Audiology Research最新文献

{"title":"Acute Otitis Media and Facial Paralysis in Children: A Systemic Review and Proposal of an Operative Algorithm","authors":"Piergabriele Fichera, Luca Bruschini, Stefano Berrettini, Silvia Capobianco, Giacomo Fiacchini","doi":"10.3390/audiolres13060077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres13060077","url":null,"abstract":"Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common ENT diseases in children. In the antibiotic/post-antibiotic era, facial paralysis is a very rare complication of AOM (0.004–0.005%). Despite the rarity of this complication, it should be known by all physicians for proper therapeutic management to avoid serious sequelae. The aim of this review is to provide a management guide based on the current literature. Materials and Methods: Fifteen studies published between 2000 and 2022 were selected, including 120 patients (62 M/58 F) with an average age of 4.96 years old (range = 4 months–16 years; SD: 4.2). The paralysis frequently has a sudden onset and is of a severe grade (medium House–Brackmann (HB) score at onset: 4.68; SD: 0.5); however, it tends to have an almost complete recovery in most patients (88.49% HB 1 at follow-up). Results: Its first-line treatment must be based on the use of antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics as penicillins or cephalosporins). Corticosteroids should be used concomitantly for their anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions; however, there is no unanimity between authors about their application. Myringotomy, with or without ventilation tube insertion, is indicated in cases where the tympanic membrane is intact. Other kinds of surgery should be performed only in patients who have a worsening of their AOM symptoms or a worsening in HB score even with clinical treatment. Conclusions: The obtained data show that a conservative treatment can be sufficient for complete recovery in most patients, and it is preferred as the first-line therapy. Mastoidectomy should be performed only in patients with acute mastoiditis and without symptom improvement after a conservative approach. There are insufficient data in the current literature to provide clear selection criteria for patients who need to undergo mastoidectomy with facial nerve decompression. The choice of this treatment is based on an individual center expertise. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of corticosteroids and the role of facial nerve decompression in this clinical scenario.","PeriodicalId":44133,"journal":{"name":"Audiology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135392281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of Cartilage Conduction Hearing Aids in Pediatric Patients","authors":"Satomi Yakawa, Tomoko Sugiuchi, Rika Myojin, Kiyoko Sato, Takako Murakami, Yuki Miyoshi, Yuichiro Sugio","doi":"10.3390/audiolres13060076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres13060076","url":null,"abstract":"Forty-nine children who started wearing cartilage conduction hearing aids (CC-HAs) before completing elementary school (17 with bilateral hearing loss and 32 with unilateral hearing loss) were followed-up and examined. The wearing and utilization status of the CC-HA and its progress to date were evaluated. In addition, 33 participants who purchased the CC-HAs were interviewed to assess the wearing effect. Eleven of seventeen children with bilateral hearing loss and 25 of 32 children with unilateral hearing loss continued to use the CC-HAs. In terms of wearing effect, a good wearing effect was reported, even by those with unilateral hearing loss. In cases where it was difficult to wear CC-HAs stably with pasting or ear tips, it was possible to fix them stably using commercially available hair bands and eyeglass vines. In two cases, the CC-HAs were worn from infancy. With ingenuity and appropriate educational and medical support, it is possible to wear CC-HAs from infancy.","PeriodicalId":44133,"journal":{"name":"Audiology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135590007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-Cultural Translation and Adaptation of the Consumer Ear Disease Risk Assessment (CEDRA) Questionnaire in Danish","authors":"Lene Dahl Siggaard, Henrik Jacobsen, Dan Dupont Hougaard, Mina Shereen Khaled, Morten Høgsbro","doi":"10.3390/audiolres13060075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres13060075","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to cross-culturally translate and adapt the Consumer Ear Disease Risk Assessment (CEDRA) questionnaire into Danish for remote ear, nose, and, throat assessments in adult, first-time hearing aid users when used in conjunction with audiometric measures and visual images of the tympanic membrane. Employing field-specific guidelines, the tool underwent a rigorous translation process. This was succeeded by field testing via cognitive debriefing with 30 intendent respondents and a pilot test involving 600 adult, potential first-time hearing aid users from 2020–2022. Test–retest reliability analysis in 113 respondents revealed high consistency and reproducibility, with most items showing Spearman’s correlation coefficients of 0.82 or higher and a Pearson’s correlation of 0.92 for the total score. The tool demonstrated moderate discriminative ability in identifying individuals at high and low risk of complicated hearing loss and targeted ear diseases, supported by an area under the curve of 0.82 on the receiver operating characteristics curve. Our findings suggest that the Danish-translated version of CEDRA is a reliable and effective screening instrument when used with audiometry and tympanometry, warranting further validation in a larger population.","PeriodicalId":44133,"journal":{"name":"Audiology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135972689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Episodic Vertigo: A Narrative Review Based on a Single-Center Clinical Experience","authors":"Augusto Pietro Casani, Mauro Gufoni, Nicola Ducci","doi":"10.3390/audiolres13060074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres13060074","url":null,"abstract":"(1) Background: Usually, the majority of patients suffering from vertigo and dizziness can be identified in four major categories: acute spontaneous vertigo, episodic (recurrent) vertigo, recurrent positional vertigo, and chronic imbalance. Our purpose is to retrospectively evaluate the main causes of episodic vertigo and to find indications for a reliable clinical suspicion useful for a definitive diagnosis, comparing patients affected by different presenting symptomatology (acute vertigo, recurrent episodic vertigo, and imbalance). (2) Methods: we retrospectively evaluated the clinical records in a population of 249 consecutive patients observed for vertigo in our tertiary referral center in the period 1 January 2019–31 January 2020. On the basis of the reported clinical history, patients were divided into three groups: patients with their first ever attack of vertigo, patients with recurrent vertigo and dizziness, and patients with chronic imbalance. (3) Results: On the basis of the results of the instrumental examination, we arbitrarily divided (for each type of symptoms) the patients in a group with a normal vestibular instrumental examination and a group of patients in which the clinical–instrumental evaluation showed some pathological results; a highly significant difference (p: 0.157) was found between recurrent and acute vertigo and between recurrent vertigo and imbalance. (4) Conclusions: Patients with recurrent vertigo more frequently exhibit a negative otoneurological examination since they are often examined in the intercritical phase. A precise and in-depth research of the patient’s clinical history is the key to suspect or make a diagnosis together with the search for some instrumental or clinical hallmark, especially in cases where the clinical picture does not fully meet the international diagnostic criteria.","PeriodicalId":44133,"journal":{"name":"Audiology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135271063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Frequency Air–Bone Gap and Pulsatile Tinnitus Due to a Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: Considerations upon Possible Pathomechanisms and Literature Review","authors":"Andrea Tozzi, Andrea Castellucci, Giuseppe Ferrulli, Salvatore Martellucci, Pasquale Malara, Cristina Brandolini, Enrico Armato, Angelo Ghidini","doi":"10.3390/audiolres13060073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres13060073","url":null,"abstract":"Low-frequency air–bone gap (ABG) associated with pulsatile tinnitus (PT) and normal impedance audiometry represents a common finding in patients with third window syndromes. Other inner disorders, including Meniere’s disease (MD), perilymphatic fistula and intralabyrinthine schwannoma, might sometimes result in a similar scenario. On the other hand, PT is frequently associated with dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF), while conductive hearing loss (CHL) is extremely rare in this clinical setting. A 47-year-old patient was referred to our center with progressive left-sided PT alongside ipsilateral fullness and hearing loss. She also experienced headache and dizziness. Otoscopy and video-oculographic examination were unremarkable. Conversely, a detailed instrumental audio-vestibular assessment revealed low-frequency CHL with normal impedance audiometry, slight left-sided caloric weakness, slightly impaired vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials on the left and normal results on the video-head impulse test, consistent with an MD-like instrumental profile. Gadolinium-enhanced brain MRI revealed an early enhancement of the left transverse sinus, consistent with a left DAVF between the left occipital artery and the transverse sinus, which was then confirmed by angiography. A trans-arterial embolization with Onyx glue was performed, resulting in a complete recession of the symptoms. Post-operatively, the low-frequency ABG disappeared, supporting the possible role of venous intracranial hypertension and abnormal pressure of inner ear fluids in the onset of symptoms and offering new insights into the pathomechanism of inner ear CHL.","PeriodicalId":44133,"journal":{"name":"Audiology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135271474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cavitating Lesions around the Cochlea Can Affect Audiometric Threshold and Clinical Practice.","authors":"Giulia Zambonini,&nbsp;Sara Ghiselli,&nbsp;Giuseppe Di Trapani,&nbsp;Daria Salsi,&nbsp;Domenico Cuda","doi":"10.3390/audiolres13050072","DOIUrl":"10.3390/audiolres13050072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are several pathologies that can change the anatomy of the otic capsule and that can distort the bone density of the bony structures of the inner ear, but otosclerosis is one of the most frequent. Similar behavior has been shown in patients affected by osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), a genetic disorder due to a mutation in the genes coding for type I (pro) collagen. In particular, we note that otosclerosis and OI can lead to bone resorption creating pericochlear cavitations in contact with the internal auditory canal (IAC). In this regard, we have collected five cases presenting this characteristic; their audiological data and clinical history were analyzed. This feature can be defined as a potential cause of a third-window effect, because it causes an energy loss during the transmission of sound waves from the oval window (OW) away from the basilar membrane.</p>","PeriodicalId":44133,"journal":{"name":"Audiology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10604480/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54231511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impaired Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex on Video Head Impulse Test in Superior Canal Dehiscence: \"Spontaneous Plugging\" or Endolymphatic Flow Dissipation?","authors":"Andrea Castellucci,&nbsp;Pasquale Malara,&nbsp;Salvatore Martellucci,&nbsp;Mohamad Alfarghal,&nbsp;Cristina Brandolini,&nbsp;Gianluca Piras,&nbsp;Enrico Armato,&nbsp;Rosanna Rita Ruberto,&nbsp;Pasquale Brizzi,&nbsp;Livio Presutti,&nbsp;Angelo Ghidini","doi":"10.3390/audiolres13050071","DOIUrl":"10.3390/audiolres13050071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Surgical plugging of the superior semicircular canal (SSC) represents an effective procedure to treat disabling symptoms in superior canal dehiscence (SCD), despite resulting in an impaired vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain for the SSC. On the other hand, SSC hypofunction on video head impulse test (vHIT) represents a common finding in patients with SCD exhibiting sound/pressure-induced vertigo, a low-frequency air-bone gap (ABG), and enhanced vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs). \"Spontaneous canal plugging\" has been assumed as the underlying process. Nevertheless, missing/mitigated symptoms and/or near-normal instrumental findings would be expected. An endolymphatic flow dissipation has been recently proposed as an alternative pathomechanism for SSC VOR gain reduction in SCD. We aimed to shed light on this debate by comparing instrumental findings from 46 ears of 44 patients with SCD exhibiting SSC hypofunction with post-operative data from 10 ears of 10 patients with SCD who underwent surgical plugging. While no difference in SSC VOR gain values was found between the two groups (<i>p</i> = 0.199), operated ears developed a posterior canal hypofunction (<i>p</i> = 0.002). Moreover, both ABG values (<i>p</i> = 0.012) and cervical/ocular VEMP amplitudes (<i>p</i> < 0.001) were significantly higher and VEMP thresholds were significantly lower (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in ears with SCD compared to operated ears. According to our data, canal VOR gain reduction in SCD should be considered as an additional sign of a third window mechanism, likely due to an endolymphatic flow dissipation.</p>","PeriodicalId":44133,"journal":{"name":"Audiology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10604197/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54231515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concordant GRADE-3 Truncal Ataxia and Ocular Laterodeviation in Acute Medullary Stroke.","authors":"Jorge C Kattah","doi":"10.3390/audiolres13050068","DOIUrl":"10.3390/audiolres13050068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Severe truncal ataxia associated with an inability to sit up without assistance (STA grade 3) is frequent in patients with central acute vestibular syndrome (AVS) involving the brainstem or cerebellum. When these patients have nystagmus, central HINTS excludes peripheral lesions; however, additional localization and lateralization signs are helpful, not only to resolve the peripheral versus central vestibular lesion dilemma, but to zero in on a precise lesion localization/lateralization to the lateral medulla, the most common ischemic lesion localization associated with an initially false-negative stroke MRI. <b>Methods:</b> This is a study of AVS patients with additional inclusion criteria: grades 2 or 3 ataxia with an eventual diagnosis of medullary stroke (MS), either involving the lateral medulla (LMS) or the medial medulla (MMS), and horizontal (h) gaze paralysis was the main exclusion criteria. All patients sat on the side of the bed or stretcher, with assistance if needed. A general neurologic examination followed in the sitting position, the testing protocol included the head impulse, spontaneous nystagmus, and skew deviation (HINTS) tests, followed by observation of the effect of brief 3-5 sec eyelid closure on ocular position, and saccade and pursuit eye movement tests. If they could sit, the protocol included the ability to stand with a wide base, then a narrow base, the Romberg test, and tandem gait. Radiographic lesion localization and horizontal gaze deviation concluded the protocol. <b>Results:</b> A total of 34 patients met the entry criteria, 34 MS (13 in the lateral medulla, 12 previously described, and 1 new patient), and 1 new MMS. Among them, <i>n</i> = 10/12 had grade 3 ataxia, and 3 (1 new patient) had grade 2 ataxia. In addition, overt ocular laterodeviation (OLD) was present in thirteen of them (35.3%). All OLD patients had gaze deviation and ipsilateral saccade and truncal lateropulsion, 1 medial medulla stroke patient had grade 3 truncal contrapulsion and contralateral hemiparesis without OLD, n = 20/21 patients with LMS without OLD had grade 3 truncal ataxia, and 1 had grade 2 truncal ataxia. <b>Discussion:</b> AVS patients with severe truncal ataxia (inability to sit without assistance) potentially have brainstem, cerebellum, or subcortical lesions. All patients had central HINTS; however, simultaneous direction-concordant STA 3 and OLD provided greater lateral medulla localization specificity, affecting the ipsilateral medulla. Future work to explore a practical posterior circulation stroke scale that includes HINTS, STA, and OLD will potentially select cases for thrombolysis even in the event of initially false-negative imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":44133,"journal":{"name":"Audiology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10604033/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54231512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Otological Planning Software-OTOPLAN: A Narrative Literature Review.","authors":"Annalisa Gatto,&nbsp;Margherita Tofanelli,&nbsp;Ludovica Costariol,&nbsp;Serena Rizzo,&nbsp;Daniele Borsetto,&nbsp;Nicoletta Gardenal,&nbsp;Francesco Uderzo,&nbsp;Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo,&nbsp;Giancarlo Tirelli","doi":"10.3390/audiolres13050070","DOIUrl":"10.3390/audiolres13050070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cochlear implant (CI) is a widely accepted option in patients with severe to profound hearing loss receiving limited benefit from traditional hearing aids. CI surgery uses a default setting for frequency allocation aiming to reproduce tonotopicity, thus mimicking the normal cochlea. One emerging instrument that may substantially help the surgeon before, during, and after the surgery is a surgical planning software product developed in collaboration by CASCINATION AG (Bern, Switzerland) and MED-EL (Innsbruck Austria). The aim of this narrative review is to present an overview of the main features of this otological planning software, called OTOPLAN^®. The literature was searched on the PubMed and Web of Science databases. The search terms used were \"OTOPLAN\", \"cochlear planning software\" \"three-dimensional imaging\", \"3D segmentation\", and \"cochlear implant\" combined into different queries. This strategy yielded 52 publications, and a total of 31 studies were included. The review of the literature revealed that OTOPLAN is a useful tool for otologists and audiologists as it improves preoperative surgical planning both in adults and in children, guides the intraoperative procedure and allows postoperative evaluation of the CI.</p>","PeriodicalId":44133,"journal":{"name":"Audiology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10603892/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54231517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practice of Monitoring Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity by Audiology, ENT, and Oncology Specialists: A Survey-Based Study in a Single Italian Medical Center.","authors":"Valeria Gambacorta,&nbsp;Eva Orzan,&nbsp;Mario Faralli,&nbsp;Mario Gullà,&nbsp;Ruggero Lapenna,&nbsp;Irene Baietta,&nbsp;Verena De Angelis,&nbsp;Giampietro Ricci","doi":"10.3390/audiolres13050069","DOIUrl":"10.3390/audiolres13050069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ototoxic drugs can result in hearing loss and tinnitus. Early detection of the ototoxic process can help minimize or prevent these consequences. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association has provided guidelines for monitoring ototoxicity, whereas Italy has not yet implemented a national monitoring protocol. This study aims to assess the current state of ototoxicity monitoring in patients receiving cisplatin therapy. A self-administered survey has been used to gather information from oncologists, audiologists, and ENT specialists. The research was conducted at Santa Maria della Misericordia hospital in Perugia. Two questionnaires were administered, one to ENT/audiology specialists and another to oncology specialists. Both questionnaires were used to collect information on awareness of chemotherapy-induced ototoxicity. A comprehensive understanding of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity has been widely established (100%). The most commonly reported audiological symptoms by patients were hearing loss (100%) and tinnitus (87.5%). The majority of ENT and audiologists (93.8%) and oncologists (92.9%) expressed the need for a specific ototoxic monitoring program. However, they noted the absence of a well-defined ototoxicity monitoring protocol. A well-established and efficient ototoxic monitoring system facilitates early detection of ototoxic hearing loss and subsequent rehabilitation of inevitable hearing impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":44133,"journal":{"name":"Audiology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10604261/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54231518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}