Day 3 Wed, September 26, 2018最新文献

{"title":"A New Geochemical Logging Tool for Determination of Formation Chemistry and Mineralogy in both Conventional and Unconventional Reservoirs","authors":"R. Pemper, Alex Pereira, Guojing Hou, D. Dolliver, J. Tudge, Jennifer Kharrazi, H. Chok, G. Schmid, N. Mekic, T. Blankinship, R. Epstein, Tim Cave, A. Macpherson","doi":"10.2118/191411-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/191411-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A new geochemical logging tool has been designed and developed for the precise determination of formation chemistry, mineralogy, and lithology, as well as the identification of total organic carbon (TOC). The primary elements identified by the system include aluminum, calcium, carbon, chlorine, hydrogen, iron, magnesium, oxygen, potassium, silicon, sulfur, thorium, titanium, and uranium. These elements are utilized to identify the minerals present in both conventional and unconventional formations.\u0000 Tool operation begins by emitting high energy 14 MeV neutrons into the formation from a pulsed neutron generator, and the resulting gamma rays are intercepted by a high resolution, state of the art, LaBr3(Ce) detector. In order to exclude background gamma rays and provide a clean capture spectrum, a boron coating has been placed on the housing. The 3.25-inch tool diameter makes the system easier to operate in small boreholes as well as in horizontal wells.\u0000 The extensive set of detected elements is made possible by the PNG, where high speed electronics are incorporated to accrue both capture and inelastic energy spectra. A Levenberg-Marquardt matrix inversion algorithm is employed to separate the spectra into their fundamental elemental components. Characterization of the system has been achieved through numerous measurements in more than 30 formations from a newly constructed Rock Formation Laboratory in Fort Worth, Texas as well as at the Callisto Facility in the United Kingdom. A significant number of core samples were obtained from these formations and analyzed for elemental and mineralogical composition. Extensive use of MCNP modeling was exploited for the design and characterization of the system.\u0000 The final lithological and mineralogical interpretation is guided by the elemental concentrations of the various elements, as well as the computation of intrinsic sigma. Magnesium is used to differentiate between calcite and dolomite in carbonate formations. Aluminum, iron, and potassium, in addition to silicon, provide the information required to distinguish the various clays in sand/shale formations. Sulfur is vital for the identification of both pyrite and anhydrite. Ternary plots are generated to aid in the final interpretation. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this work, log examples from the field are provided.","PeriodicalId":441169,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, September 26, 2018","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134270330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Deepwater Campaign, Offshore Romania: Infrastructure, Design, and Execution to Deliver Drilling and Completion Fluids","authors":"L. Bussaglia, Rodolfo Di Marino, V. Smith","doi":"10.2118/191447-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/191447-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Black Sea, offshore Romania, is one of the world's emerging deepwater basins. The objectives of the campaign presented in this paper include safe and compliant operations, data acquisition, reservoir characterization and de-risking of adjacent prospects over the course of a seven-well, deepwater exploratory campaign. The challenges inherent to deepwater are exacerbated in exploratory wells, with additional focus placed on the reduction of risks associated with ECD management, downhole losses, wellbore instability, gas hydrate formation and mitigation of shallow hazards. The scope of this project presented additional logistical challenges, as there were no dedicated facilities in this area to support large-scale deepwater projects. Deepwater projects in emerging areas present a variety of challenges including planning, constructing, and commissioning facilities with sufficient capacity to prepare and store the requisite volumes of drilling and completion fluids. Infrastructure preparation in this project included the design and construction of two liquid mud plants with the capacity to mix, condition and store large volumes of drilling and completion fluids for a multi-well campaign. Additionally, a bulk facility was built and commissioned for handling barite additives used in the project. Project management and monitoring techniques were used to ensure on-time completion of facilities following the critical paths of the project timeline. All planned operational objectives were safely achieved because of detailed planning, commitment, and capital investments in assets and the infrastructure to support operations. This approach enabled delivery of project objectives without incidents of fluids-related non-productive time (NPT). The logistical objectives were achieved on time, and in an environmentally compliant manner. All fluid volumes were safely prepared and delivered to the 5th generation semi-submersible for use in the target intervals. This included delivery of large volumes of high-density riserless kill fluid (RKF) that was stored for three months on a multi-purpose supply vessel (MPSV) without the occurrence of barite sag. All drilling and formation evaluation objectives were accomplished with a high-performance, non-aqueous fluid (NAF) specifically designed for use in this multi-well campaign. The delivery of well testing, plugging and abandonment objectives was facilitated by use of an integrated suite of wellbore cleanup (WBCU), completion fluids and filtration technologies.","PeriodicalId":441169,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, September 26, 2018","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130594891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Viability of Gas Injection EOR in Eagle Ford Shale Reservoirs","authors":"S. Atan, A. Ajayi, M. Honarpour, E. Turek, E. Dillenbeck, Cheryl Mock, Mahmood Ahmadi, C. Pereira","doi":"10.2118/191673-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/191673-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Gas Injection, Huff-and-Puff Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technique have the potential to improve liquid hydrocarbon recovery in ultra-tight, unconventional reservoirs. This paper studies the technical and economic viability of this EOR technique in Eagle Ford shale reservoirs using natural gas injection – generally after some period of primary depletion, typically through long horizontal reach wells that were hydraulically fractured.\u0000 To achieve this, three primary steps were undertaken: First, a series of multi-well, compositional simulation models were constructed, calibrated with lab data, and history matched for an extended production period. This effort characterizes a set of equiprobable combinations of fracture and matrix properties, as well as the parametric description of the stimulated reservoir volume. Second, these history matched models were then used to numerically simulate the Gas Injection Huff-and-Puff EOR process to determine a set of optimized operational variables (operating pressures, injection pressure, cycle durations, the corresponding injection rate, and slug size). The results were also sensitized to the effect of geomechanics, containment, as well as the effect of diffusion. The primary source of information that feeds the sensitivity analysis was derived from laboratory work investigating the EOR processes at the core scale. The third and last step, economic analysis was performed using calibrated rate profiles to assess the impact of initial yield and the amount of depletion on value. Resulting analysis provided insight to the economic viability of the EOR deployment at field-scale.\u0000 Results show that the recovery factor uplift, all things being equal, is a function of the original yield, the amount of depletion, and the minimum operating pressure during the production cycles. In reality, however, equally as critical to the success of an EOR project is the formulation of the deployment strategy - the timing of the development start (forecasted price environment), pad selection, compressor scheduling, injection-soak-production durations, surveillance plans, and mitigation strategies (for poor containment and inefficient compressor utilization).\u0000 The workflow utilized in this paper both characterizes the uncertainties in an EOR project in the Eagle Ford and provides insight into operating conditions and surveillance recommendations. This is the key for a successful demonstration pilot which can then lead to a field-scale EOR deployment.","PeriodicalId":441169,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, September 26, 2018","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133210339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrical Discharge Induced ESP Motor Bearing Failure","authors":"Zheng Ye, Spence Wilcox","doi":"10.2118/191688-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/191688-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Motor bearings are a critical component in electric submersible pumping systems (ESP) motors. In many cases, dismantle analyses are unable to identify a definitive root cause for bearing failure. Several hypotheses have been studied to explain motor bearing failures. Some applications experience a higher bearing failure rate than other applications. In this paper, typical motor bearing failure modes will be reviewed, more specifically, the source of shaft voltage and the consequence of bearing electrical discharge failure will be discussed.\u0000 During bearing failure root-cause analysis, mechanical components have been the primary focus. Critical thermal expansion coefficients have been verified. The bearing running stress, temperature, eccentricity, film thickness, and lubrication flow have been simulated using cutting-edge finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Results show that in certain material combinations, the incompatibility of the thermal growth of bearing and sleeve material could reduce the running clearance, which would then increase the oil shear loss, and the bearing rubbing. However, tiny pitting has been found in the outside diameters (OD) of cracked bearings returned from the field, with more pitting found on the sleeve ODs. This evidence indicates another bearing failure mode: shaft-induced voltage and bearing electrical discharge.\u0000 The direct consequence of electrical discharge is generation of debris, vaporization of motor oil, quenching of bearing/sleeve surfaces, and increase in surface roughness. The debris size (0.001 in.) is larger than the hydrodynamic film thickness and can score the sleeve surfaces due to the loss of oil film protection. The chain of the motor bearing failure due to the electrical discharge is summarized, and this cannot be ruled out in other sizes, bearing systems, or material combinations in an ESP motor. By duplicating the poor power quality conditions, the pitting phenomenon on sleeve is confirmed. Future measurements have been planned to determine the correlation between the power quality and shaft voltage. This paper discusses the risk level for the bearing electrical discharge based the induced shaft voltage.\u0000 Electrical discharge bearing damage is a widespread problem that has been studied in other industries since 1992. Electrical discharge / shaft voltage problems can occur on any variable-speed drive motor. The source of electrical discharge through the bearing comes from the voltage potential building from the shaft to the ground (motor housing). However, ESP industries, which produce small motors with multiple rotor sections, have not conducted sufficient analysis to understand this problem. This paper fills the gap to discuss detailed indication evidence and analysis that can be used as a toolbox for motor bearing failure analysis for the ESP industry.","PeriodicalId":441169,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, September 26, 2018","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122307447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface to Borehole Electromagnetics for 3D Waterflood Monitoring: Results from First Field Deployment","authors":"D. Colombo, G. McNeice, N. Cuevas, M. Pezzoli","doi":"10.2118/191544-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/191544-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Monitoring the waterflood oil recovery process is a difficult task for seismic-based methods in hard carbonate reservoirs. The changes in velocity/density due to water-oil substitution are too small when compared to the errors involved in repeating the measurements. We detail the development of a novel technique based on surface-to-borehole controlled-source electromagnetics (CSEM), which exploits the large contrast in resistivity between injected water and oil to derive 3D resistivity distributions (proportional to saturations) in the reservoir. Surface-to-borehole CSEM responses using surface electric transmitters and borehole EM receivers were modeled using a black-oil simulator for a large oil field in the Middle East. Results indicate that the vertical electric field can be used to detect waterfront changes in 2 and 5-year time-lapse scenarios. A surface-to-borehole acquisition system was engineered comprising the development of a powerful, custom-made electric transmitter (2000V/500A) and borehole electric and magnetic field sensors. The surface-to-borehole 3D CSEM technology was deployed for the first field trial in the same well used for the modeling study. The field demonstration was carried out in 2017 comprising 144 permanent surface electrodes drilled in a radial configuration around a vertical observation well. The current electrodes were designed in an L pattern to form 48 inline (radial) and 48 cross-line (tangential) dipoles at a nominal range of 600m to 3,500m from the vertical observation well. A wireline sensor array comprising two vertical electric and two vertical magnetic field sensors recorded the EM signal transmitted from the surface in regularly spaced positions in the reservoir section. Surface measurements of transient EM (TEM), CSEM and magnetotellurics (MT) were recorded together with the borehole acquisition to characterize the overburden and the shallow subsurface. The acquired dataset was processed to increase the signal/noise content of the data as well as to correct for casing effects and surface distortions. A marked asymmetry of the EM responses is recorded in the vicinity of the observation well which translates, after 3D inversion, to resistivity distributions consistent with the saturation/production logs acquired in the nearby wells. The sensitivity of the inversion extends up to 1.8 km away from the observation well. Analysis of the measurement repetition errors compared to predicted EM responses after 2 and 5 years indicates that time-lapse surveys would provide detailed mapping and an independent estimation of saturation variations related to waterflooding. The encouraging results obtained from the first surface-to-borehole CSEM survey in a producing oil field suggests that the technology may become an important tool for analyzing the waterfront evolution in the interwell space. By doing this, the technology is expected to enhance reservoir management and history matching.","PeriodicalId":441169,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, September 26, 2018","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124683227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hedging against Uncertain Future Development Plans in Closed-loop Field Development Optimization","authors":"Atefeh Jahandideh, B. Jafarpour","doi":"10.2118/191622-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/191622-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Optimization has received considerable attention in oilfield development studies. A major difficulty is related to handling the uncertainty that can be introduced from different sources. Traditionally, geologic uncertainty has been considered as an important source of risk and stochastic approaches have been developed to incorporate the related uncertainties in optimization problems. An important aspect to consider in field development optimization is the possibility of future developments (e.g. infill drillings). Disregarding future development activities in optimization of current decisions can lead to field performance predictions and optimization results that may be far from optimal. Recent studies have focused on optimizing future development activities by including them as decision variables in optimization frameworks. A main issue with this approach is that the optimization results are rarely implemented in future developments exactly as obtained, for various reasons including uncertainty in models, drilling and geological considerations, and unpredictable circumstances that directly affect reservoir management and future development decisions. Therefore, it is more practical to consider future development plans as uncertain events that should be hedged against during optimization. In this paper, we show the importance of considering future development plans with their associate uncertainty in closed-loop oilfield development optimization.\u0000 We present a stochastic closed-loop field development optimization formulation to account for geologic uncertainty and the uncertainty in future infill drilling, where model-based optimization and data integration loops are repeated through reservoir’s life cycle. In the new stochastic formulation, future development events are modelled as uncertain parameters that lead to multiple possible development scenarios. Stochastic optimization formulation finds optimal solutions for current decision variables (e.g. well locations and operational settings) while accounting for the uncertainty in geologic description and future development plans for the remainder of the reservoir life. Thereafter, the reservoir is operated based on optimal solutions for a period of time while reservoir response data is collected and used to calibrate the reservoir models and reduce the geologic uncertainty. The optimization process for current decisions is repeated after each model calibration step to include the new information in decision making and reservoir operation. Once a drilling decision is made, the optimization process is performed with the most recently updated reservoir models, while considering further future development scenarios as uncertain parameters.\u0000 The uncertain parameters representing the future development plans include the number of future infill wells. A stochastic process is used to describe the uncertainty in the parameters over reservoir development stages, resulting in a decision tree representati","PeriodicalId":441169,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, September 26, 2018","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125479988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compositional and Geomechanical Effects in Huff-n-Puff Gas Injection IOR in Tight Oil Reservoirs","authors":"Deepen P. Gala, M. Sharma","doi":"10.2118/191488-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/191488-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Lab experiments, field pilots and numerical modeling focusing on fluid flow aspects have indicated that gas injection in tight oil reservoirs is technically feasible. Several operators have conducted pilot tests in the Eagleford and Bakken shales for a Huff-n-Puff IOR strategy with mixed results. Our objective in this work was to study the impact of geomechanical effects, such as permeability changes and opening and closure of fractures during injection and production, on such huff-n-puff processes. We developed a fully coupled geomechanical compositional reservoir simulator to model Huff-n-Puff gas injection for improving liquid recovery in tight oil reservoirs. The simulator solves component mass balances, a suitable equation of state and pressure equations which are coupled with rock deformation and calculates stress changes due to both poroelastic (pressure changes) and mechanical (fracture opening and closing) effects. The phase behavior of the injected gas with a specified composition (which is different from the in-situ reservoir fluid) is accounted for using phase stability and flash calculation algorithms.\u0000 We present results from simulations using representative rock and fluid data from an unconventional reservoir and observe the following trends using our simulation studies: (a) Selection of the gas injection rate is very important in order to achieve a substantial pressure increase during the injection period. (b) Geomechanical effects, permeability decrease during increasing effective stress and permeability increase during decreasing effective stress has a significant impact on overall oil recovery. (c) Huff-n-Puff IOR will be more successful in certain reservoirs than in others depending on the composition of the reservoir fluid, saturation pressure, producing GOR and geomechanical reservoir rock properties. Our simulation results provide operators with significant new insights on the design of gas injection IOR processes. It is shown that geomechanical effects during huff-n-puff cycles have a significant impact on oil recovery, particularly if natural fractures and planes of weakness are present. Specifically, several design questions can be answered such as (a) gas injection rates and volumes (b) impact of injection fluid and reservoir fluid composition (c) selection of candidate reservoirs (d) impact of operating bottomhole temperature and pressure.","PeriodicalId":441169,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, September 26, 2018","volume":"116 10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130067019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Excellence Through Training, Embarking on a New Path","authors":"Arnaldo L. Espinel, L. Liro","doi":"10.2118/191443-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/191443-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 It is common to hear in the entrepreneurial environment that \"training is very important to our future\", and \"we value training\", but the actions behind those words are often vague and unorchestrated. It is the intent of this paper to identify, describe and discuss various training methods and structures used in the company that can be aligned with the various demographics and their needs, both immediate and long-term, promoting a more efficient training effort.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 As collegiate hiring in the industry diminished after the 2010-2013 boom and early-career training was less necessary, training needs shifted to more task-specific, individualized training for mid-career employees. More mentoring, ‘just-in-time’ and ‘fit-for-purpose’ training was required and applied, while less classroom training was available due to higher delivery costs and constraints in travel budgets. This reality required a re-tooling of the training program in Chevron, aiming more at short-duration, universally accessible, dedicated training where the supervisor and mentor are as important as the functional instructor. This integrated approach is showing to accelerate both the career development of the individual, as well as their path to impact in their current and future jobs. These advantages are expected to be found in the usage of a blended approach for training purposes, together with specific guided experiences and other course-related and/or independent training activities designed to increase and measure training effectiveness.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Training effectiveness is to be measured not by the composition of a course (or its instructor performance), but by the content and delivery aligned with the participants’ needs and experiences. Whereas early-career training assumes no prior experience, mid-career professionals have significant (and very varied) experience. Training success can only be achieved with a flexible, nimble training strategy. In the evolving L& D world, ‘flexible and nimble’ often translates to short, specific, readily accessible training. While scheduled classroom-style training will remain a key part of our training portfolio, more modular, cloud-based training has been successfully applied and will continue to grow in number and importance, with its strong suit being immediate job impact and universal access. These successes could only be achieved by frequent communication between customers, OC leadership and internal and/or external training providers. Benefits included a total reduction on development and delivery expenses, more flexibility in delivery methods, which can be translated in more time to the participants to optimize their work schedules, improved communications and networking among learners worldwide and more knowledge retention according to adult learning principles.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This approach to blended learning, the methodology presented and the lessons learned obtained in this process will benefit other companies and organizations.\u0000","PeriodicalId":441169,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, September 26, 2018","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127595247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview of Industry Advancements in Environmental Awareness","authors":"R. Haut, Andra Wilcox, T. Williams, D. Burnett","doi":"10.2118/191463-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/191463-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 For the past fifteen years, industry, academia, government, environmental organizations and other stakeholders have worked together in a collaborative program to provide unbiased science to address environmental and societal issues associated with oil and gas activities. The research team has performed over 40 field trials related to land, water and emissions measurements. Case studies and specific examples on advancements in technologies and processes that have addressed land, emissions, water, stakeholder engagement, and other aspects are discussed. Also discussed is internal progress within industry to ensure that the workforce develops a culture of environmental awareness. Evolvement, aided by this collaborative effort, has been substantial. New technology developed has reduced land impacts through extended reach and horizontal drilling techniques, implementing new, energy-efficient rigs, and improving logistics coordination. Noise and lighting have also been addressed. Emissions have been reduced throughout drilling, completion and production operations through reduced drilling times, electrification of various processes, and flaring reduction. Operators have increased the recycling and use of produced water throughout completion operations and are implementing voluntary water conservation efforts. Public engagement by operators has increased acknowledging that stakeholder engagement is an important aspect of how to address environmental concerns. The team has developed novel methods, for example the development of virtual sites using gaming software, to enable stakeholders to become aware of the importance that industry places on addressing environmental aspects. How industry has successfully communicated advances in environmental stewardship is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":441169,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, September 26, 2018","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127810045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applications of Progressive-Recursive Self-Organizing Maps Algorithm in Guiding Reservoir History Matching","authors":"A. Al-Turki, M. N. Aldossary, Amell A. Al-Ghamdi, B. Al-Harbi","doi":"10.2118/191432-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/191432-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Reservoir model history matching is a complex, time-consuming, and resource intensive process that needs to be carried out carefully for building reliable predictive tools to manage Oil & Gas assets. Reservoir models encompass detailed geological description representing subsurface heterogeneities that influence its dynamics. To intelligently manage and preserve the complexity of the reservoir models, an artificial intelligence, Progressive-Recursive Self-Organizing Maps (PR-SOM), algorithm was developed. PR-SOM is an unsupervised artificial intelligence neural network algorithm that classifies the reservoir grid cells into progressive reservoir parameters to identify similarly adjoining regions. The algorithm explores and identifies model geo-bodies with similarities and dissimilarities in a progressive and recursive manner. This allows history matching to be conducted on much smaller subsets of the reservoir model of similar geological features.\u0000 In this work, an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm was applied, first, to guide the reservoir-wide history match processes. Next, the algorithm was applied to fine-tune well performance using information form well testing and historical data. The algorithm uses both static properties (permeability, rock quality indices, porosity, flow zonation … etc.) and dynamic properties (pressure or saturation) to construct similarities matrix. The results show that the clusters’s growth is progressive, controlled and quality assured by accounting for the controlling reservoir parameters. The number of mapped regions (clusters) is determined by optimizing the similarity matrix recursively. The quality of the global reservoir history match shows the effectiveness of the algorithm, better quality matching for historical production data, and fewer iterations (i.e. less simulation runs). The process is repeated to calibrate the reservoir model near wellbores by limiting the AI algorithm to only the drainage regions seen from well tests and historical data.\u0000 The results show that employed AI-guided history matching revealed similarities and dissimilarities in the reservoir model. That not only enhance field and well match, but also allowed us to maintain the heterogeneity contrasts inherited from the Earth model. The advanced algorithm was successfully used to assess the extent of geological heterogeneity and its impact on reservoir dynamics, to enhance history match quality, minimize human interaction, and to reduce computational requirements.","PeriodicalId":441169,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, September 26, 2018","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131618616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}