent to which differences in person-level characteristics between opioid users and nonusers contribute to poor healthrelated quality of life (HRQoL) of long-term opioid users with chronic noncancer pain condition (CNCP). Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults (n=5917) using longitudinal data from multiple years of Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Adults with CNCPwere classified into short-term, long-term, and opioid nonusers. We measured HRQoL with physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores from the Short-Form 12 Questionnaire. A regression decomposition analysis of results from linear regression was performed. Results: Among adults with CNCP, 17.8% and 17.2% reported long-term and short-term opioid use, respectively. Longterm opioid users had lower PCS scores (β=−4.48; P<0.001) as compared with nonusers, even after adjusting for other independent variables. There were no statistically significant associations of long-term opioid use to MCS and short-term opioid use to both PCS and MCS scores. Postlinear regression decomposition analyses revealed that 44.8% of the difference in PCS scores (−3.76 of −8.41) was explained by differences in employment, physical activity, number of CNCP, and other chronic conditions, and use of nonopioid pain medications between long-term opioid users and nonusers. Conclusions: Long-term opioid use was associated with lower HRQoL. The difference in HRQoL between long-term opioid users and nonusers was explained by both modifiable and nonmodifiable patient characteristics. Our findings suggest that improving HRQoL among long-term opioid users may require interventions and policies both within and beyond health care.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42642231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Interplay Between Emotional Intelligence, Tramadol Dependence, and Comorbid Personality Disorder","authors":"Nahla E. Nagy Abdelhamid, Nesreen M. Ibrahim, R. Hashem, S. Marzouk, Mohamed H. Abd El Moneam","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000200","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Various studies have proven the presence of disturbances in emotional processing among patients with substance abuse. In the current study, we aimed to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI), tramadol dependence, and comorbid personality disorders. Methods: Thirty adult male patients with tramadol dependence and 30 healthy controls were enrolled in the current study. Participants were assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition Axis I diagnosis (SCID-I) and the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition Axis-II Personality Disorders (SCID-II). EI was assessed using the Schutte SelfReport Emotional Intelligence Test. Results: With respect to the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test score, there was a statistically significant difference between patients with tramadol dependence and the control group in all domains of EI (P<0.001). With respect to the SCID-II, the most common personality disorders reported among patients with tramadol dependence were borderline personality disorder (13, 43.3%), followed by depressive personality disorder (12, 40%) and narcissistic personality disorder (10, 33.3%). There was no statistically significant difference between common personality disorders and all domains of EI. Conclusion: The susceptibility to tramadol dependence is most likely to underlie disturbances in EI, suggesting that treatment strategies targeting the management of emotions would reduce this risk.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47969091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gaming Disorder and Parenting Style: A Case Series","authors":"K. Siste, Enjeline Hanafi, Diana Jamtani, B. Murtani, Evania Beatrice, Hans Christian, Reza Damayanti, K. Firdaus, R. Ismail","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000195","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The increasing prevalence of gaming disorder poses new challenges in terms of detection and prevention. Identification of risk factors is necessary to predict, diagnose, treat, and form health policies as regards to gaming disorders. The objective of this study was to report cases in regard to the identification of parenting style as a risk factor for gaming disorder and its role in the management of the condition. Methods: Through clinical case descriptions, we present 2 cases where patients were brought to our addiction clinic due to excessive gaming causing social and academic dysfunction. Results: These cases portray 2 different parenting styles, authoritarian and permissive, both contributing heavily to the gaming disorder they endured. The patients were provided with family therapy along with motivational enhancement and pharmacotherapy which resulted in improvement in their Internet Addiction Test scores. Conclusions: This case series presents 2 cases of gaming disorder in Indonesia wherein parenting style plays an important role in predisposing individuals to gaming disorder. To our knowledge, this report is the first to explore cases of gaming disorder in Indonesia and the treatment plans implemented in these cases can be used as a clinical recommendation for the management of gaming disorders in Indonesia. Expectantly, information regarding the association of parenting styles and gaming can aid in screening and treatment of gaming disorders.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":"19 1","pages":"185 - 190"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000195","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42752120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aggressive Behavior and Substance Use Disorder: The Heroin Use Disorder as a Case Study","authors":"I. Maremmani, M. T. Avella, M. Novi, S. Bacciardi, A. G. Maremmani","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000199","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: In this perspective review, we analyzed the aggressive behavior of our patients suffering from heroin use disorder (HUD). Methods: As investigating tools, we used the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, the Anger-Hostility factor of Symptom Checklist-90, which was obtained in psychiatric patients, and our violence/suicidality (V/S) factor. Results: Eight out of every 10 HUD patients treated by us showed highly aggressive behavior: 2.5 without physical contact, 7.5 with physical contact, and 4.5 with an ego-syntonic perception of their aggressive behavior. At treatment entry, Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory Negativism and Assault could differentiate HUD from their nonuser peers; violence and self-harm were correlated with dual disorder/HUD patients; in dual disorder/bipolar-HUD suicidality increased; predominantly V/S patients were more frequent in younger HUD age brackets; the V/S dimension only minimally affected HUD state-conditions, and was closely correlated with HUD trait-conditions (addictive behavior and posttraumatic stress disorder spectrum); and it was possible to differentiate HUD from other psychiatric patients (depressed and psychotics) and nonpsychiatric ones (obese), but it was not possible to differentiate patients affected by nonpharmacological addictions. On the therapeutic level, the presence of aggression negatively influenced general practitioners’ office-based methadone and naltrexone maintenance. More methadone dosage was needed to stabilize methadone-treated or buprenorphine-treated aggressive patients; predominantly V/S patients were better stabilized with buprenorphine treatment. Conclusions: Our studies suggest an in-depth psychopathologic evaluation of HUD patients, with particular attention to be focused on aggressive symptoms. Moreover, our data are in agreement with the self-medication theory of Khantzian, which looks at heroin addiction as a way of controlling violent manifestations. For this reason, providing an adequate amount of opioid agonists seems to be crucial in the management of violent opioid addicts.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":"19 1","pages":"161 - 173"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49450910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peer Recovery Provides Sustainable Avenues for Addiction Treatment, but Is Not a One-Size-Fits-All Proposition","authors":"Heather M. Bucur, D. S. Beckett, G. Perry, T. Davies","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000179","url":null,"abstract":"A nonmedical use of neuroactive substances rises, and substance use treatment facilities hunt for ways to meet growing demand for treatment, many are investigating peer support as a way to augment their current treatment provisions. Peer support modalities are provided by individuals who draw from their personal experiences with recovery, rather than professional education and licensure. They help individualswith problems related to substance use disorders (SUDs), in place of or in combination with clinicians, therapists, and other professionals. Because of this, peer support can deliver treatment in a framework that is effective in low resource areas and has demonstrated ability to be integrated with numerous treatment models. However, the context of peer matching may be an important factor. This type of treatment for SUDs has a long history with a positive reputation, especially among mutual help organizations, as an effective way to help individuals in their recovery process.However, limited research has been specifically devoted to thismodality of treatment. As peer support is expanded into a variety of SUD treatment modalities, it is important that effective outcomes research is conducted to assure that effective best practice is established. Just because someone has lived experience does not mean that they are an appropriate peer for everyone that has trouble with substances. There are different types of peer recovery and the strength of the relationship between peer and patient must go beyond the common use of substances. TYPES OF PEER RECOVERY","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000179","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48727068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Methadone Maintenance Treatment Method on Mental Health and Quality of Life in People With Opioid Addiction: A Longitudinal Study in Iran","authors":"M. Jahani, Fatemeh Ebadi, M. Abdi, F. Ghaffari, Ghahraman Mahmoudi","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000176","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Promoting recovery in mental health of patients with opioid addiction is an important aspect of the treatment plan, which can lead to continued improvement of health and promotion of quality of life (QoL) in these people. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) method on mental health and QoL in people with opioid addiction. Methods: In this longitudinal descriptive study, 186 subjects with opioid addiction had the required criteria and were then selected on the basis of clustering and simple random sampling methods. First (a month after using methadone therapy), demographic, QoL, and mental health data were collected using General Health Questionnaire and health-related quality of life questionnaires. Second (12 mo after using methadone therapy), mental health and QoL of participants were again evaluated. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 20, and Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests. Results: The results showed that there is no improvement after using MMT method (P=0.783), but the QoL scores of the participants increased to some extent, 12 months after using this therapeutic method (P=0.04). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the MMT method does not significantly affect the health of the participants. Hence, screening programs for psychological disorders in patients should be arranged before the onset of a course of treatment; there should also be extensive and continuous therapeutic and counseling services for these patients and their families, to achieve therapeutic goals.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":"19 1","pages":"22 - 29"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000176","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44563245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mu Opioid Receptor Gene (OPRM1) in Patients With Opiate Use Disorder","authors":"Nehal Mostafa, M. Mobasher, Heba N. El Baz, Mohamed A. Khalil","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000174","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Genetics of opiate dependence has focused on the opioidergic system, which is the primary target for opiates. Human mu opioid receptor (OPRM1) is the most important site for the analgesic effect of opioids. Methods: A case-control study included 40 patients with opiate use disorder and 40 matching control subjects. Polymorphism in Mu opioid receptor gene (OPRM1') was investigated in both patients and healthy controls by a genetic study. Substance use was further assessed in patients using the Addiction Severity Index while urine screen was required for controls. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) was reviewed in the SNP database of the National Centre for Biotechnology Information, and the life technologies SNP database. Results: No significant difference was found between the 2 groups (P=0.348) as regards the presence of polymorphic Mu opioid receptor gene (GT). There was no significant difference in the frequency of G and T alleles between the 2 groups; however, the frequency of G allele in cases was higher than T allele. No significant difference in group A between males and females as regarding gene type. Moreover, no difference was found in patients between the subjects who had GT and GG genotype regarding clinical data and severity of addiction and the occurrence of seizures. Conclusion: The use of opiates is associated with OPRM1 and the presence of the polymorphic gene (GT) has no relation with the different clinical characteristics of the opiate use.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":"19 1","pages":"16 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000174","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47240576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey to Mental Health Professionals on Problematic Drug Use","authors":"J. C. Tenconi, Federico Pavlovsky, O. M. Cesoni, Viviana A. Peskin","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000177","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: When discussing problematic drug use it is necessary to articulate both the legal and the health system to establish a coherent approach to address it. As the health system is formed in part by the Mental Health professionals who are usually those who respond to and receive this population for treatment, the aim of the present study was to learn their opinion with regard to problematic drug use approach both clinically and in the legal system. The results would help to stimulate discussion in the Mental Health field to better assist policy makers. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample. During the 2017 Argentinian Conference on Psychiatry (Congreso Argentino de Psiquiatría XXXII from Asociación de Psiquiatras Argentinos), the attendees received an anonymous voluntary paper questionnaire designed by the research team that had 4 questions on demographic information and 9 Likert-like statements. Statistical analysis was performed. Results: A total of 642 attendees answered the questionnaire. As regards criminalization of drug use, 51.7% would decriminalize ≥1 drug, 42.5% disagreed that the aim of the treatment is total abstinence (those that disagreed had a statistically significantly lower mean age compared with those that agreed), and 64.5% disagreed with punishing drug possession for personal use. Conclusions: The debate taking place worldwide on how to address the drug use problem could also be found among the Mental Health professionals in Argentina, where almost half considered that ban is the best approach, whereas the other half was in favor of decriminalization. Creating consensus among Mental Health providers would allow better articulation of the health system, with the policy makers giving a comprehensive approach in these complex situations.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":"19 1","pages":"30 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000177","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44556038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}