Journal of Modern European History最新文献_第6页

Economic Narratives. Edited by Laetitia Lenel and Alexander Nützenadel 经济的叙述。由Laetitia Lenel和Alexander n<s:1>泽纳德尔编辑

3区历史学

Journal of Modern European History Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.1177/16118944231197075

Laetitia Lenel, Alexander Nützenadel, Frank Trentmann, Tiago Mata, Vanessa Ogle, Trevor Jackson, William H. Sewell,

引用次数: 0

Lawyers Writing History: The Politics of the Past of the United Restitution Organisation (URO) from 1948 to the 1980s 律师书写历史:1948年至20世纪80年代联合赔偿组织(URO)过去的政治

IF 0.5 3区历史学

Journal of Modern European History Pub Date : 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.1177/16118944231180427

D. Siemens

{"title":"Lawyers Writing History: The Politics of the Past of the United Restitution Organisation (URO) from 1948 to the 1980s","authors":"D. Siemens","doi":"10.1177/16118944231180427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944231180427","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the Geschichts- and Vergangenheitspolitik, or politics of the past, of the United Restitution Office/Organisation (URO) in the post-war years and asks how it impacted on the early historiography of the Holocaust. I demonstrate that the URO leadership took a conscious decision to publicly downplay the role of its organisation in German reparations to maximise its legal and political clout behind closed doors. While this strategy was beneficial for many of URO's clients, above all in the 1950s and 1960s, this self-marginalisation prevented the organisation from becoming a significant voice in the public debates about German moral guilt and its consequences in the 1970s and 1980s. One reason for this development was generational. The URO was an enterprise driven by a particular cohort of German-Jewish lawyers for whom it provided an opportunity to personally ‘come to terms’ with the interruptions of their pre-1933 careers and the persecution during the Third Reich. In the post-war period, their legal expertise as well as their intimate knowledge of the German language and customs allowed them to act as transnational citizen diplomats, successfully mediating between the different parties and interest groups, governments and non-governmental lobby groups. For most of these Jewish jurists, their practical experience with their German peers, politicians and the administrators of the German Wiedergutmachung led to an increasing scepticism and ultimately disappointment – despite the undisputedly impressive results that they obtained for their clients.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"21 1","pages":"343 - 360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47726564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Introduction: Reparations and the Historiography of the Holocaust – An Entangled History 引言：赔偿与大屠杀的史学——一部纠缠的历史

IF 0.5 3区历史学

Journal of Modern European History Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.1177/16118944231181295

Regula Ludi, D. Siemens

引用次数: 0

Individual Reparations Claims and Holocaust Research: The Forschungsgruppe Berliner Widerstand 1933–1945 个人赔偿要求与大屠杀研究：1933-1945年柏林大屠杀

IF 0.5 3区历史学

Journal of Modern European History Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.1177/16118944231180429

G. Reuveni

{"title":"Individual Reparations Claims and Holocaust Research: The Forschungsgruppe Berliner Widerstand 1933–1945","authors":"G. Reuveni","doi":"10.1177/16118944231180429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944231180429","url":null,"abstract":"The stacks of materials and amount of information collected as part of the individual reparation process since the late 1940s are immense. It is the largest untapped Holocaust-related archive. One might ask, what should we do with this enormous collection of documents? Will these documents provide new insights on the Holocaust? How will they change what we know about post-war societies? This is of course not the first time that such questions have been raised. By looking at the work of a group of historians using compensation claim files as a historical source at the end of 1950s in Berlin, my paper will seek to provide some insight into the compound interplay between individual compensation claims and historical research. The Forschungsgruppe Berliner Widerstand 1933–1945 commenced its work in October 1956. Funded by the Berlin city lottery, with overheads covered by the Berlin Ministry of Interior, this research unit was to conduct a broad-based study of persecution and resistance in Berlin during the Nazi period. Using extensive documentary evidence, the project was supposed to focus on the fate of the victims of Nazi policy and the efforts of individual groups to offer resistance. In terms of its approach and method, the project was ahead of its time. The initial idea of using individual victim experiences as a starting point for the depiction of Nazi crimes and the opposition against it made, even if only for a brief period of time, the compensation claim files into a valuable historical resource. The exploration of this Forschungsgruppe will help us to better understand the challenges of working with personal compensation claims as historical documents and will raise stimulating questions about the place of German reparation in Holocaust studies and commemoration of the Holocaust.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"21 1","pages":"361 - 376"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49058272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Writing about the Holocaust as Scholars and Survivors: Early Holocaust Research and the Practices of Restitution and Reparations 以学者和幸存者的身份书写大屠杀:早期大屠杀研究以及恢复和赔偿的实践

IF 0.5 3区历史学

Journal of Modern European History Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.1177/16118944231180431

Anna Corsten

{"title":"Writing about the Holocaust as Scholars and Survivors: Early Holocaust Research and the Practices of Restitution and Reparations","authors":"Anna Corsten","doi":"10.1177/16118944231180431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944231180431","url":null,"abstract":"This article looks at the impact sources produced in the practice of restitution and reparation had on early Holocaust historiography. It analyses the examples of two Holocaust researchers from the first generation who today are perceived as important pioneers in their field of study: Henry Friedlander and Raul Hilberg. While both held strong personal opinions about the practice of restitution, they did not use sources produced in it for their research. This article explores three main reasons for this omission. The first one is connected to the questions of how they wanted to study the Holocaust. The second reason is to be found in their moral criticism of the practice itself. The third reason lays in the actual effects their research had on legal proceedings resulting from the Holocaust. In the end, this article argues that their decision of how to study the Holocaust was very closely intertwined with what these scholars perceived as their task as historians. An analysis of the first generation's take on restitution and reparation practices provides insights into the development of early Holocaust historiography. It shows what they perceived as their obligation as historians of the Holocaust as well as difficulties they faced by addressing the topic.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"21 1","pages":"326 - 342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48549039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Understanding the Third Reich by Means of the Law: The Decisions of the Supreme Restitution Court for Berlin as Sources on the Holocaust and the Development of Holocaust Interpretations 从法律的角度理解第三帝国：柏林最高归还法院关于大屠杀的裁决和大屠杀解释的发展

IF 0.5 3区历史学

Journal of Modern European History Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.1177/16118944231180432

Eva Balz

{"title":"Understanding the Third Reich by Means of the Law: The Decisions of the Supreme Restitution Court for Berlin as Sources on the Holocaust and the Development of Holocaust Interpretations","authors":"Eva Balz","doi":"10.1177/16118944231180432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944231180432","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces the decisions of the Oberstes Rückerstattungsgericht für Berlin (Supreme Restitution Court for Berlin) as historical sources that contribute to a better understanding of how early interpretations of the Holocaust developed. The Oberstes Rückerstattungsgericht für Berlin was established in 1953 as the final court of appeals for restitution matters in West Berlin. Some of its decisions were published in a collection that would later be used by judges, lawyers and claimants. Legal experts and practitioners who dealt with restitution would also discuss these decisions extensively. As no other means of gathering insight into the Oberstes Rückerstattungsgericht für Berlin's work were available, its publications became the most important communicative channel for actors within the Court's jurisdiction. The decisions contained distinct narratives concerning the Third Reich that stressed the importance of authoritative political structures while also focussing on state agencies and the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei as main actors. The accounts given in the decisions were partly based on analyses of historical records that were performed either by the judges themselves or by historians at the Institut für Zeitgeschichte in Munich (Institute for Contemporary History). This article suggests that on a broader societal level, the decisions contributed to the dissemination of state-centred ideas about the Holocaust. At the same time, the text draws attention to their complicated genesis. Situating the emergence of the decisions alongside the concrete implementation of restitution laws, the Cold War in Berlin and Vergangenheitspolitik (politics of the past), I demonstrate that the perpetuation of state-focussed historical concepts, to a large extent, resulted from the judges’ desire to lessen their significant workloads and to work without the interference of political actors.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"21 1","pages":"311 - 325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43310000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cultural Restitution and the ‘Rediscovery’ of the Holocaust in Italy, 1989–2003 文化归还与意大利大屠杀的“重新发现”，1989-2003

IF 0.5 3区历史学

Journal of Modern European History Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.1177/16118944231180426

Bianca Gaudenzi

{"title":"Cultural Restitution and the ‘Rediscovery’ of the Holocaust in Italy, 1989–2003","authors":"Bianca Gaudenzi","doi":"10.1177/16118944231180426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944231180426","url":null,"abstract":"This article illustrates the role played by restitution in bringing about the first substantial changes in the political and public awareness of Italy's anti-Jewish persecutions after the end of the Cold War. More specifically, it analyses how political discourses changed between the years 1989 and 2003 vis-à-vis restitution campaigns on one side and historiographical advances on the other. This proves particularly relevant in the case of post-war Italy, which was exceptional in turning the restitution of national collections into a moment of cathartic rebirth while whitewashing - or all together forgetting - fascism's persecution of its Jewish and colonial subjects. As the article demonstrates, the conflation of international and domestic factors played a crucial role in pushing Italy (as well as several other countries) to start confronting – albeit partially – its antisemitic past. Restitution constituted only a piece of this puzzle, but a crucial one. It afforded the opportunity to document the involvement of many Italians in the persecution of their fellow citizens and to highlight the state's responsibility for the deportations. Furthermore, it provided an international platform for voicing some of the most explicit admissions of accountability, which had until that point found little if any space in the domestic realm. Restitution thereby represented one of the most visible ways for Jewish communities to exercise their newly found political weight to foster the long-awaited recognition of Italy's persecutory behaviour.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"21 1","pages":"377 - 394"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43525158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

‘An Atmosphere of Waffle and Woolliness’: British Developmental Aid and Economic Transformation in Czechoslovakia “华夫和羊毛的气氛”:英国的发展援助和捷克斯洛伐克的经济转型

IF 0.5 3区历史学

Journal of Modern European History Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.1177/16118944231180425

Ondřej Šmigol

{"title":"‘An Atmosphere of Waffle and Woolliness’: British Developmental Aid and Economic Transformation in Czechoslovakia","authors":"Ondřej Šmigol","doi":"10.1177/16118944231180425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944231180425","url":null,"abstract":"Discussions of the Thatcherite foreign policy often centre exclusively on the Cold War and especially on the relationship with the USSR. Therefore, the British relationship with smaller communist states is often unexplored, even though it is where British influence was most prominent. The brand of political and economic thinking espoused by British Conservative Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher found avid disciples in the newly democratic Czechoslovakia in the 1990s. A group of influential Czechoslovak politicians and officials led by Finance Minister, and later Czech Prime Minister, Václav Klaus sought to transform the Czechoslovak communist economy into a free market one that roughly followed Thatcherite lines. This was not only because they felt an ideological closeness to Thatcher but also because Britain was one of the few countries at the time that had experienced a large-scale privatisation of industries. Therefore, the reformers saw it as a model. The Prime Minister reciprocated these warm feelings. She authorised the sending of a team of British experts to Czechoslovakia, with the goal of aiding its economic reform programme. British advisers greatly contributed to privatisation and other schemes, especially on the practical side.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"21 1","pages":"395 - 416"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44100467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

‘Aryanisation’ in Central and Eastern Europe and the Equalisation of Burdens Files: The Case of the Sudetenland 中欧和东欧的“雅利安化”与负担档案的均等化:以苏台德地区为例

IF 0.5 3区历史学

Journal of Modern European History Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.1177/16118944231180433

Iris Nachum

引用次数: 0

Pivot Years. World War II in 20th-Century History 主年。20世纪历史中的第二次世界大战

IF 0.5 3区历史学

Journal of Modern European History Pub Date : 2023-03-22 DOI: 10.1177/16118944231163225

John C. Eckel

{"title":"Pivot Years. World War II in 20th-Century History","authors":"John C. Eckel","doi":"10.1177/16118944231163225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944231163225","url":null,"abstract":"Even though the crucial importance of World War II has never been called into doubt by historians, it has not featured as a focal point for the interpretation of the 20th century in recent narratives. In most cases, historians have located the war's historical meaning within the dualistic framework of ‘catastrophe’ and ‘reconstruction’. For all its obvious plausibility, however, this approach tends to isolate the war from the wider historical context. This article develops and discusses three perspectives that may serve to embed World War II within broader historical trends. It highlights the global dimensions of the war, examines contemporaneous interpretations that proved influential for decades after the war's conclusion – most notably, the notion of an ‘international civil war’ – and explores the causal and perceptual cohesiveness of the ‘age of world wars’ between 1911/14 and 1945/53. By pursuing these avenues, the essay makes several claims. It argues that World War II must be understood as part of longer-term developments originating in the late 19th century and reaching far into the second half of the 20th century; that the era of the world wars gave rise to a coherent space of experience forming the core of this extended trajectory; that there was no monolithic ‘interwar’ period, while the intellectual history of these decades reveals a smooth transition from world war to ‘Cold War’; and, finally, that World War II acted as a catalyst for far-reaching changes on a global scale.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"21 1","pages":"154 - 174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47059770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0