Audiology Research最新文献

{"title":"Pupillary Nystagmus as an Objective Neuro-Otological Biomarker in Vestibular Migraine: A Quantitative Pupillometric Study.","authors":"Augusto Pietro Casani, Nicola Ducci, Luigi Califano, Mauro Gufoni","doi":"10.3390/audiolres16030079","DOIUrl":"10.3390/audiolres16030079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Vestibular migraine (VM) is a common cause of episodic vertigo, yet its diagnosis remains primarily clinical and is often complicated by the absence of reliable objective biomarkers. Pupillary nystagmus, reflecting spontaneous oscillations of pupil diameter, has been proposed as a potential clinical sign of VM, but its quantitative characterization remains limited. <b>Objective</b>: The objective of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic value of pupillary nystagmus in VM and to provide a quantitative assessment using infrared pupillometry. <b>Methods</b>: In this case-control study, 137 patients with vestibular migraine and 102 healthy controls underwent comprehensive neuro-otological evaluation, including vestibular testing and pupillometric assessment. Pupillary activity was recorded using a dedicated infrared pupillometer, and oscillatory dynamics were quantified using the Pupillary Unrest Activity Level (PUAL), which was derived through spectral analysis (Larson-Neice algorithm). Statistical comparisons were performed using non-parametric methods. <b>Results</b>: PUAL values differed significantly between VM patients and controls (Mann-Whitney test <i>p</i> < 0.001), demonstrating a clear separation between groups. A cut-off value of 0.325 was identified as the upper limit of normality, suggesting that elevated PUAL values may indicate vestibular migraine. <b>Conclusions</b>: Pupillary nystagmus represents a clinically accessible sign that can be objectively quantified through infrared pupillometry. The PUAL index provides a measurable parameter reflecting altered vestibulo-autonomic dynamics in VM and may serve as a promising neuro-otological biomarker. The integration of pupillometric analysis with clinical evaluation may improve diagnostic accuracy and support the development of objective diagnostic tools in vestibular migraine.</p>","PeriodicalId":44133,"journal":{"name":"Audiology Research","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13296012/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148319827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Risk for Hearing from Prolonged Exposure to Sound at Conversation Levels.","authors":"Wenyue Xue, Nolan Sun, Emily Wood, Jason Xie, Xiuping Liu, Jun Yan","doi":"10.3390/audiolres16030076","DOIUrl":"10.3390/audiolres16030076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Prolonged exposure to moderate and loud noise is known to impair hearing; however, the safety of long-duration exposure to low-level sound, such as that encountered during everyday conversation, remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the effect of continuous exposure to sound at a 65 dB sound pressure level (SPL) on auditory processing. <b>Methods:</b> Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were recorded in C57BL/6 mice before and after a 1 h exposure to a continuous pure tone at 65 dB SPL. Changes in ABR thresholds, wave amplitudes, and latencies were analyzed across frequencies and time points. Correlations between amplitude and latency changes across ABR waves were also assessed. <b>Results:</b> Tone exposure induced a significant, frequency-specific increase in ABR thresholds, with a mean elevation of approximately 6 dB and a maximum shift of 15 dB. Significant reductions in amplitudes and prolongations of latencies were observed in Waves I-III, while Wave V amplitude remained relatively stable. A strong negative correlation between amplitude reduction and latency increase was found in Wave I, which progressively weakened from Wave II to Wave V. These functional changes persisted for up to three hours following exposure before gradually returning to baseline. <b>Conclusions:</b> Prolonged exposure to low-level sound at intensities typical of conversational speech can transiently impair auditory function and alter early neural processing in the auditory pathway. These findings suggest that sound levels commonly considered safe may still pose a risk when exposure is sustained, with implications for understanding hidden hearing loss and improving early diagnostic approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":44133,"journal":{"name":"Audiology Research","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214487/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148036461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Education, Sex, and Residence on Tinnitus Distress, Depression, and Anxiety.","authors":"András Molnár, Panayiota Mavrogeni, Stefani Maihoub","doi":"10.3390/audiolres16030078","DOIUrl":"10.3390/audiolres16030078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives:</b> This study aimed to analyse the effects of educational levels, sex, and residence on tinnitus-related distress, as well as the severity of depression and anxiety. <b>Material and methods:</b> A total of 235 patients with primary subjective tinnitus participated in the study. These patients underwent thorough evaluations in otorhinolaryngology and audiology. Additionally, all patients completed the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaires. <b>Results:</b> Patients with a primary school education scored significantly higher on the functional (<i>F</i>) subscale of the THI. When examining depression and anxiety levels, it was observed that patients with a primary school education exhibited the highest levels of anxiety, whereas those with a university education displayed the highest levels of depression. When analysing the effects of residency, slightly lower total THI scores were observed in individuals living in metropolitan areas. When comparing the subscale results of the THI, patients residing in metropolitan areas exhibited significantly lower scores on the <i>F</i> subscale. In terms of the total BDI and GAD-7 scores, there were no statistically significant differences observed. Women had slightly higher scores on the BDI and GAD-7, without statistical differences. However, women had significantly higher total THI scores. Additionally, women exhibited statistically significantly higher scores on the catastrophic (<i>C)</i> subscale. However, the results for the <i>F</i> and emotional (<i>E</i>) subscales did not show any statistically significant differences. There was no correlation between age and the THI, BDI, or GAD-7 scores. <b>Conclusions:</b> The results of this study reveal significant differences in tinnitus distress based on sex, educational levels, and residence locations, along with the presence of psychiatric symptoms, which should also be considered in tinnitus management.</p>","PeriodicalId":44133,"journal":{"name":"Audiology Research","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214479/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148036429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hearing Through the Patient's Ears: Hearing Simulation for Counseling and Education.","authors":"Hailey A Kingsbury, Sarah E Kingsbury, Michael J Cevette, Jan Stepanek, Edwar Habr, Hussein Itawi, Gaurav N Pradhan","doi":"10.3390/audiolres16030077","DOIUrl":"10.3390/audiolres16030077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Hearing loss is frequently misunderstood by communication partners and healthcare providers of patients with hearing loss alike, leading to gaps in counseling, medical adherence, and empathy. Hearing loss simulation is a technique that can clarify patient experience by illustrating how hearing loss affects daily listening and speech discrimination. The current research explores the influences of a web-based hearing loss simulator on how hearing loss is understood by communication partners, audiologists, and medical providers/students. <b>Methods</b>: Using a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, 72 participants (communication partners, audiologists, and medical providers/residents) completed a guided trial with the hearing simulator, either one-on-one or in group settings, and subsequently completed a questionnaire regarding their experiences. The simulation trial included demonstrations of hearing loss and amplification across four listening environments: speech in quiet, in noise, at a distance, as well as listening to instrumental music. <b>Results</b>: Communication partners reported that they gained a better understanding of their partner's hearing loss, with all expressing increased feelings of empathy towards their partner and individuals with hearing loss. When compared to audiologists, communication partners were significantly more surprised by the impact of hearing loss on speech understanding. Medical providers and students emphasized the value of the simulator as a counseling tool and highly recommended that other providers use the simulator with their patients. <b>Conclusions</b>: Simulating hearing loss can be beneficial for counseling purposes and medical training. These findings suggest that hearing loss simulation can enhance empathy and communication across clinical and educational contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":44133,"journal":{"name":"Audiology Research","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214495/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148036456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of the Adaptive Danish Sentence Test (DAST): Normative Data from a Template-Based, Linguistically Rich Sentence-in-Noise Test.","authors":"Abigail Anne Kressner, Kirsten Maria Jensen-Rico, Anja Kofoed Pedersen, Lars Bramsløw, Brent Kirkwood","doi":"10.3390/audiolres16030075","DOIUrl":"10.3390/audiolres16030075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: This study describes the development and validation of the Danish Sentence Test (DAST), a Danish-language, adaptive speech-in-noise test constructed from a linguistically balanced corpus using a template-based method. This approach enables controlled linguistic variation while maintaining lexical consistency and may serve as a model for developing similar speech materials in other languages. <b>Methods</b>: Sentences spoken by one female talker from the DAST corpus were sorted into 44 balanced lists of 20 sentences using a psychometric optimization procedure. Speech reception thresholds (SRTs) were measured in 20 normal-hearing participants using headphone playback with speech-shaped noise. <b>Results</b>: Across the 44 sentence lists, the mean SRT was -5.3 dB SNR, with list means within ±0.5 dB of the grand average under the tested configuration. The average within-subject standard deviation was 0.7 dB, and the grand-average psychometric slope was 18.5%/dB. A statistically significant within-session training effect of approximately 0.02 dB per measurement. <b>Conclusions</b>: This study provides normative speech reception threshold (SRT) data for the adaptive Danish Sentence Test (DAST) in normal-hearing listeners under a defined headphone-based speech-in-noise paradigm and demonstrates that the resulting sentence lists yield comparable performance across lists. The template-based construction and optimization approach offers a framework for developing linguistically rich sentence-in-noise tests in other languages.</p>","PeriodicalId":44133,"journal":{"name":"Audiology Research","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214478/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148036129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring and Overcoming Challenges for Efficient Audiological Testing in Children Under 5 Years of Age-Screening with Otoacoustic Emissions.","authors":"Nienke Streefkerk, Franciscus A Diepstraten, Evangeline A Huis In 't Veld, Antoinette Am Zehnhoff-Dinnesen, Martine van Grotel, Katrin Neumann, Annelot J M Meijer, Frédéric Amant, Ross Parfitt, L'udmila Verešpejová, Penelope R Brock, Lisa L Hunter, Hiske W Helleman, Beth Brooks, Kaukab M Rajput, Kristin Knight, Marry M van den Heuvel-Eibrink, Alexander E Hoetink","doi":"10.3390/audiolres16030074","DOIUrl":"10.3390/audiolres16030074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Cisplatin-exposed pediatric cancer patients are at increased risk of ototoxicity, particularly those under 5 years of age. In this group, audiological monitoring is challenging, as interpretation of otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) and tympanometry, used to supplement behavioral audiometry, is subject to interindividual variability. This study aimed to identify key challenges and establish an international consensus on optimal testing procedures and interpretation criteria for assessing early cochlear damage.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Audiological data from 11 children (<5 years) exposed to cisplatin in utero were evaluated. An international panel of 10 pediatric oncology audiology experts reviewed tympanometry, transient evoked OAEs (TEOAEs), and distortion product OAEs (DPOAEs). Areas of disagreement were analyzed, and consensus was sought regarding testing conditions, interpretation, and clinical application.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Agreement on cochlear status was good in 10/22 ears, moderate in 3/22 ears, and poor in 9/22 ears, highlighting substantial variability in interpretation. Consensus was achieved on minimal technical and interpretative requirements for OAE testing in this population. The panel proposes a classification framework integrating OAEs and tympanometry to guide clinical follow-up. Importantly, normal OAE results were not considered sufficient to exclude ototoxic damage or mild hearing loss.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>OAEs, particularly DPOAEs, are valuable as a screening tool in ototoxicity monitoring programs for young children, provided that testing conditions and interpretation are standardized. However, OAEs alone are insufficient for definitive assessment. Longitudinal monitoring and confirmatory testing with behavioral audiometry or ABR/ASSR remain essential. Further validation of the proposed classification system is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":44133,"journal":{"name":"Audiology Research","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214472/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148036426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-Term Music Training Enhances Spectral Resolution for Prelingually Deafened Children with Cochlear Implants.","authors":"Chi Yhun Lo, Valerie Looi","doi":"10.3390/audiolres16030073","DOIUrl":"10.3390/audiolres16030073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Spectral resolution is strongly associated with speech perception for adult cochlear implant users, but the developmental trajectory of spectral resolution in childhood is more complex and far less understood. Music-based training presents a unique opportunity to address this gap, as musical stimuli feature spectral complexity and fine frequency cues which map to spectral resolution. This study explored if a 12-week music-based intervention could support better spectral resolution in children with cochlear implants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve children with cochlear implants participated in this longitudinal, repeated-measures study. The music training intervention consisted of group-based in-person music therapy and a take-home music app. Participants (six boys, six girls; <i>M</i> age = 7.3 years) were pseudo-randomized into an immediate training group (<i>n</i> = 4) or delayed-start waitlisted group (<i>n</i> = 8). Inclusion criteria required bilateral moderate-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss, prelingual device fitting, and consistent bilateral device use. Eight children had bilateral CIs and four were bimodal listeners.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Spectral resolution perception was significantly enhanced after participating in the music intervention with a mean increase of 2 rpo, <i>F</i>(3, 10.7) = 3.859, <i>p</i> = 0.017. Previous engagement with music and age were not associated with spectral resolution.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite the known limitations of CIs on spectral resolution, the results of this study indicate that music training can improve spectral resolution perception in children using CIs.</p>","PeriodicalId":44133,"journal":{"name":"Audiology Research","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214467/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148035790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasickness, Sea Legs, and Gravity: Suppression of Motion Sickness, Development of Sea Legs, The Role of the Striated Organelle in the Vestibular Efferent System.","authors":"Neil S Longridge, Arthur I Mallinson","doi":"10.3390/audiolres16030072","DOIUrl":"10.3390/audiolres16030072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> In a recent article we outlined how the vestibular efferent system connects the stereo/kinociliary complex at the apex of the macular vestibular hair cells of the inner ear and coordinates movement so that planned body movements are precisely timed to coordinate with the expected otoconial movement that the body movement induces. <b>Methods:</b> Our present article proposes an extension of this concept with details about how a sailor develops \"sea legs.\" The rocking motion of a boat in rough seas requires sailors to sway in order to remain vertical. This causes fluctuation in the gravity-referenced otoconial signal. <b>Results:</b> As a sailor develops sea legs, it is necessary that the routine vestibular efferent system activity (based on gravity-referenced orientation on land) is disrupted as the otoconia move with this rocking process in order to re-coordinate with the new otoconial movement. As a result, the cerebral cortex must reconfigure vestibular efferent activity so that the stereo/kinociliary complex moves in conjunction with the otoconial movement. This process is carried out via the striated organelle (STO) and is one that takes several days. Those who are unfortunate and have severe motion sickness, become extremely unwell with nausea, vomiting, severe unsteadiness, and anorexia during this time. <b>Conclusions:</b> The present article describes how \"sea legs\" develop and discusses why an unpleasant symptom set can accompany it. We will also outline how a new medication, a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibitor, which is presently used for the treatment of vestibular dysfunction, has been shown to suppress vestibular efferent activity and may be an effective therapy for these overly symptomatic individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":44133,"journal":{"name":"Audiology Research","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214474/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148035591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of a Single Hemodialysis Session on Cochlear Function of Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease.","authors":"Isil Cakmak Karaer, Irem Pembegul","doi":"10.3390/audiolres16030071","DOIUrl":"10.3390/audiolres16030071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> To determine the effect of single-dose hemodialysis treatment on the inner ear in patients with normal hearing functions using the Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) test. <b>Methods:</b> A total of twenty-four (24) patients with end-stage renal disease were included in the study. For all patients, the DPOAE test was performed immediately before hemodialysis and 3 h after hemodialysis. Both amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values were compared. <b>Results:</b> Compared to pre-dialysis values, the DPOAE test showed a statistically significant decrease in both amplitude and SNR values at all frequencies (1000, 2000, 4000 and 6000 Hz) in patients' post-dialysis measurements. <b>Conclusions:</b> A single hemodialysis treatment has been found to have an adverse effect on cochlear function at both low and high frequencies.</p>","PeriodicalId":44133,"journal":{"name":"Audiology Research","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214492/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148036108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology Rehabilitation Services Across Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Mohammed F Alharbi, Ahmad A Alanazi","doi":"10.3390/audiolres16030069","DOIUrl":"10.3390/audiolres16030069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Speech-language pathology (SLP) and audiology services are essential components of multidisciplinary rehabilitation, particularly for individuals with developmental, neurological, and communication-related disorders. National-level data describing the distribution and utilization of these services in Saudi Arabia remain limited. This study aimed to examine national patterns of rehabilitation service utilization, with a focus on SLP and audiology services in comparison to other rehabilitation specialties. <b>Methods:</b> A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted using publicly available national open data released by the Saudi Ministry of Health (MOH). Aggregated rehabilitation service encounters (n = 1,872,328 to 1,930,695) from 2023-2024 were analyzed by specialty, geographic region, sector (MOH clusters versus private sector), and pediatric age groups. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize utilization patterns and regional variation. <b>Results:</b> Rehabilitation services were widely delivered across both public and private sectors, with physiotherapy representing the largest share of encounters. SLP and audiology services contributed a smaller proportion of total rehabilitation encounters compared to other specialties. Service distribution varied regionally, with higher volumes concentrated in major urban areas including Riyadh, Makkah, and the Eastern Region. Pediatric service encounters were highest in early childhood (ages 3-7), with SLP and audiology services forming a consistent component of rehabilitation during this period. <b>Conclusions:</b> This study provides a descriptive overview of rehabilitation service utilization in Saudi Arabia, highlighting the distribution of SLP and audiology services relative to other specialties and across regions. Findings emphasize the importance of addressing regional variation, supporting workforce development, and enhancing national rehabilitation data systems to inform planning and ensure comprehensive access to communication and hearing services.</p>","PeriodicalId":44133,"journal":{"name":"Audiology Research","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148036406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}