Arid Ecosystems最新文献

{"title":"The Influence of Climatic Conditions on the Regional Aspects of Adaptation of the System of Soil Use","authors":"M.-R. A. Kaziev,&nbsp;S. N. Imasheva,&nbsp;S. A. Teimurov,&nbsp;Z. A. Balamirzoeva","doi":"10.1134/S2079096123020087","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S2079096123020087","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Global climate changes in modern conditions are the determining factor of the research on the rational use of soil resources. In the southern regions of Russia, including the Republic of Dagestan, agricultural conditions are complicated by the aridity of the climate, and progressive aridization and desertification. Studies show that without taking the directions of adaptive changes in the state of the soil cover into account, the economic efficiency of the measures that are being developed may decrease. Therefore, the goal of this research was to determine a set of regional adaptation changes to reduce the negative impacts associated with the manifestation of droughts, dry winds, and dust storms that affect the economic performance of Dagestan.</p>","PeriodicalId":44316,"journal":{"name":"Arid Ecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49481788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Seasonal and Annual Dynamics of Hydrothermal Conditions in the Eastern Natural and Agricultural Zone of the Rostov Region in 1961–2020","authors":"V. N. Gudko,&nbsp;A. V. Usatov,&nbsp;K. V. Azarin","doi":"10.1134/S2079096123020075","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S2079096123020075","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Based on data from the Remontnoe weather station located in the Eastern natural and agricultural zone of the Rostov region, the seasonal and annual dynamics of the average temperature and precipitation have been evaluated for the period of 1961–2020, as well as the dynamics of hydrothermal conditions expressed by the De Martonne aridity index. A significant trend to the growth of the average annual temperature and a trend to the growth of annual precipitation were observed for the studied period. A significant trend to an increase in the average seasonal temperature was observed for all seasons except autumn, for which a positive trend was registered. A downward trend in precipitation was revealed for summer seasons, whereas the opposite trend was observed for other seasons. The annual hydrothermal regime was characterized as moderately to slightly arid in 75% of cases. Moderately arid conditions also dominated in the spring (43%), summer (55%) and autumn (47%) seasons. The observed seasonal changes in the temperature and precipitation regimes during the studied period resulted in a shift in the character of hydrothermal conditions. Winter and summer seasons were characterized by a tendency of a hydrothermal regime shifting towards greater aridity, whereas spring and autumn were characterized by the opposite trend. In the case of the annual evaluation interval, a shift of the hydrothermal regime to a greater humidity was observed simultaneously with the increased precipitation. Thus, based on the revealed annual trends, we can conclude that the Remontnoye weather station was characterized by humid warming during 1961–2020.</p>","PeriodicalId":44316,"journal":{"name":"Arid Ecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44572673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the Dynamics of Land Cover at the Local Level to achieve Land Degradation Neutrality (for Desertified Lands of the Dry-Steppe Zavolzh’e)","authors":"V. D. Slavko,&nbsp;O. V. Andreeva,&nbsp;G. S. Kust","doi":"10.1134/S2079096123010134","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S2079096123010134","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The land structure in dry-steppe Zavolzh’e is complicated and includes irrigated and rain-fed croplands and pastures in natural steppe areas and on abandoned plow lands, which results in significantly incorrect assessment of the Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) based on standard approaches elaborated to analyze the land status at the global and regional levels. The problem of interpreting the results of the assessment of the dynamics of land cover as one of the main global indicators of LDN proposed by the UN Convention to Combat Desertification is analyzed in this work. A method based on the analysis of seasonal series of Landsat satellite images, using Kohonen self-organizing neural networks implemented in the Scanex Image Processor software package was developed and applied for the study area. It is shown that this approach makes significantly greater the possibilities of assessing the LDN as a result of the detailed analysis and delineation of a larger number of cartographic areas and when using the transition assessment matrix based on the extended classification of the land cover. The application of the Change Detection module of the SAGA GIS software package enables us not only to identify the nature of restoration and degradation changes, but also to compare the trends for land categories. The combination of the proposed approaches in the form of a functional algorithm may be recommended for monitoring and evaluation of the achieving LDN at the local level.</p>","PeriodicalId":44316,"journal":{"name":"Arid Ecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45798602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elements of the Technology of Reproduction of Robinia Pseudoacacia L. for Protective Afforestation under Conditions of Land Degradation and Desertification","authors":"S. N. Kryuchkov,&nbsp;A. V. Solonkin,&nbsp;A. S. Solomentseva,&nbsp;O. O. Zholobova","doi":"10.1134/S2079096123010055","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S2079096123010055","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The effect of mineral fertilizers and a growth biological stimulant on the development and fruiting of the species Robinia pseudoacacia (<i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i> L.) is analyzed. The introduction of robinia into plantations of various types has been performed from 1904 to the present time. It has been revealed that this North American species successfully grows and develops under arid conditions of Volgograd oblast, is adapted to local soil and climatic conditions, and is stable. Observations were performed in the Kirov Forestry of Volgograd oblast and in the production nursery of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Volgogradskoe of the Federal Scientific Center for Agroecology, Complex Melioration, and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The studies enabled us to determine the effect of treatment with preparations Biostim and Agrovit on reproductive ability, biometric parameters of young and mature robinia plants, and germination of seeds. Seeds of <i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i> are needed for 2633 ha in Volgograd oblast and for 192 ha in the semi-desert zone. The need for seeds for the entire area of protective forest plantations in Astrakhan oblast and the Republic of Kalmykia is 333 and 2594 kg, respectively. The testing of the Biostim Start growth biostimulant has shown that it optimal treatment rate for robinia seeds is 15 mL/L. A higher rate causes a decrease in vitality and mold development on seeds. The use of the Agrovit preparation causes an increase in the growth and diameter of trees in 10-year-old plantations. Application of the preparation in combination with mineral fertilizers causes a growth to 40 cm of young frost-tolerant plants and to 60 cm of tall trees. The crown diameter of frost-tolerant plants increases to 6.2 cm. The research results show the possibility of sowing robinia seeds at the rate of 2 kg/ha and at a distance of 2.5 m between rows with the use of Agrovit fertilizer.</p>","PeriodicalId":44316,"journal":{"name":"Arid Ecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43457581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropogenic Factors of Desertification of Arid Territories of the Astrakhan Region","authors":"N. V. Tyutyuma,&nbsp;G. K. Bulakhtina,&nbsp;N. A. Tyutyuma","doi":"10.1134/S207909612301016X","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S207909612301016X","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article presents the results of long-term studies of the influence of such an anthropogenic factor as animal grazing on the development of desertification in the Astrakhan region. The purpose of the study was to develop scientifically substantiated resource-saving loads of farm animals on pasture ecosystems of the Astrakhan region (AO) by administrative districts. The objectives of the study included conducting geobotanical monitoring of biocenoses of natural arid pastures; determination of the capacity of used pastures, determination of the actual grazing load, and development of science-based pasture loads. The calculations were carried out using the Practical Guide of the All-Russian Research Institute of Fodder “Norms of loading pastures in the Caspian region” (1995). As a result, it was found that in the Astrakhan region, as a result of an increase in the anthropogenic factor, namely the unsystematic and uncontrolled use of natural semi-desert pastures for animal grazing, when the actual load of pastures does not correspond to their capacity (by 2–6 times), the desertification process is activated. Nonoverrun and slightly overrun pastures have been preserved on 35% of the area of the studied fodder lands, medium and heavily overrun pastures occupy 43 and 22%, which indicates a more than five-fold increase over the past decade.</p>","PeriodicalId":44316,"journal":{"name":"Arid Ecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44691328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Protective Afforestation in Drought and Desertification Control in Agro-Landscapes","authors":"K. N. Kulik,&nbsp;A. I. Belyaev,&nbsp;A. M. Pugacheva","doi":"10.1134/S2079096123010079","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S2079096123010079","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper reviews the historical use of agro-ameliorative and protective afforestation to combat drought and desertification in agricultural lands. It shows the current state of forest plantations in the arid zone of the Russian Federation and problems associated with wind erosion on pastures. Russia is facing a major ecological and economic challenge due to a growing intensity of development of recurring droughts, dry winds, erosion, wind erosion, and the level of protective afforestation as a branch of the national economy overall and a subdiscipline of science, in particular. This requires adequate public policy decisions, which are stated in the “Strategy for Development of Protective Afforestation in Russia until 2025.” The Strategy determines their direction, as well as volumes and types of the plantations for the period until 2025 and a longer-term perspective on lands from the forest ameliorative fund. This review considers the causes of agro-landscape desertification associated with climate and anthropogenic factors and outlines the countermeasures and technologies for combating this phenomenon.</p>","PeriodicalId":44316,"journal":{"name":"Arid Ecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46836931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manifestation of Degradation Processes in Agricultural Landscapes of the Dry-Steppe Zone in Volgograd Oblast","authors":"A. M. Belyakov,&nbsp;A. V. Koshelev","doi":"10.1134/S207909612301002X","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S207909612301002X","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The intensification of agriculture in zones of insufficient moisture supply without proper scientific support causes degradation processes in soils that reduce the productivity of arable lands. It is important to research agrotechnological features of crop cultivation and identify the reasons behind the manifestation of soil degradation processes in the dry-steppe zone of Volgograd oblast to develop prevention measures and restore disturbed agricultural landscapes. This paper examines natural and anthropogenic factors that affect the development of degradation processes in agricultural landscapes. The natural factors include atmospheric precipitation, droughts, and dry winds that under certain conditions provoke the development of deflation and erosion. Climate is the primary factor that causes degradation processes in agricultural landscapes. Moisture conditions have been grouped based on annual precipitation amounts over a 64-year period: 13 years were classified as severely dry, 14 years as dry, 26 years as moderate, and 11 years as humid. The following anthropogenic factors have significant impacts on the degradation of soils and agricultural landscapes: agrotechnological crop cultivation techniques and technologies in general. On chestnut soils, the no-till technology has an advantage in terms of bioenergetic efficiency: its energy efficiency indices for spring wheat and barley amount to 3.36 and 4.65, respectively. Nonmoldboard cultivation has an advantage over other basic cultivation methods: its bioenergetic efficiency indices for spring wheat and barley are 1.81 and 3.41, respectively. Compared to nonmoldboard cultivation, the energy efficiency indices of moldboard and surface cultivation are lower by 35% for spring wheat and by 17% for barley. A comprehensive assessment of the impact by the anthropogenic factor on the degradation of soils and agricultural landscapes in the dry steppe-zone of chestnut soils showed that erosion and deflation processes are significantly more intense in areas where moldboard cultivation and the classic technology are used compared to the combined and no-till (direct seeding) technologies that increase the sustainability of agricultural landscapes from unstable to stable levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":44316,"journal":{"name":"Arid Ecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47832099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Protective Afforestation on the Phytosanitary State of Chestnut Soils","authors":"G. O. Sytin,&nbsp;I. Yu. Podkovyrov","doi":"10.1134/S2079096123010146","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S2079096123010146","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Deterioration of the phytosanitary state of the soil and crops that occurred in the course of intensive agricultural development of chestnut soils has been revealed. Stationary observations were carried out at the Kachalino experimental-production farm of the Federal Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences located in the Ilovlya district and at the Gornaya Polyana experimental-production farm located in the Volgograd region. The analysis of winter wheat plants has revealed the presence of such root rot pathogens as <i>Alternaria alternariae</i> (Cooke) Woudenb. &amp; Crous., <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> Schlecht, and <i>Bipolaris sorokiniana</i> Shoemaker. A positive effect of protective afforestations on the phytosanitary condition of cereal crops has been determined. During the infection spreading period in April, tree species used in protective afforestations provided a different influence on the wind speed and soil moisture of the adjacent territories. Elm and oak forest belts effectively reduce a root rot occurrence in winter wheat; their biological efficiency makes 13.71‒43.96%. The root rot development in protected zones (up to 150 m from trees) was reduced by 5‒7%, while the yield increased by 9.4‒21.3%.</p>","PeriodicalId":44316,"journal":{"name":"Arid Ecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42222811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silvopastoral Transformation of Desert Lands in the Caspian Sea Region","authors":"A. S. Manaenkov,&nbsp;L. P. Rybashlykova,&nbsp;S. N. Sivtseva,&nbsp;T. F. Makhovikova","doi":"10.1134/S2079096123010080","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S2079096123010080","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The modern use of plain pastures in the Caspian Sea region is accompanied by deflation outbreaks affecting light soils; as a result, barkhan sands and slightly overgrown hilly sands are formed and the resistance of natural forage lands to deflation decreases. In the past century, afforestation amelioration was applied to such sands in dry subhumid areas of the Nogai steppe and they were transformed into silvopastoral lands with strip, narrow-belt, and diffuse layouts of the tree storey. The most commonly used afforestation amelioration technique involved the creation of black locust (<i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i> L.) and Siberian elm (<i>Ulmus pumila</i> L.) plantings and facilitation of their natural expansion. Silvopastoral lands form nontraditional, environmentally capacious, and sustainable landscapes that are attractive both as pastures for domestic animals and as wildlife habitats. This paper presents data on the state of forest stands, their productivity, structure, and nutritional value of forage produced on silvopastoral lands created on the Bazhigan sand massif and used for many years for unregulated grazing of bovine and small cattle. The studies were conducted in 2018–2021 using methods commonly accepted in forest inventory and geobotany. It has been established that at the age of 20–35 years, Siberian elm and black locust stands reach a height of 5.5–12.0 m and effectively protect soils from deflation and animals from overheating, and produce extra forage. Forage reserves in silvopastoral lands consist of grasses (mainly ephemerals) growing under the tree canopy, available woody greens whose nutritional value is not inferior to the nutritional value of predominant species in grass stands of natural pastures, and grazing phytomass in open areas. The total soil-feeding capacity of silvopastoral lands is up to 6 times higher than the soil-feeding capacity of natural pastures; furthermore, it is less dependent on weather conditions and makes it possible to increase the safe pasture load, grazing livestock numbers, and efficiency of grazing animal husbandry by 2–3 times. Taking the scientifically substantiated bovine cattle (BC) feed consumption norms per 1 kg of gain, on average, 100 ha of silvopastoral lands make it possible to additionally gain some 5 t of beef or an income of 750 000 rubles (at 2021 values).</p>","PeriodicalId":44316,"journal":{"name":"Arid Ecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41646134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Specific Activity of the Naturally Occurring Radionuclides and Artificially Produced 137Cs in Soils and Herbaceous Plants of Rostov Oblast","authors":"E. A. Buraeva,&nbsp;O. S. Bezuglova","doi":"10.1134/S2079096123010031","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S2079096123010031","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study examined the characteristics of distribution in plants and soils of the naturally occurring (²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K) and artificially produced (¹³⁷Cs) radionuclides in the conditions of the dry and semi-dry steppes for Rostov Oblast. As the research objects, it involves samples of soils and plants collected in Tsimlyanskii, Volgodonskii, Dubovskii, Proletarskii, and Orlovskii districts of Rostov Oblast in expeditions during 2001–2019. The specific activity (concentration) of the radionuclides in the soil was measured using the gamma-ray spectrometry of radionuclide analysis. The artificially produced ¹³⁷Cs is unevenly distributed in the soil cover and vegetation of Rostov Oblast due to the specific fallout pattern after the Chernobyl disaster. The naturally occurring ²²⁶Ra and ²³²Th are comparable in their specific activity in the soils and herbage within the limits of the standard deviations (20–30%), which averages 21.2 Bq/kg and 24.8 Bq/kg for ²²⁶Ra and ²³²Th in plants and 22 Bq/kg and 27.1 Bq/kg for ²²⁶Ra and ²³²Th in soils. The concentration of ⁴⁰К is 149.4 Bq/kg and 468.5 Bq/kg in plants and soils, respectively; it is governed by distinctive features of solonetzic soils of the dry-steppe zone in Rostov Oblast. Series were created based on specific activity of radionuclides in the plants herbage: ⁴⁰K &gt; ²²⁶Ra ≥ ²³²Th &gt; ¹³⁷Cs.</p>","PeriodicalId":44316,"journal":{"name":"Arid Ecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46698668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}