Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal最新文献

{"title":"Is the third trochanter of the femur a developmental anomaly, a functional marker, or an evolutionary adaptation?","authors":"Eren Ogut","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2022.2104563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2022.2104563","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The third trochanter (TT) is a proximal femoral accessory tubercle at the upper border of the gluteal tuberosity that is unusually encountered on the posterior aspect. However, detailed knowledge about the TT remains limited. For this reason, TT was investigated in all its aspects. To give an overview about the TT, a review was conducted in databases until November 2021. Out of 4981 articles, only 53 articles could be included, most of which were studies conducted on dry femurs. The TT can be a result of the developmental process of gluteus maximus due to posture and bipedal locomotor activity. Another explanation of the formation of TT is the inactivation, deficiency, or mutation of specific genes that cause alterations in the proximal femoral end. The current review leads to the assumption that TT, considered for all mammalians, can be an evolutionary adaptation and may be a result of altered muscle activity, increased mechanical force, and reduced stress on the femoral shaft. Therefore, TT should be used in genomic studies related to the evolution of mammalians. An improvement in study design, the scale of the study, methodology, and the selection of mammalian species may permit more comprehensive analysis and reduce study heterogeneity. Résumé Le troisième trochanter (TT) du femur est un tubercule accessoire proximal au bord supérieur de la tubérosité fessière qui est exceptionnellement rencontré sur la face postérieure. Pour cette raison, le TT a été étudié avec tous ses characteristiques. Cependant, les connaissances détaillées sur le TT restent limitées. Pour cette raison, le TT a été étudié avec une approche exhaustive. Pour donner un aperçu sur le TT, une revue a été menée dans les bases de données jusqu’en novembre 2021. Sur 4981 articles, seuls 53 articles ont pu être inclus, dont la plupart étaient des études menées sur des fémurs secs. Le TT peut être le résultat du processus de développement du grand fessier en raison de la posture et de l’activité locomotrice bipède. Une autre explication de la formation du TT est l’inactivation, la déficience ou la mutation de gènes spécifiques qui provoquent des altérations de l’extrémité fémorale proximale. L’examen actuel conduit à l’hypothèse que le TT, considéré pour tous les mammifères, peut être une adaptation évolutive et peut être le résultat d’une activité musculaire altérée, d’une force mécanique accrue et d’un stress réduit sur la tige fémorale. Par conséquent, le TT devrait être utilisé dans les études génomiques liées à l’évolution des mammifères. Une amélioration de la conception de l’étude, de l’échelle de l’étude, de la méthodologie et de la sélection des espèces de mammifères peut permettre une analyse plus complète et réduire l’hétérogénéité de l’étude.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"56 1","pages":"123 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42090392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 and the courtroom: exploring the effects of camera angle on jury perception of expert witness credibility during virtual testimony","authors":"Elena Temelkova, Megan H. Rodrigues, Samantha Chui, Jessica Holtz, Brianna V. Legere, Caitlin Pakosh","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2022.2098610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2022.2098610","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since the onset of COVID-19, expert witness testimony has been delivered virtually in judge-alone trials in Ontario with increasing frequency. It is unknown how controllable technological factors in the virtual environment – such as camera angle – may influence jury perception of expert witness credibility. This study assesses whether camera angle has a significant effect on juror perception of expert witness credibility. Jury-eligible participants from Ontario (n = 72) acted as mock jurors in four mock drug trafficking trials involving the same virtual forensic toxicology testimony. The control group (n = 34) watched an expert who was shown from the mid-chest up, whereas the experimental group (n = 38) watched an expert who had their camera angle set to show only their head. Using the Witness Credibility Scale (WCS), participants assessed expert credibility by completing 20 Likert-scale questions related to the expert’s knowledge, likeability, trustworthiness, and confidence. A Mann-Whitney U test indicated no significant difference between the control and experimental groups (p = 0.66, p > 0.05). Therefore, camera angle has no significant impact on juror perception of expert witness credibility, suggesting that experts can use either angle when testifying virtually. This research may help to inform future best practices for virtual expert testimony, enhancing quality and standardization.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"56 1","pages":"71 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49018986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy of Iranian Cameriere and Willems methods for estimating dental age in a population of Iranian children","authors":"E. Salehi, E. Afshari, M. Fazel, Azizeh Karimian, Maysa Mallahi","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2022.2084927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2022.2084927","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Age estimation methods based on dental radiographs are of the most accurate and popular methods for age estimation. The accuracy of these methods might vary between different ethnic groups. Therefore, the present study was performed in order to evaluate and update the Cameriere dental age estimation method in a population of Iranian children and compare it with the Willems dental age estimation method. A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed, using dental records and digital dental panoramic radiographs of 110 six- to 12-year-old patients (55 girls and 55 boys). In order to assess the accuracy of both methods, the difference between the estimated dental age and the Chronological age was calculated and compared. Results of the present study showed Willems method overestimated the age and the updated Iranian Cameriere method underestimated the age, but the over/underestimations were not significant, except for the boys in Willems group. Both Willems dental age estimation (WDA) and Iranian Cameriere dental age estimation (ICDA) methods were applicable in the selected population of Iranian children, although the WDA estimations were less accurate, especially for boys.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"56 1","pages":"61 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41551255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A critical analysis of temperature variation in relation to urban microclimates and the post-mortem interval","authors":"S. Bird, T. S. Oost","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2022.2084928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2022.2084928","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Temperature data was collected from seven citizen scientists and one expert scientist at eight study sites for a period of 29 days between January 3rd, 2021 and February 3rd, 2021 within the region of Greater Sudbury, Ontario. The purpose of the study was to determine if significant differences exist between the eight study sites and the only Environment Canada weather station for the Greater Sudbury area that could potentially cause negative influences on a PMI estimation. Ambient air temperature was collected five times daily in 3-hour intervals between the hours of 0900 h and 2100 h. Maximum and minimum daily temperatures were recorded during the 2100 h collection. ANOVA, Tukey HSD, and a t-test were performed, showing that significant differences exist between three of the study sites when they are individually compared to Environment Canada. Microclimatic effects can explain this variation and the results serve to caution forensic practitioners that relying on Environment Canada data without studying crime scene environment could lead to errors in PMI calculation.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"56 1","pages":"52 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48049562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The admissibility of fingerprint evidence: An African perspective","authors":"Mark O. Ezegbogu, P. I. Omede","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2022.2068404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2022.2068404","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fingerprint analysis involves the comparison of a latent print and an exemplar using the standard ACE-V methodology. The uniqueness and persistence of fingerprints form the basis of their use as unique human identifiers. Despite its usefulness in criminal investigation, fingerprint analysis has been criticised for its likelihood to, sometimes, occasion avoidable miscarriages of justice. The causes of error in fingerprint analysis include cognitive bias, non-conforming regulatory standards, and ethical misconduct. This article analyses the types and causes of error in fingerprint analysis vis-à-vis the common law requirement in Nigeria and other Commonwealth countries to prove criminal charges beyond reasonable doubt. Finally, it discusses the peculiar challenges of using forensic fingerprint analysis in the criminal justice system in developing countries and explores possible ways of solving these problems.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"56 1","pages":"23 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41469117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The estimation of sex, age, and stature from the distal femoral cortical thickness","authors":"H. Teke, Sait Ozsoy, S. Duran, Tulay Renklidag","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2022.2069344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2022.2069344","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The estimation of sex, age, and stature from bones play an important role in identifying parts of bodies or skeletal remains. We aimed to explore femoral cortical thickness in relation to formulating predictive models for age, sex, and stature in a cross-section of the Ankara population using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. The study included left and right knee MRI images taken from individuals without trauma-related fractures, mass lesions, or deformities. The study sample comprised 108 subjects. Using the measurements of the femoral right anterior and posterior cortex and left medial cortex, sex could be determined with a mean 77.8% accuracy. When the relationship between age and male sex only was investigated with the correlation test, a strong relationship was seen between the right medial cortical thickness and age (r: 0.35; p: 0.00). No correlation was found between cortical thickness and age in the female group. All the information obtained about the effects of sex, age, and similar factors on the cross-sectional geometry of the long bones can be obtained indirectly on radiographs referring to any population.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"56 1","pages":"42 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46045015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New individual features in lip prints – a potential support for personal identification","authors":"Jagmeet Kaur, M. Thakar","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2022.2062828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2022.2062828","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Human Lip prints are usually found as physical evidence at the crime scenes. Lip prints are composed of a characteristic pattern formed by wrinkles and grooves present on the Klein’s zone (mucosal area) of human lips. Various scientists have classified lip prints based upon the pattern of wrinkles and furrows (Martin Santos, Suzuki and Tsuchihashi, Renaud, Afchar Bayar, and Jose Maria Dominguez). Whereas Kasprzak classified lip prints based on 23 individual characteristics. In the present study, an attempt was made to further explore new features present on the lips besides Kasprzak’s classification system. Lip prints were collected from 500 individuals using the standard tape lifting method and the digital images were divided into 10 sections, each. Each section was assessed separately to determine the presence of existing and new individual features so that even a smaller fragment of the lip print recovered from the crime scene can be identified successfully. 25 new Individual features were unveiled in the present study. The frequency of these features was calculated, and the results were found to be statistically significant. A new/combined Individual features’ (Kasprzak’s features and new features) classification system is expected to add more objectivity to the process of personal identification.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"56 1","pages":"1 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43578485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isotope ratio method: state-of-the-art of forensic applications to CBRNE materials","authors":"A. Barry, S. Thomson, I. Dimayuga, Ankur Chaudhuri, Than Do","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2022.2054109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2022.2054109","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The threat of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives (CBRNE) events is a serious challenge worldwide. This threat is aggravated by the prevalence of potential CBRNE materials normally used for industrial and scientific purposes. One potential deterrent to the use of CBRNE materials for nefarious purposes is the ability by law enforcement to attribute interdicted threat materials in terms of their provenance and linking them to people, places, and events. Isotope Ratio Method (IRM) is a technique that utilizes ratios of different isotopes of particular elements present in an investigated material to determine an isotopic signature of that material. A survey of the literature has been conducted in order to consolidate the state of current knowledge on the forensic application of IRM specifically to CBRNE materials. This review is intended for both researchers and policy makers to help identify gaps in knowledge and to determine the strategic direction of research and development to advance the application of IRM in the general arena of public safety and security.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"55 1","pages":"115 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49540545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological variation in the mandible of white males and females from the East Texas region for potential applications for skeletal identification","authors":"Lissette M. Varela, Benjamin H. Moss, P. Moore-Jansen","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2022.2043522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2022.2043522","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The mandible is a bone that preserves well in forensic and archaeological contexts and has sound use for sex estimation techniques when the bones of the cranium and pelvis are absent. Past research has frequently used morphological assessments of the mandible, which have long been recognized as a useful means for estimating sex. This study addressed the application and effectiveness of metric and non-metric observations to illustrate the morphological variation of mandibular size and shape to explore sexual dimorphism between males and females. Three non-metric observations and fourteen metric measurements were recorded on mandibles from a skeletal sample of two-hundred and thirty-six individuals from a collection acquired in the region of southeastern Texas. The findings of this study demonstrate that the use of select metric measurements, including bigonial width, bicondylar breadth, minimum and maximum ramus breadth, transverse diameter of the mandibular condyle, maximum ramus height, mandibular length, mandibular total length, and mandibular ramus height, should be considered for sex estimation in the mandible. Two regression models were reported in this study one with eleven measurements at 81.48% accuracy and one with three measurements at 83.33% accuracy. Alternatively, the non-metric analyses exhibited no significant correlation with sex in the study sample, and therefore, non-metric observations of the mandible are not reliable in sex estimation.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"55 1","pages":"181 - 205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49177078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observer error in assessing age-related morphology using digital photographs of the pubic symphyseal face","authors":"S. Hisham, K. Zainun, M. Ibrahim","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2022.2053279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2022.2053279","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Forensic anthropologists have long utilised visual assessment of morphological characteristics to establish a biological profile in order to assign an identity to undocumented remains. The present study used the Suchey-Brooks method to estimate ages based on pubic symphysis metamorphosis, as this method may be vulnerable to inherent subjectivity in the assessment of the qualitative phase. This study examines the observer agreement on the pubic symphysis metamorphosis assessment based on digital photographs. A total of 11 observers, with varying levels of qualification and experience, scored 10 pubic symphyses from the collection housed in the Department of Forensic Medicine Hospital Serdang. Fleiss’ Kappa was used in order to assess inter-observer agreement. Results showed that the overall agreement percentage for all observers was 28% (κ = 0.14), slightly increasing to 50% (κ = 0.40) when taking into account only the score given by observers who also have experience with photographs of skeletal remains. Understanding the role of observer agreement (i.e., reliability and reproducibility) is critical for the assessment of age-related morphology from pubic symphysis digital images. This study highlights a problem with the Suchey-Brooks method in assessing age, which was due to inter-observer error. The difficulty in interpreting the characteristic descriptions, especially in digital photographs, emphasises the need for proper training in skeletal morphology assessment.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"55 1","pages":"213 - 220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48857072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}