Arid Ecosystems最新文献

{"title":"The Flora of Communities with Paliurus spina-christi Mill. and the Problem of their Primary Nature in Piedmont Dagestan","authors":"G. A. Sadykova","doi":"10.1134/S2079096123040121","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S2079096123040121","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The results of the analysis of the flora of <i>Paliurus</i> communities of Piedmont Dagestan from the extreme southern site (the spurs of the Main Caucasian ridge near the village of Novoe Karakyure) to the extreme northern site of their growth at the boundary with the Chechen Republic (Kizilyurt district, the vicinity of the villages of Mutsal-aul and Gadari) are given. The floristic composition of plant communities is studied on the basis of 17 geobotanical descriptions. The taxonomic analysis of the flora has been performed and the spectrum of the leading families, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, and Fabaceae (Po-As-La + Fa spectrum), typical for the Central Asian type with a significant effect of the Mediterranean flora has been revealed. The biomorphological analysis shows the predominance of hemicryptophytes (45.4%) and therophytes (33%). The latter are an indicator of arid conditions and anthropogenic impacts on cenoses. Geographical analysis reveals the predominance of species of the boreal (30.4%) and the ancient Mediterranean (27%) types and shows the position of the region at the contact of the boreal and xerophilous vegetation types. It reflects the development of the flora at the boundary between the Euro-Siberian and Iranian–Turanian regions, followed by the penetration of the Western Asian flora, which is typical for the Caucasus. We suppose that the <i>Paliurus</i> communities of Piedmont Dagestan are primary based on the results of floristic studies, on the xerophytic composition of species in the shrub layer, and on the absence or single participation of species of the genus <i>Quercus</i> in the group of <i>Paliureta</i> <i>graminosa</i> associations and the <i>Paliuretum</i> ass. (Tarki-Tau Mountain near Makhachkala) and in the group of the <i>Paliureta</i> <i>bryosa</i> ass. and the <i>Paliuretum bryosum</i> ass. (Beyukdere Ridge, Tabasaran district). We also take into account the long-term stability (5000–6000 years according to published data) of the geoclimate conditions of the area. Individual trees of the genus <i>Quercus</i> and of <i>Ulmus campestris</i> in piedmont communities of <i>Paliurus</i>, in our opinion, are not preserved representatives of the previously expanded tree flora of oak forests. Communities with <i>Paliurus spina-christi</i> grow here in the lower belt of mountain slopes, border on oak forests, and are the result of an ecotone effect, when accidentally brought oak seeds may grow under optimal ecological conditions of the microniche together with <i>P. spina-christi</i>. Forest boundaries and the altitude of ecotone plots depend on slope steepness and aspect. In a broader spatial-temporal aspect, the change in the altitude gradient of the boundaries of <i>Paliurus</i> communities and of forests dominated by <i>Quercus</i> and <i>Ulmus campestris</i> in Piedmont Dagestan depends on changes in aridization or humidization climate trends.</p>","PeriodicalId":44316,"journal":{"name":"Arid Ecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138438405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping the Biodiversity of the Arid Regions of Kazakhstan with an Evaluation of the Efficiency of its Territorial Protection","authors":"E. G. Koroleva,&nbsp;T. V. Dikareva","doi":"10.1134/S2079096123040042","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S2079096123040042","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Using biogeographic approaches, the mapping of protected species of terrestrial vertebrates in the Republic of Kazakhstan was analyzed and carried out to identify places of high faunal diversity and assess the effectiveness of their protection by a network of specially protected natural areas. An analysis was made of the spatial distribution of protected species of terrestrial vertebrates by taxonomic groups (mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles, 109 species in total) and their totality, as well as by protection status; places of concentration of protected species of vertebrate animals were established as priority for the protection of territories in the Republic of Kazakhstan and an assessment was made of the effectiveness of locating the existing network of specially protected natural areas. The maps were made using the grid mapping method, which makes it possible to compare the results obtained with other arid macroregions. The role of a number of reserves, national parks, and large reserves in the protection of biological diversity is shown. Recommendations for the development of a network of specially protected natural areas in order to preserve areas of high biodiversity, as well as the tasks of further research in this direction have been formulated and substantiated.</p>","PeriodicalId":44316,"journal":{"name":"Arid Ecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138438339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Spatio-Temporal Variability of the Distribution of Climate Indicators of Thermal Agro-Climate Resources (the Ararat Valley and the Foothill Zone, Armenia)","authors":"V. G. Margaryan,&nbsp;E. V. Gaidukova,&nbsp;A. M. Sedrakyan","doi":"10.1134/S2079096123040066","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S2079096123040066","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this work, the characteristics of thermal agro-climate resources of the Ararat valley and the foothill zone are studied and calculated and the patterns of their spatial and temporal distribution, as well as interannual variability, are analyzed and evaluated. Previously published works and relevant studies served as the theoretical and informational foundations. The daily data of actual observations of meteorological stations of the Hydrometeorology and Monitoring Center of the SNCO of the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Armenia in the study area, as well as agro-climate reference books and yearbooks were used as the source material. The following methods were applied in the work: mathematical-statistical, extrapolation, interpolation, analytical, correlation methods, as well as the methods of analysis and analogue. The territory of the Ararat valley and the foothill zone, which has a relatively arid climate, is the most favorable agricultural region of the republic in terms of climate indicators of thermal agro-climate resources. The thermal conditions of the region are favorable for the growth and development of various crops; however, the danger of late spring and early autumn frosts must be taken into account. Measures for adapting agricultural production to climate change are proposed. The results we obtained can be used in planning the development of agricultural production on the territory of the Ararat valley and the foothill zone in the development of agro-climate cadastres of territories and climate services for sectors of the national economy.</p>","PeriodicalId":44316,"journal":{"name":"Arid Ecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138438404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil Cover Structure and Pasture Soil Properties in a Dry Steppe Zone under Conditions of Different Grazing Intensities","authors":"A. V. Borisov,&nbsp;I. A. Idrisov,&nbsp;V. N. Pinskoy,&nbsp;A. Potapova,&nbsp;A. V. Bukhonov,&nbsp;M. V. Eltsov","doi":"10.1134/S2079096123030046","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S2079096123030046","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A study was made of the features of the soil cover of solonetz complexes in different parts of the pasture of an average sheep farm in the dry steppe zone in the Manych river basin in the conditions of dissected relief. It has been established that several types of soil cover can be distinguished on the territory of the pasture that differ in the degree of transformation of the profile of different components of the solonetz complex under the influence of intensive grazing. It is shown that the heterogeneity of the soil cover is due to the uneven impact of grazing, which, in turn, is determined both by the degree of remoteness from the farm and by the characteristics of the vegetation cover in different parts of the pasture. The areas with a well-pronounced complexity of the soil cover and a high proportion of solonetzes, dominated by grass-wormwood associations, are subject to the greatest pasture load. A tendency to a reduction in the thickness of the AJ and SEL horizons of light chestnut soils and solonetzes was noted as the pasture load increased. In the soil cover of feather grass areas of pastures, the share of solonetzes is much lower, which can be associated with a short-term pasture load on these soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":44316,"journal":{"name":"Arid Ecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48027239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Current State of Cenopopulations of Some Endemic and Rare Species of the Genus Tulipa L. (Liliaceae) in the Tashkent Region (Uzbekistan)","authors":"N. Yu. Beshko,&nbsp;O. S. Abduraimov,&nbsp;U. Kh. Kodirov,&nbsp;F. M. Madaminov,&nbsp;A. V. Mahmudov","doi":"10.1134/S2079096123030034","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S2079096123030034","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The study of the ontogenetic structure of the coenotic populations of vulnerable, endemic, and rare plant species makes it possible to assess their state under the conditions of anthropogenic transformation of ecosystems and develop the scientific basis for their protection. Central Asia is one of the centers of origin and species diversity of the genus <i>Tulipa</i> L. In the flora of the Republic of Uzbekistan, there are 34 species of tulips, of which 19 species (55.88%) are endangered due to the collection of flowers and bulbs and overgrazing and habitat destruction. These are listed in the national Red Book. This article is devoted to the assessment of the current state of 13 coenotic populations of five rare and endemic species of the genus <i>Tulipa</i> (<i>T. borszczowii, T. butkovii, T. dubia, T. greigii, T. korolkowii</i>), growing in the Tashkent region of Uzbekistan in areas with different environmental regimes and levels of anthropogenic pressure. It has been established that eight studied cenopopulations are normal and full-membered; five populations are incomplete, they lack senile individuals, which is a biological feature of the genus <i>Tulipa</i>. Six cenopopulations belong to the left-sided type, their ontogenetic spectrum coincides with the characteristic spectrum of the genus <i>Tulipa</i>; four coenopopulations have a centered type of spectrum, while three are bimodal. The low proportion of juveniles in some of the cenopopulations studied is due to the influence of overgrazing, as well as high competition with other species in the community. It is recommended that a rare endemic of the Central Asian deserts be included in the next edition of the Red Book of Uzbekistan <i>Tulipa borszczowii</i> and national endemic, narrow-local endemic of the Chatkal ridge <i>Tulipa butkovii.</i> It is recommended to create a protected area (zakaznik or natural monument) to preserve the relic sandy massif Dalverzinskie sands in the Tashkent region.</p>","PeriodicalId":44316,"journal":{"name":"Arid Ecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47394038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harmonization of the Results of Soil Salinity Chemical Study","authors":"K. O. Prokopyeva,&nbsp;M. V. Konyushkova","doi":"10.1134/S2079096123030095","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S2079096123030095","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil salinization is one of the main environmental factors that limits the growth and productivity of many plants. Soil salinity is assessed by different methods in various countries of the world: by the method of water extracts in Russia and a number of other countries and by electrical conductivity of extracts from soil pastes all over the world. These methods are time consuming, thus short-cut methods are used for mass analysis. For example, the salt status of soils is often assessed by the leading toxic ion (chlorine or sodium) in Russia or by electrical conductivity for different soil to water ratios (1 : 1, 1 : 2.5, 1 : 5, and 1 : 10) in a number of other countries. In this work, we compare different methods to substantiate the use of electrical conductivity measured in a suspension 1 : 5. The following approaches are analyzed: 1—determination of the specific electrical conductivity in water suspension (1 : 5); 2—measurement of pNa and pCl in water suspension (1 : 5) by ion-selective electrodes; and 3—determination of sodium in water extract (1 : 5) by atomic absorption spectrometry. Salinization is evaluated in samples of light clay soils of the dry steppe zone mainly of chloride-sodium salinity. The results show the strongest correlation between measurements of the specific electrical conductivity (by conductometer) and sodium activity (by ion-selective electrodes). A rather close relationship between the specific electrical conductivity and the content of sodium ions in water extract has been revealed, and a conversion function of these parameters has been obtained: ЕС_1 : 5 = 0.213Na_1 : 5 + 0.17 (with a free term) and ЕС_1 : 5 = 0.23Na_1 : 5 (without a free term). It is proposed to use the following criteria to assess the salinity by electrical conductivity (dS/m) in water suspension (1 : 5): 0–0.4, nonsaline; 0.4–0.6, slightly saline; 0.6–1, medium saline; 1–1.9, strongly saline; and &gt;1.9, very strongly saline. The comparison of different gradations of soil salinity by cross tables, using the chi-square test and the Kappa index, shows statistically significant correlation, which enables the use of various analytical methods to assess soil salinity.</p>","PeriodicalId":44316,"journal":{"name":"Arid Ecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46479185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Climatic Trends in Evaporation and Soil Moisture Changes in the South of European Russia","authors":"T. B. Titkova,&nbsp;A. N. Zolotokrylin,&nbsp;E. A. Cherenkova","doi":"10.1134/S2079096123030150","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S2079096123030150","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The influence of climate parameters on evaporation during the period of active vegetation of plants in the forest-steppe, steppe, and semi-desert in the south of European Russia in the period 1980–2021 was studied. The linkage between evaporation and soil moisture have been considered. At the beginning of the growing season, the change in evaporation in the forest and steppe is largely determined by a positive linkage with temperature and wind stress. In the middle of the growing season, the role of precipitation and wind increases. From July, the linkage between evaporation and temperature becomes negative due to the increasing moisture deficit in the regions that are characterized by dry sub-humid and semi-arid climates. The linkage between evaporation and moisture content of the upper soil layer is negative at the beginning of the growing season with minimal evaporation from the still unheated soil cover in the forest-steppe and steppe, and is positive in the semi-desert due to already heated soil. From the middle to the end of the growing season the linkage between evaporation and soil moisture is positive from forest-steppe to semi-desert landscapes. At the beginning of the growing season, continued warming leads to an increase in evaporation; in the middle and at the end of the growing season, evaporation trends are significantly negative, since the lack of moisture at high temperatures leads to the drying of the soil cover and premature withering of vegetation. The greatest decrease in evaporation is observed in the steppe and dry steppe, which was affected by the drying up of the area with an increase in temperature, a decrease in the amount of precipitation and the average wind speed. Topsoil moisture trends are mostly negative throughout the south of European Russia, with the maximum moisture loss in the broad-leaved-forest and forest-steppe, which are more humid than dry-steppe and semi-desert. In the semi-desert, changes in soil moisture are minimal over the entire growing season.</p>","PeriodicalId":44316,"journal":{"name":"Arid Ecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43751530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Positions of the Channels of the Volga Paleodelta at the End of the Khvalynian Time According to Geomorphological Data","authors":"D. M. Lobacheva,&nbsp;E. N. Badyukova,&nbsp;R. R. Makshaev","doi":"10.1134/S2079096123030071","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S2079096123030071","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many geological sections along the Lower Volga valley have been actively studied since the end of the 19th century. The results of field work showed that in all the studied Quaternary sections along the Lower Volga valley, alluvial deposits of the Khvalynian time (the end of the Late Pleistocene) are absent. Geomorphological mapping was carried out and many outcrops along the Volga valley and on the Baer knolls were studied. In the Khvalynian time, the Volga most likely did not flow in its present position. The purpose of this article was to determine the locations of the paleochannels of the Volga on the basis of geomorphological data, in particular, the spatial location and morphology of the Baer knolls. A large multi-branched delta (about 200–210-km wide), probably similar in size to the modern Lena delta, was located significantly to the north of the modern one. The delta existed in the form of a series of small and large branches; on the site of the modern Volga-Akhtuba there was probably a small central branch, the Sarpa branch was located in the west, and the Elton-Khaki branch was located in the east. At the beginning of the Holocene, the Sarpa and Khaksky branches began to die off, and most of the water began to rush along the central branch, forming the modern Volga-Akhtuba valley. The Sarpa-Davan channel system continued to be active in the period after the formation of the Baer knoll complex, that is, at the beginning of the Holocene during the Mangyshlak regression.</p>","PeriodicalId":44316,"journal":{"name":"Arid Ecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44588939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Patterns of the Distribution of Allergenic Plants in the Plains Biomes of Russia","authors":"T. V. Dikareva,&nbsp;V. Yu. Rumyantsev,&nbsp;M. S. Soldatov,&nbsp;S. M. Malkhazova","doi":"10.1134/S2079096123030058","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S2079096123030058","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article analyzes a set of species of allergenic plants in the lowland biomes of Russia. Their species diversity was revealed, a statistical analysis of the relationships between the number of allergenic plant species in regional biomes and climatic indicators was carried out, and the corresponding maps were built and their analysis was given. It is shown that the distribution of the number of allergenic plant species in the spring reflects their clear predominance in broad-leaved forest and forest-steppe biomes, while in the summer allergenic plants predominate in forest-steppe and steppe biomes. The closest positive relationship has been established between the number of allergenic plant species that bloom in the summer and the average annual air temperature, as well as between all allergenic plant species and the average annual air temperature. However, the relationship between the number of allergenic plant species in the biome and the aridity index turned out to be low.</p>","PeriodicalId":44316,"journal":{"name":"Arid Ecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46614163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Spatial and Taxonomic Structures of Microbial Communities in Dry Steppe Zone Soils of the Selenga Highlands (Western Transbaikal Region)","authors":"E. P. Nikitina,&nbsp;L. B. Buyantueva,&nbsp;O. A. Baturina,&nbsp;A. B. Gyninova,&nbsp;E. V. Lavrent’eva","doi":"10.1134/S2079096123030083","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S2079096123030083","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study is concerned with soil microbial communities within the confines of the dry-steppe zone of the Selenga Highlands. The natural and climate conditions of the region, including a prolonged cold period and the low amount of precipitation and their uneven distribution throughout the growing season, govern the formation of the primarily chestnut soils of light granulometric composition, thin humic horizon, and low contents of humus and nitrogen. This work presents data on seasonal dynamics and spatial structure of microbial communities in the studied soils. The number of various ecological–trophic groups of aerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria was found to vary between several thousand and several million CFU/g. The population parameters were the highest in second half of summer. The examined soil profiles were rather similar in their trends of spatial distribution of the culturable portion of the microbial community. The highest population parameters were recorded from humic horizons for hydrolytic bacteria and middle horizons for oligotrophic bacteria. The high-throughput sequencing method was used to perform full-profile analysis of the taxonomic structure and diversity in prokaryote communities of the light-humic and chestnut quasi-gley soils. Bacteria were dominant at a level of domains with the archaea level being insignificant. At the level of phyla, the structure of bacterial communities was largely made up of species of <i>Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Verrucomicrobia,</i> and <i>Gemmatimonadetes</i> with actinobacteria and acidobacteria being dominant. Diversity indices were estimated in prokaryote communities from the genetic horizons of the studied soils. The Shannon index and Pielou evenness indices were found to be directly correlated with contents of humus and nitrogen. Assessment of the beta diversity revealed that in the analysis at the level of orders and lower taxonomic ranks, microbial communities formed two nonoverlapping clusters, which clumped humic and mineral horizons of soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":44316,"journal":{"name":"Arid Ecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44475371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}