Mental Illness最新文献

{"title":"Clinical response of clozapine as a treatment for delirious mania.","authors":"Nabeel Wahid, Garwin Chin, Andia H Turner, Alexis Seegan","doi":"10.4081/mi.2017.7182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2017.7182","url":null,"abstract":"Delirious mania is an understudied psychiatric disorder with a mortality rate as high as 75%. Previous case studies suggest that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be an effective treatment for delirious mania, though this procedure may not always be a viable option. We describe the case of a 20-year old patient, with no previous psychiatric history, who developed delirious mania over the course of four months. ECT was not a viable option for this patient due to his religious beliefs, so alternative treatment modalities were explored. After failing trials of risperidone and olanzapine, significant improvements in symptoms were exhibited with a trial of clozapine. We propose that clozapine may be an effective option in cases of delirious mania, when ECT is not a viable option. Additional research is still necessary to understand the pathology of this condition and potential treatment modalities.","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2017-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/mi.2017.7182","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35253726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome-associated schizophrenia with comorbid anxiety and panic disorder.","authors":"Candace B Borders, Amanda Suzuki, David Safani","doi":"10.4081/mi.2017.7225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2017.7225","url":null,"abstract":"22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a risk factor for psychiatric illnesses, including schizophrenia and anxiety. Small studies have shown that several neuroleptic medications are effective in treating psychosis in this population, but are also associated with an increased risk of adverse effects - particularly, seizures. In this case, we discuss a 34-year-old patient presenting with late onset schizophrenia, which ultimately led to her diagnosis of 22q11DS. Subsequent management of the patient’s psychosis with asenapine was complicated by concurrent anxiety and panic disorder; thus, we examine the role of anxiolytic therapy in conjunction with antipsychotics in this patient population.","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2017-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/mi.2017.7225","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35613950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective and underprescribed: what about clozapine?","authors":"Helge H O Müller","doi":"10.4081/mi.2017.7193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2017.7193","url":null,"abstract":"Clinical psychiatry, especially pharmacological-based treatment regimens still face the problem of high rates of partial or non-responders to the various treatment strategies. So in schizophrenia, a serious psychiatric disease with regard to overall impairment of patients up to three-quarters will experience a relapse after their first episode and one-fifth is facing long-term symptoms often leading to disability and dramatically reduced quality of life and psychosocial outcome.","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2017-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/mi.2017.7193","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35613948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adverse effects of electroconvulsive therapy on cognitive performance.","authors":"Sasha S Getty, Lawrence R Faziola","doi":"10.4081/mi.2017.7181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2017.7181","url":null,"abstract":"Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has his-torically been shown to be a highly effective method of treating major depression and catatonic state otherwise resistant to psy-chopharmacotherapy. 1-5 However, ECT has also been associated with a variety of tran-sient impairments in cognitive performance during and following the treatment. 6-10 The side effects, often subjectively reported by the patients, include deficits in orientation, short term memory function, attention, speech fluency, and executive functions lasting from hours to perhaps months in a number of cases. 6-10 These reported attrib-utes often lead to limited use of ECT as an acute treatment of treatment-resistant depression and other conditions where it can potentially produce positive overturn-ing effects. There appears to be a lack of clarity and consensus in the literature regarding ECT-related adverse effects on cognitive performance. While some studies have reported absence of any effects on memory and implicit learning, 6 several oth-ers have shown diverse negative impacts across various domains of cognition includ-ing greatest global decline associated with bitemporal ECT, major deterioration of verbal memory attributed to bifrontal ECT, and largest decline in visual memory related to right unilateral ECT, as measured by tests such as Mini Mental State exam, 7 Trail-Making, Rey visual and verbal fluency. terms","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2017-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/mi.2017.7181","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35253725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social cognition in schizophrenia.","authors":"Nare Torosyan, Robert G Bota","doi":"10.4081/mi.2017.7228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2017.7228","url":null,"abstract":"Social cognition describes the mental processes by which individuals perceive, process, and utilize information in social interactions.1 It is a topic that has attracted significant interest, as it can account for differences in daily functioning and quality of life.2 Numerous studies investigating this construct, especially as it relates to individuals with schizophrenia, have emerged in the last decade. Social cognition encompasses various domains that include emotion perception, theory of mind, social knowledge, and attributional style.3 Emotion perception describes ability to recognize and identify emotions. Theory of mind refers to one’s ability to comprehend mental states and intentions. Social knowledge involves awareness of the roles, rules, and goals underlying social interactions. Attributional style is an individual’s manner of interpreting the cause of events, specifically, tendency to attribute behaviors or events to personal or external factors. Impairments in these domains have been observed in patients with schizophrenia, and may contribute to one of the defining features of this disorder, social dysfunction.4 Studies have demonstrated consistent relationships between deficits in performance on social cognitive measures and poor functional outcomes, particularly social problem solving, social behavior, and functioning in the community.5 Impaired social functioning, in turn, is a poor prognostic factor and is predictive of relapse.6 Research also suggests that race is a significant moderator of emotion identification and functional outcomes, with weaker associations identified in samples of primarily Caucasians.7 Charernboon et al.8 investigated social cognition in an Asian population with clinically stable schizophrenia. The results demonstrated significant deficits in performance on social cognitive tests and a significant correlation between emotion perception and negative symptoms of the disorder. Their work suggests that deficits in social cognition are a defining feature of schizophrenia, regardless of race or culture. Additional research across different patient populations will be important for further characterizing how race impacts the relationship between social cognition and social functioning. The aforementioned studies have potentially important implications in the clinical setting, as addressing these deficits may improve social outcomes. Recent studies have explored the effect of broad-based and targeted social cognitive interventions on improving social cognitive skills.9 Broad based interventions involve a combination of training in social cognition, social skills, and neurocognition, while targeted interventions focus solely on training in specific social cognitive domains. These interventions have been associated with positive outcomes in patients with schizophrenia, particularly in emotion processing and theory of mind.8 Additional studies employing a well-validated battery of tasks will be important for better","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2017-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/mi.2017.7228","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35613951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Realizing the Promises of Telepsychiatry in Special Populations.","authors":"Candace B Borders","doi":"10.4081/mi.2017.7135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2017.7135","url":null,"abstract":"Telepsychiatry holds great potential as a treatment modality for patients who suffer from mental health issues, but lack access to traditional in-person clinic visits. Reasons for poor access may include disabling medical illness, residence in remote areas, lack of transportation, and cultural barriers like language proficiency or stigmatization of psychiatric disorders.1-3 As such, there are many specific populations that stand to benefit from telepsychiatric services – namely, the elderly, rural residents, recent immigrants, and deployed members of the military.3-5 An important consideration when implementing telepsychiatric care is the likely expectations and reactions of the patients being treated. For example, it is possible that patients experience a stronger therapeutic alliance with face-to-face sessions. They may also have different expectations depending on whether they have met with their psychiatrist in person before, or if all meetings including the initial evaluation have occurred remotely. Moreover, those with limited experience using videoconferencing technology (such as the elderly or culturally isolated patients) might prefer face-to-face sessions, and they could even experience telepsychiatry as a stressor. Campbell et al. address this last concern in their report, demonstrating that geographically and culturally isolated patients in Ontario, Canada, actually respond very positively to telepsychiatry. Despite the fact that some of the patients surveyed had no Internet access or computers, over 90% of patients were comfortable with their telepsychiatric care, and 84.5% found it as beneficial as a direct physical presence. Moreover, only one patient out of 84 surveyed found the telepsychiatry experience to be stressful, and no patients experienced adverse outcomes as a result of the intervention. A range of diagnoses was represented in the study’s sample, increasing its applicability to other populations (though survey responses were not linked with diagnosis, in order to preserve anonymity). Virtually all of the patients stated on the survey that they would want to use the telepsychiatric service again in the future.3 This bodes well for other populations that may benefit from telepsychiatry. Similarly to the isolated patients in the report, elderly patients are also less likely to have Internet access and computer proficiency. The suggestion that a lack of experience with technology does not reduce the acceptability of telepsychiatric intervention is encouraging. Lending further support to this idea is a recent study by Vahia et al., which demonstrated the reliability and acceptability of telepsychiatric evaluation of older Spanish-speaking Latino adults with mild cognitive impairment in the rural county of Imperial in California.4 This result is especially striking given the many potential barriers to effective care – culture, age, language, geography, and cognition – in the study’s participants. A limitation of Campbell’s stu","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2017-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/mi.2017.7135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35203183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beliefs About the Cause of Schizophrenia Among Caregivers in Midwestern Nigeria.","authors":"Osayi Igberase,&nbsp;Esther Okogbenin","doi":"10.4081/mi.2017.6983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2017.6983","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schizophrenia is a devastating illness with a chronic and relapsing course. While Western countries may endorse, biological and psychosocial causes more commonly than supernatural causes, non-western cultures like Nigeria in contrast, tend to endorse supernatural causes. Belief in supernatural causes has been reported to have consequences for treatment seeking behavior. This study aimed to examine the causes of schizophrenia reported by family members of outpatients with schizophrenia in a neuropsychiatric hospital in Midwestern Nigeria. In this study, we recruited a convenient sample of 200 consecutive caregivers of patients visiting the outpatient department of the Psychiatric Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. These primary caregivers were unpaid relatives who provided support to patients. The patients were service users who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Disease [ICD-10; World Health Organization 1993] for schizophrenia and had been on treatment for at least two years. Majority (72.0%) of caregivers endorsed supernatural causes as most important in the etiology of schizophrenia, while 28.0% endorsed natural causes. Every participant without formal education endorsed supernatural attribution. In our study, it was evident that participants embraced multiple causal attributions for schizophrenia.</p>","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2017-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/mi.2017.6983","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35203181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electroconvulsive Therapy Hasn't Negative Effects on Short-Term Memory Function, as Assessed Using a Bedside Hand-Held Device.","authors":"Helge H O Müller,&nbsp;Mareen Reike,&nbsp;Simon Grosse-Holz,&nbsp;Mareike Röther,&nbsp;Caroline Lücke,&nbsp;Alexandra Philipsen,&nbsp;Johannes Kornhuber,&nbsp;Teja W Grömer","doi":"10.4081/mi.2017.7093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2017.7093","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is effective in the treatment of treatment-resistant major depression. The fear of cognitive impairment after ECT often deters patients from choosing this treatment option. There is little reliable information regarding the effects of ECT on overall cognitive performance, while short-term memory deficits are well known but not easy to measure within clinical routines. In this pilot study, we examined ECT recipients' pre- and post-treatment performances on a digital ascending number tapping test. We found that cognitive performance measures exhibited good reproducibility in individual patients and that ECT did not significantly alter cognitive performance up to 2 hours after this therapy was applied. Our results can help patients and physicians make decisions regarding the administration of ECT. Digital measurements are recommended, especially when screening for the most common side effects on cognitive performance and short-term memory.</p>","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/mi.2017.7093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35203182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case of Attempted Bilateral Self-Enucleation in a Patient with Bipolar Disorder.","authors":"Hannah Muniz Castro,&nbsp;John Alvarez,&nbsp;Robert G Bota,&nbsp;Marc Yonkers,&nbsp;Jeremiah Tao","doi":"10.4081/mi.2017.7141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2017.7141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Attempted and completed self-enucleation, or removal of one's own eyes, is a rare but devastating form of self-mutilation behavior. It is often associated with psychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia, substance induced psychosis, and bipolar disorder. We report a case of a patient with a history of bipolar disorder who gouged his eyes bilaterally as an attempt to self-enucleate himself. On presentation, the patient was manic with both psychotic features of hyperreligous delusions and command auditory hallucinations of God telling him to take his eyes out. On presentation, the patient had no light perception vision in both eyes and his exam displayed severe proptosis, extensive conjunctival lacerations, and visibly avulsed extraocular muscles on the right side. An emergency computed tomography scan of the orbits revealed small and irregular globes, air within the orbits, and intraocular hemorrhage. He was taken to the operating room for surgical repair of his injuries. Attempted and completed self-enucleation is most commonly associated with schizophrenia and substance induced psychosis, but can also present in patients with bipolar disorder. Other less commonly associated disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, mental retardation, neurosyphilis, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, and structural brain lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2017-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/mi.2017.7141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35203184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability, Validity and Psychometric Properties of the Greek Translation of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale.","authors":"Konstantinos Kontoangelos,&nbsp;Sofia Tsiori,&nbsp;Garyfalia Poulakou,&nbsp;Konstantinos Protopapas,&nbsp;Ioannis Katsarolis,&nbsp;Vissaria Sakka,&nbsp;Dimitra Kavatha,&nbsp;Antonios Papadopoulos,&nbsp;Anastasia Antoniadou,&nbsp;Charalambos C Papageorgiou","doi":"10.4081/mi.2017.6832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2017.6832","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Greek version of the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) was developed to respond to the need of Greek-speaking individuals. The translated questionnaire was administered to 128 HIV outpatients (aged 37.1±9.1) and 166 control patients (aged 32.4±13.4). In addition to the DTS Greek scale, subjects were assessed with two other scales useful for assessing validity. For each factor analyses two components were extracted, based on Cattell's scree test. The two components solution accounted for 55.34% of the total variation in case of frequency variables and 61.45% in case of severity variables. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Guttman split-half coefficient of the DTS scale were 0.93 and 0.88 respectively. The test-retest reliability of the Greek version of DTS scale proved to be satisfactory. Individual items had good intra-class correlation coefficients higher than 0.5, which means that all questions have high levels of external validity. The psychometric strength of interview for posttraumatic stress disorder-Greek version it's reliable for its future use, particularly for screening subjects with possible diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder.</p>","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2017-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/mi.2017.6832","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34974478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}