Journal of Chiropractic Education最新文献

{"title":"Chiropractic faculty experiences of burnout and the COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Krista L Ward, Melinda Pham, Ricky Wong, Bradley Francis, Monica Smith","doi":"10.7899/JCE-22-30","DOIUrl":"10.7899/JCE-22-30","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) is frequently used to assess occupational burnout and the Epidemic-Pandemic Impacts Inventory (EPII) is a new tool for assessing pandemic impacts. This study's objective is to describe chiropractic faculty members' experience of the COVID-19 pandemic, their burnout as professional educators, and their strategies for coping with stress.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A Qualtrics survey link was emailed to 73 current faculty and 10 previously employed faculty from 1 chiropractic school. The survey included 22 MBI, 31 EPII, and 2 questions about coping strategies. Faculty were given several weeks to complete the survey, were reminded via emails and meeting announcements, and were given paper surveys to increase participation. Responses were analyzed in STATA17.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-three faculty completed the survey (response rate = 52%). Of these, 25.8% reported testing positive for COVID-19, 30.23% reported difficulties transitioning to working from home, and 25.5% scored high on the MBI subscale for emotional exhaustion (EE) (mean 15.79, SD 13.68). Higher EE was associated with pandemic-related increases in mental health and sleep problems. Common coping strategies included self-care and social support.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The majority of faculty reported neither contracting COVID-19 nor having difficulty transitioning to work from home. Average EE for participating faculty was lower than previous reports although a quarter scored high in EE, which may be associated with pandemic-related mental health and sleep problems. These results suggest chiropractic faculty might need support coming out of the COVID-19 pandemic and indicate the need for future research on burnout among faculty from other chiropractic institutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":44516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chiropractic Education","volume":" ","pages":"96-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11097226/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139098918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating students' research literacy knowledge, confidence, and attitudes at the beginning and end of a doctor of chiropractic program.","authors":"Krista L Ward, Dale F Johnson, Barbara L Delli Gatti, Monica Smith","doi":"10.7899/JCE-23-19","DOIUrl":"10.7899/JCE-23-19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The doctor of chiropractic program (DCP) graduate must demonstrate competency in clinical research literacy (CRL), per accreditation standards. This study aimed to compare student CRL knowledge, confidence, and attitudes between the beginning and end of their DCP.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We collected data on 245 matriculating students' CRL knowledge, confidence, and attitudes between 2017 and 2018. In 2021 and 2022, 78 of these students enrolled in a course with an extra credit assignment that was used to re-collect CRL data as they approached graduation. We assessed changes between entry and exit using statistical analyses in STATA17.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Paired data were collected for 56 students. The mean CRL scores on a scale of 10 at the DCP beginning and end were 5.25 (SD 2.06) and 6.54 (SD 1.89), respectively (p = .0001). We observed statistically significant (p ≤ .05) positive changes in students' abilities to answer questions about Medical Subject Headings, the hierarchy of evidence, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and the limitations of abstracts. There was also a statistically significant increase in confidence, with over 80% of students nearing graduation reporting good or excellent abilities to find and judge health information for their patients. The proportion of students who envisioned searching a database to help manage a challenging clinical case decreased from 96% to 89% (p > .05). The proportion seeing themselves submitting a case report for publication declined from 16% to 4% (p ≤ .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Students' self-perceived CRL abilities and knowledge improved between the beginning and end of their DCP; however, their attitudes toward applying these in practice declined.</p>","PeriodicalId":44516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chiropractic Education","volume":" ","pages":"38-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11097225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139698602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An interprofessional approach to collaborative management of low-back pain in primary care: A scholarly analysis of a successful educational module for prelicensure learners.","authors":"Judith Peranson, Carol Ann Weis, Morgan Slater, Joshua Plener, Deborah Kopansky-Giles","doi":"10.7899/JCE-22-24","DOIUrl":"10.7899/JCE-22-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>In 2008, an interprofessional education (IPE) working group was formed to develop a module on interdisciplinary low-back pain management to fill a curricular gap at our institution. This article describes the program evaluation outcomes and highlights factors contributing to its successful implementation over 8 years through reference to Brigg's Presage-Process-Product (3-P) Model of Teaching and Learning.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Program evaluation occurred through administration of a pre- and postmodule Health Professional Collaborative Competency Perception Scale, with scores compared using paired t tests. Descriptive statistics were analyzed from 5-point Likert scales for module session components.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 853 students from 9 health care occupations (medicine, chiropractic, physiotherapy, pharmacy, nursing, nurse practitioner, occupational therapy, physiotherapy assistants, and occupational therapist assistants) participated in 51 iterations of the module from 2011 to 2019, averaging 16 participants each session. All Health Professional Collaborative Competency Perception Scale items significantly improved from pre- to postintervention (p < .001) for learners from 6 health professions. Module components were rated highly, with the majority of learners rating these as 4 (helpful) or 5 (very helpful) for their learning. Participants also improved their scores in perceived history and physical exam comfort, knowledge of pharmacotherapy, management options, and attitudes regarding an interprofessional approach to back pain (p < .001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This article describes the presage, process factors, and products of this model IPE program that provides learners from various health care professions with an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the interdisciplinary management of low-back pain, as demonstrated through improvement in collaborative competencies.</p>","PeriodicalId":44516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chiropractic Education","volume":" ","pages":"30-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11097224/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139703685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of back pain behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs of chiropractic research conference attendees after a biopsychosocial educational workshop.","authors":"Alec L Schielke, Clinton J Daniels, Jordan A Gliedt, Katherine A Pohlman","doi":"10.7899/JCE-22-28","DOIUrl":"10.7899/JCE-22-28","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this study was to assess the behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs of attendees of a chiropractic research conference (which included chiropractic students, clinicians, researchers, and educators) toward chronic low back pain (CLBP) before and after a biopsychosocial (BPS)-based CLBP educational workshop.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This single-arm intervention study used the Health Care Providers' Pain and Relationship Scale (HC-PAIRS) and CLBP-related clinic vignettes to assess behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs toward CLBP before and after a single 90-minute educational workshop. The HC-PAIRS is a self-reporting questionnaire that consists of 15 items rated on a 7-point rating scale, with a higher score suggesting a belief that pain is linked to movement and that recommendations should be given to avoid physical activities.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The pre-education intervention HC-PAIRS and vignettes were completed by 40 of 56 attendees. A total of 18 participants completed the posteducation intervention HC-PAIRS and CLBP-related clinical vignettes. Most of participants identified as full-time clinicians, employees of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, and musculoskeletal/neuromusculoskeletal providers. The pre-education intervention HC-PAIRS mean score was 44.8 (SD 9.22), and the postscore was 39.5 (SD 6.49).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Findings suggest an immediate change in HC-PAIRS scores following a BPS-focused CLBP education intervention for a chiropractic audience. However, due to limitations related to sample size and target population, findings should be interpreted cautiously.</p>","PeriodicalId":44516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chiropractic Education","volume":" ","pages":"42-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11097223/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136399697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chiropractic students' perception of remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Eniabitobi Kuyinu, Stephanie G B Sullivan, Kate P Hayes","doi":"10.7899/JCE-22-20","DOIUrl":"10.7899/JCE-22-20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate chiropractic students' preferences and perceptions of remote learning with a secondary aim of comparing individuals with and without learning challenges.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following the mandatory period of remote education, a 33-question, mixed-methods, anonymous online survey was distributed from March to September 2021 to a single-campus chiropractic student body with an estimated sample study population of N = 1375. Demographic variables, self-reported learning challenges, technology skills, and perceptions of remote and on-ground learning delivery modalities were gathered. Percentages, measures of central tendency, and chi-square tests were performed on the data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 117 participants (8.5%), of whom 63.2% were female (n = 74) and 87.2% (n = 102) were aged 18-34 years. Self-identified learning challenges were present in 33.3% (n = 39) of participants, of whom 28 stated they had attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit disorder. More than 85.5% (n = 100) of participants agreed they were proficient with the necessary technology. For basic science classes with a lecture and lab component, 61.5% (n = 72) preferred on-ground labs and remote lectures. Participants agreed that remote lectures and on-ground labs were a good use of time (75.2% [n = 88] and 79.5% [n = 93], respectively). There was a significant χ2 between individuals with and without learning challenges for the perception of \"stimulating and interesting\" (p = .044) and \"attention\" (p = .001) for on-ground lectures.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Chiropractic students preferred remote and on-ground education differentially for labs and lectures. On-ground labs provided greater perceived educational benefits; perceived benefits of remote lecture courses were only modestly supported. Students with self-identified learning challenges presented with some differences related to perception of on-ground lectures.</p>","PeriodicalId":44516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chiropractic Education","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11097214/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139742217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A scoping review to identify barriers and facilitators of research participation among chiropractic faculty.","authors":"Brian Anderson, Kara Shannon, Kira Baca, John Crouse, Amberly Ferguson, Alex Margrave, Meredith Meyers, Kevin Percuoco, Patrik Schneider, Jennifer Smith, Michael VanNatta, Breanne Wells, Lia Nightingale, Stacie A Salsbury","doi":"10.7899/JCE-23-7","DOIUrl":"10.7899/JCE-23-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe peer-reviewed literature on chiropractic faculty participation in research and identify important barriers and facilitators.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a scoping review using comprehensive searches of relevant databases from inception through November 2022. English language publications of any design were included, with search terms consisting of subject headings specific to each database and free text words related to chiropractic, faculty, and research. Primary and secondary reviewer teams performed article screening and data abstraction using Covidence software, with primary reviewers responsible for consensus. Data were entered into evidence tables and analyzed descriptively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 330 articles were screened, with 14 deemed eligible including 8 cross-sectional/correlational studies and 6 narrative reviews/editorials. Article publication dates ranged from 1987 to 2017. No intervention studies were identified. Facilitators of chiropractic faculty research included research assignment as primary role, institutional culture promoting research, and dedicated release time. Barriers included teaching/clinic assignments, lack of incentives and mentorship, and teaching load. Qualitative results identified 5 domains impacting faculty research: demographics/professional roles; personal empowerment; research culture; institutional setting/policies; and research training.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our scoping review found a paucity of recently published articles on chiropractic faculty participation in research. Educational institutions building research capacity among chiropractic faculty must establish cultural environments where scholarship is expected, rewarded, and valued. Tangible support, such as research policies, resources, and space, advanced training, funding, and release time, must be available. Faculty are encouraged to build upon key facilitators, evaluate interventions to address barriers to chiropractic faculty research, and publish their results.</p>","PeriodicalId":44516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chiropractic Education","volume":" ","pages":"50-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11097222/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139098917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postgraduate training opportunities for chiropractors: A description of United States programs.","authors":"Samuel M Schut","doi":"10.7899/JCE-23-23","DOIUrl":"10.7899/JCE-23-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study was to describe and compare the current postgraduate training opportunities (PTOs) in the United States (US) for which doctors of chiropractic are eligible, namely, residencies, fellowships, and board certifications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An internet search of publicly available English-language websites on Google.com was executed using a cache-cleared private browser and key search phrases. Following webpage data extraction, e-mail and telephone follow-up were completed with officials from institutions offering doctor of chiropractic programs possessing accreditation by the Council on Chiropractic Education (CCE) in the US. Additional programs identified were annotated and incorporated into the data set if they met the inclusion criteria. Descriptive statistics were generated following data aggregation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three-hundred internet search results were screened, 70 of which were assessed for eligibility and 47 included for descriptive analysis. Among the 16 CCE-accredited institutions solicited, 13 returned correspondence (81.3% response rate), resulting in the addition of 2 programs to the data set ascertained by the initial web search. There were 49 PTOs for chiropractors. Of programs available, residencies represented 49.0% (24/49) of programs, and fellowships represented 12.2% (6/49) of programs. There were 19 board specialty diplomate programs, constituting 38.8% of PTOs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This work details preliminary descriptive information on the current state of US-based PTOs for chiropractors.</p>","PeriodicalId":44516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chiropractic Education","volume":" ","pages":"104-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11097216/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139522070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resilient responses to stressful events among chiropractic students: A cross-sectional survey.","authors":"Kira J Baca, Dustin C Derby, Stacie A Salsbury","doi":"10.7899/JCE-23-9","DOIUrl":"10.7899/JCE-23-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Resilient students may better navigate the challenges of chiropractic training. This study explored the relationships between response to stressful experiences, perceived stress, and quality of life among students at 1 US chiropractic college campus.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 873 students. The anonymous online questionnaire included demographics, quality of life, perceived stress, and the Response to Stressful Events Scale (RSES). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses assessed for significant relationships among variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A sample of 221 students (60% female) completed the survey (25% response rate). Male respondents reported greater psychological health. Participants reporting high quality of life exhibited higher resiliency on the RSES flat score and many RSES domains. Respondents who rated greater psychological health and social relationships exhibited greater spiritual resiliency. Respondents reporting higher psychological health and lower levels of perceived stress exhibited higher self-efficacy resilience. Psychological health was the most important predictor for RSES flat score and domains, except for spiritual resilience, for which social relationships were most important. Male gender was predictive of 3 RSES domains: meaning making, active coping, and cognitive flexibility.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>More resilient responses to stressful events were reported by male chiropractic students and those who reported greater psychological health, higher quality of life, or lower perceived stress. Female students and those experiencing psychological challenges or lower quality of life might consider resilience training to increase the use of protective coping strategies. These findings may permit academic institutions to identify students at highest risk and employ interventions to prevent program withdrawal.</p>","PeriodicalId":44516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chiropractic Education","volume":" ","pages":"82-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11097215/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139522072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Burnout syndrome in a single cohort of chiropractic students: A longitudinal study.","authors":"Gary Tam, Jesse C Cooper, Gregory C Priest, Michael P Moore, Katherine Pohlman","doi":"10.7899/JCE-23-13","DOIUrl":"10.7899/JCE-23-13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Physician well-being impacts all areas of health care. There is, however, a paucity of evidence regarding burnout among chiropractic students. The purpose of this project is to evaluate burnout among a single cohort of chiropractic students as they progress through their clinical rotation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Professional Fulfillment Index (PFI) was administered to chiropractic students (n = 108) at the start of their internship in January of 2021. The PFI was also distributed to students at the end of each of their 3 internship terms. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) was administered at the end of interns' eighth term of study to assess validity with the PFI. The MBI and PFI were analyzed via pairwise correlation. Demographic and relevant term questions were asked at baseline and respective terms and analyzed with descriptive statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the study's 78 respondents (72.2% response rate), 55.8% were male with an average age of 28.6 years. Pairwise comparisons revealed statistically significant burnout differences between the baseline timepoint and the end of the eighth term, and between the baseline and the end of the ninth term. PFI burnout was correlated to emotional exhaustion in the MBI.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study found that approximately half of the participating chiropractic students suffered from burnout. This percentage is similar to burnout rates seen in other health care providers. Moreover, there is no widely accepted burnout threshold used in the literature. As such, studies examining standardization of burnout calculations may be warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":44516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chiropractic Education","volume":" ","pages":"17-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11097220/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139724391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of online to face-to-face instruction for anatomy review in a third-year clinical course.","authors":"Jocelyn Faydenko, Thomas Grieve, Dana Madigan, Judith D Pocius, Christopher Olsen, Gregory D Cramer","doi":"10.7899/JCE-23-10","DOIUrl":"10.7899/JCE-23-10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This project compared student learning and satisfaction of an anatomy review delivered by a face-to-face lecture (F2FL) and an online learning module (OLM) for third-year doctor of chiropractic students.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cohort study compared student learning and satisfaction of a pediatric spinal anatomy review delivered via F2FL (cohort 1, n = 23) and OLM (cohort 2, n = 18) in 2 successive 2019 (pre-COVID) course offerings. Previously validated pre- and post-tests were given. Students completed a survey assessing delivery, comfort with online learning and online learning technology, and preference of F2FL vs OLM of review material. Pre- and post-test results were assessed using repeated-measures analysis of variance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Testing results showed an improvement with both groups (F2FL 53.7%, p < .001 vs OLM 51.8%, p < .001), with no significant difference between the F2FL and OLM groups (p = .53; p = .82). The survey showed: 83.3% of OLM students felt the online method was effective, and 88.9% of the OLM students would prefer online reviews or have no preference between online or face-to-face; meanwhile, 80% of the F2FL group thought the lecture engaging/effective, whereas 60% of the F2FL group would have preferred to have the material presented online.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The OLM was found to be as effective as the F2FL for the content assessed. The majority of students would prefer the online method for future anatomy review content presented in the course. This strategy could be applied to provide review materials in other clinical courses, allowing material to be developed and given by content experts while freeing valuable in-class time.</p>","PeriodicalId":44516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chiropractic Education","volume":"0 0","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11097218/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139703686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}