Journal of Modern European History最新文献_第5页

Writing about the Holocaust as Scholars and Survivors: Early Holocaust Research and the Practices of Restitution and Reparations 以学者和幸存者的身份书写大屠杀:早期大屠杀研究以及恢复和赔偿的实践

IF 0.5 3区历史学

Journal of Modern European History Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.1177/16118944231180431

Anna Corsten

{"title":"Writing about the Holocaust as Scholars and Survivors: Early Holocaust Research and the Practices of Restitution and Reparations","authors":"Anna Corsten","doi":"10.1177/16118944231180431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944231180431","url":null,"abstract":"This article looks at the impact sources produced in the practice of restitution and reparation had on early Holocaust historiography. It analyses the examples of two Holocaust researchers from the first generation who today are perceived as important pioneers in their field of study: Henry Friedlander and Raul Hilberg. While both held strong personal opinions about the practice of restitution, they did not use sources produced in it for their research. This article explores three main reasons for this omission. The first one is connected to the questions of how they wanted to study the Holocaust. The second reason is to be found in their moral criticism of the practice itself. The third reason lays in the actual effects their research had on legal proceedings resulting from the Holocaust. In the end, this article argues that their decision of how to study the Holocaust was very closely intertwined with what these scholars perceived as their task as historians. An analysis of the first generation's take on restitution and reparation practices provides insights into the development of early Holocaust historiography. It shows what they perceived as their obligation as historians of the Holocaust as well as difficulties they faced by addressing the topic.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48549039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Understanding the Third Reich by Means of the Law: The Decisions of the Supreme Restitution Court for Berlin as Sources on the Holocaust and the Development of Holocaust Interpretations 从法律的角度理解第三帝国：柏林最高归还法院关于大屠杀的裁决和大屠杀解释的发展

IF 0.5 3区历史学

Journal of Modern European History Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.1177/16118944231180432

Eva Balz

{"title":"Understanding the Third Reich by Means of the Law: The Decisions of the Supreme Restitution Court for Berlin as Sources on the Holocaust and the Development of Holocaust Interpretations","authors":"Eva Balz","doi":"10.1177/16118944231180432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944231180432","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces the decisions of the Oberstes Rückerstattungsgericht für Berlin (Supreme Restitution Court for Berlin) as historical sources that contribute to a better understanding of how early interpretations of the Holocaust developed. The Oberstes Rückerstattungsgericht für Berlin was established in 1953 as the final court of appeals for restitution matters in West Berlin. Some of its decisions were published in a collection that would later be used by judges, lawyers and claimants. Legal experts and practitioners who dealt with restitution would also discuss these decisions extensively. As no other means of gathering insight into the Oberstes Rückerstattungsgericht für Berlin's work were available, its publications became the most important communicative channel for actors within the Court's jurisdiction. The decisions contained distinct narratives concerning the Third Reich that stressed the importance of authoritative political structures while also focussing on state agencies and the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei as main actors. The accounts given in the decisions were partly based on analyses of historical records that were performed either by the judges themselves or by historians at the Institut für Zeitgeschichte in Munich (Institute for Contemporary History). This article suggests that on a broader societal level, the decisions contributed to the dissemination of state-centred ideas about the Holocaust. At the same time, the text draws attention to their complicated genesis. Situating the emergence of the decisions alongside the concrete implementation of restitution laws, the Cold War in Berlin and Vergangenheitspolitik (politics of the past), I demonstrate that the perpetuation of state-focussed historical concepts, to a large extent, resulted from the judges’ desire to lessen their significant workloads and to work without the interference of political actors.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43310000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cultural Restitution and the ‘Rediscovery’ of the Holocaust in Italy, 1989–2003 文化归还与意大利大屠杀的“重新发现”，1989-2003

IF 0.5 3区历史学

Journal of Modern European History Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.1177/16118944231180426

Bianca Gaudenzi

{"title":"Cultural Restitution and the ‘Rediscovery’ of the Holocaust in Italy, 1989–2003","authors":"Bianca Gaudenzi","doi":"10.1177/16118944231180426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944231180426","url":null,"abstract":"This article illustrates the role played by restitution in bringing about the first substantial changes in the political and public awareness of Italy's anti-Jewish persecutions after the end of the Cold War. More specifically, it analyses how political discourses changed between the years 1989 and 2003 vis-à-vis restitution campaigns on one side and historiographical advances on the other. This proves particularly relevant in the case of post-war Italy, which was exceptional in turning the restitution of national collections into a moment of cathartic rebirth while whitewashing - or all together forgetting - fascism's persecution of its Jewish and colonial subjects. As the article demonstrates, the conflation of international and domestic factors played a crucial role in pushing Italy (as well as several other countries) to start confronting – albeit partially – its antisemitic past. Restitution constituted only a piece of this puzzle, but a crucial one. It afforded the opportunity to document the involvement of many Italians in the persecution of their fellow citizens and to highlight the state's responsibility for the deportations. Furthermore, it provided an international platform for voicing some of the most explicit admissions of accountability, which had until that point found little if any space in the domestic realm. Restitution thereby represented one of the most visible ways for Jewish communities to exercise their newly found political weight to foster the long-awaited recognition of Italy's persecutory behaviour.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43525158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

‘An Atmosphere of Waffle and Woolliness’: British Developmental Aid and Economic Transformation in Czechoslovakia “华夫和羊毛的气氛”:英国的发展援助和捷克斯洛伐克的经济转型

IF 0.5 3区历史学

Journal of Modern European History Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.1177/16118944231180425

Ondřej Šmigol

{"title":"‘An Atmosphere of Waffle and Woolliness’: British Developmental Aid and Economic Transformation in Czechoslovakia","authors":"Ondřej Šmigol","doi":"10.1177/16118944231180425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944231180425","url":null,"abstract":"Discussions of the Thatcherite foreign policy often centre exclusively on the Cold War and especially on the relationship with the USSR. Therefore, the British relationship with smaller communist states is often unexplored, even though it is where British influence was most prominent. The brand of political and economic thinking espoused by British Conservative Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher found avid disciples in the newly democratic Czechoslovakia in the 1990s. A group of influential Czechoslovak politicians and officials led by Finance Minister, and later Czech Prime Minister, Václav Klaus sought to transform the Czechoslovak communist economy into a free market one that roughly followed Thatcherite lines. This was not only because they felt an ideological closeness to Thatcher but also because Britain was one of the few countries at the time that had experienced a large-scale privatisation of industries. Therefore, the reformers saw it as a model. The Prime Minister reciprocated these warm feelings. She authorised the sending of a team of British experts to Czechoslovakia, with the goal of aiding its economic reform programme. British advisers greatly contributed to privatisation and other schemes, especially on the practical side.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44100467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

‘Aryanisation’ in Central and Eastern Europe and the Equalisation of Burdens Files: The Case of the Sudetenland 中欧和东欧的“雅利安化”与负担档案的均等化:以苏台德地区为例

IF 0.5 3区历史学

Journal of Modern European History Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.1177/16118944231180433

Iris Nachum

引用次数: 0

Pivot Years. World War II in 20th-Century History 主年。20世纪历史中的第二次世界大战

IF 0.5 3区历史学

Journal of Modern European History Pub Date : 2023-03-22 DOI: 10.1177/16118944231163225

John C. Eckel

{"title":"Pivot Years. World War II in 20th-Century History","authors":"John C. Eckel","doi":"10.1177/16118944231163225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944231163225","url":null,"abstract":"Even though the crucial importance of World War II has never been called into doubt by historians, it has not featured as a focal point for the interpretation of the 20th century in recent narratives. In most cases, historians have located the war's historical meaning within the dualistic framework of ‘catastrophe’ and ‘reconstruction’. For all its obvious plausibility, however, this approach tends to isolate the war from the wider historical context. This article develops and discusses three perspectives that may serve to embed World War II within broader historical trends. It highlights the global dimensions of the war, examines contemporaneous interpretations that proved influential for decades after the war's conclusion – most notably, the notion of an ‘international civil war’ – and explores the causal and perceptual cohesiveness of the ‘age of world wars’ between 1911/14 and 1945/53. By pursuing these avenues, the essay makes several claims. It argues that World War II must be understood as part of longer-term developments originating in the late 19th century and reaching far into the second half of the 20th century; that the era of the world wars gave rise to a coherent space of experience forming the core of this extended trajectory; that there was no monolithic ‘interwar’ period, while the intellectual history of these decades reveals a smooth transition from world war to ‘Cold War’; and, finally, that World War II acted as a catalyst for far-reaching changes on a global scale.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47059770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Islands in a ‘State of Emergency’. Ionian Neutrality and Martial Law During the Greek Revolution 处于“紧急状态”的岛屿。希腊革命时期的爱奥尼亚中立与戒严法

IF 0.5 3区历史学

Journal of Modern European History Pub Date : 2023-03-21 DOI: 10.1177/16118944231161257

Aggelis Zarokostas

{"title":"Islands in a ‘State of Emergency’. Ionian Neutrality and Martial Law During the Greek Revolution","authors":"Aggelis Zarokostas","doi":"10.1177/16118944231161257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944231161257","url":null,"abstract":"The British Protectorate of the Ionian Islands, and particularly Corfu, was a nodal point in maritime communications. Since its very creation under the Treaty of Paris (November 1815), it gave the British a significant advantage in terms of information gathering. When a general uprising broke out in the Greek mainland, the British authorities put the islands in a state of emergency. Strict Ionian neutrality was declared and harsh measures were justified, which aimed to maintain ‘public tranquility’ and to secure the islanders from any revolutionary ideas coming from the mainland. The implications of this neutrality are little studied, perhaps because of the perceived peripheral role of the Ionian Islands in the Greek struggle. Yet, as this paper shows, the islands were deeply affected by developments taking place in the mainland, such as the rebellion of Ali Pasha of Ioannina between 1819 and 1822, when the British increased military presence in the region. Instead of discouraging the ties between the islanders and the Greek Revolution as intended, British reactions produced the opposite result. They further alienated the Anglo-Ionian state from the Ionian society. The present article analyses how British officials utilized disproportionate fears over the spread of revolutionary ideas in the islands, as well as military escalation in the region, to impose harsh measures on the islands and to ‘normalize’ emergency strategies. It builds upon relevant literature not only on the movement of information in the Mediterranean, but also on British policy over the so-called ‘Greek Question’.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44079354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Under the Yoke of Ottoman Domination: Slavery and Central European Philhellenism During the Greek War of Independence 在奥斯曼帝国统治的枷锁下:希腊独立战争期间的奴隶制和中欧的亲希腊主义

IF 0.5 3区历史学

Journal of Modern European History Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1177/16118944231161250

Christopher Mapes

{"title":"Under the Yoke of Ottoman Domination: Slavery and Central European Philhellenism During the Greek War of Independence","authors":"Christopher Mapes","doi":"10.1177/16118944231161250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944231161250","url":null,"abstract":"Slavery remained a problem for Central Europeans after the defeat of Napoleon. Concerns over White, Christian enslavement animated German-speaking European responses to the Greek Independence movement. As most antislavery advocates turned their attention to the increasing volume of the slaves traded between Africa and the New World, as well as the persistence and entrenchment of New World slavery, Central Europeans turned their attention to the Christian, Greek subjects of the Ottoman Empire. The so-called ‘Barbary Problem’ (Barbareskenfrage) became enmeshed with the Eastern Question as Greeks revolted in Ottoman lands. Central Europeans had long viewed the domination of Christians in Islamic North Africa as the central problem of slavery until increased German migration and involvement in the New World brought new tensions to the ideas surrounding slavery. Greek insurrectionists against the Ottoman Empire breathed new life into older ideas about Christians enslaved in Islamic portions of Europe and Africa. Greek Independence gave Germans a bête noir closer to Europe than that of slavery in the Americas. Much of this interest owes to an enduring German philhellenic tradition which has been seldom analysed. Indeed, as Sue Marchand has written ‘the obsession of the Schillerian German literary and scholarly elite with the ancient Greeks has become an accepted-if severely underanlaysed-cliché’. This paper uses archival documents to shed more light on how Central Europeans’ interest and participation in the Greek War of Independence helped to revive old ideas about Christian enslavement at a time when New World slavery became the central concern of a broader European humanitarian protest against servitude.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48645899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Ottoman Imperial Gaze: The Greek Revolution of 1821–1832 and a New History of the Eastern Question 奥斯曼帝国的凝视：1821–1832年的希腊革命与东方问题的新历史

IF 0.5 3区历史学

Journal of Modern European History Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1177/16118944231161255

O. Ozavci

{"title":"The Ottoman Imperial Gaze: The Greek Revolution of 1821–1832 and a New History of the Eastern Question","authors":"O. Ozavci","doi":"10.1177/16118944231161255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944231161255","url":null,"abstract":"This article traces what hindsight shows to be the failure paths of the Ottoman ruling elites in dealing with the Greek revolution of 1821–1832. It considers why Sultan Mahmud II and the Ottoman ministers were unable to quell the ‘insurgence’ definitively and fend off Great Power intervention diplomatically. To this end, it looks into the reaction of the Ottoman rulers to the adversity as well as rivalries among the pashas of the sultan, which strained the imperial front, heightened violence against the insurgents, and then tore apart the military campaign. At the same time, it seeks to re-instate in the historiography of the Eastern Question the much-neglected Ottoman positionality with a contrapuntal approach. It places the agency of European and Ottoman actors within the same analytical frame in its discussion of the Great Power intervention in 1827, disclosing why the Ottoman ministers rejected the European Powers’ proposals to mediate between the imperial authorities and the Greek revolutionaries. Consulting fresh archival and secondary sources in the Arabic, English, French, Russian, Ottoman, and modern Turkish languages, the article draws attention to several overlooked yet vital moments of the revolution's storyline.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43696341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Introduction: Under the Flag of Insurgency: The Greek Revolution in International and Imperial History 简介:在叛乱的旗帜下:国际和帝国历史上的希腊革命

IF 0.5 3区历史学

Journal of Modern European History Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1177/16118944231163226

Beatrice de Graaf, E. de Lange

引用次数: 0