Mental Illness最新文献

{"title":"A Link Between Maternal Thyroid Hormone and Sexual Orientation?","authors":"Jeffrey Mullen","doi":"10.4081/mi.2016.6591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2016.6591","url":null,"abstract":"The search for the cause of gender nonconformity and homosexuality has been extensive. Researchers have proposed a variety of different causes, from early childhood experiences to birth order to hormonal influences,1-3 but have yet to pinpoint a reliable explanation of our sexual orientation. Prior research into biological influences of sexual orientation has focused on adult hormone levels,3 and more recent studies have even considered both maternal and fetal prenatal hormone levels.4 However, no previous studies have associated maternal thyroid hormone levels with sexual orientation and gender identity. The study by Sabuncuoglu presents evidence to supporting the hypothesis that maternal thyroid hormone levels during pregnancy are associated with sexual orientation and gender identity.5 \u0000 \u0000Though social acceptance of homosexuality has greatly increased in recent years, Sabuncuoglu’s article begins with a reminder that stigma still exists,5 and that the increased stressors faced by this population are likely to contribute to higher risk behavior resulting in negative health outcomes. It is therefore of importance to the medical community to fully understand the underlying cause of gender nonconformity in order to have options to prevent and treat the negative health outcomes referred to in this article. Additionally, this line of research may be of interest to parents, who, even if fully accepting of gender nonconformity, may prefer not to contribute to factors leading to their own child’s homosexuality if those factors were known and preventable. \u0000 \u0000The author points out the significant role that thyroid hormones play during fetal development, including neurodevelopment and cell differentiation. Research has even associated maternal thyroid function with behavioral problems in childhood.6 Pregnancy puts an increased demand on the thyroid, and it typically responds with increased hormone production.7 One mechanism that increases thyroid productivity is human chorionic gonadotropin, which stimulates thyroid production during early pregnancy. However, women with thyroid dysfunction are less able to accommodate the increased demand regardless of the mechanism of stimulation, leading to effects on the developing fetus. Despite the known importance of thyroid function on fetal development, prior research has not recognized its association with sexual orientation. Sabuncuoglu refers to the androgen model, which has failed to convincingly associate the level of fetal androgen exposure with homosexuality. Androgen’s role as a sex hormone made it a logical focus of study, but the author all but rebukes this notion due to the lack of consistent results. This study instead focuses on the thyroid, as it is known to have such an important role in fetal psycho-neurological development and yet is so curiously understudied in this regard. It is interesting to note that that the rates of hypothyroidism and homosexuality are so similar, with both often accepted t","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":"8 1","pages":"6591"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2016-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/mi.2016.6591","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34548467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychiatric Disorders Associated with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome.","authors":"Orsola Gambini","doi":"10.4081/mi.2016.6590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2016.6590","url":null,"abstract":"Several psychiatric disorders have been associated with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) also known as VeloCardioFacial Syndrome (VCFS) or Di George Syndrome. The identification of the cause of 22q11.2DS dates back to more than twenty years ago and since then, a substantial number of papers have been written on the association between VCFS and psychiatric disorders.1 \u0000 \u0000The most frequent psychiatric disorders associated with 22q11.2DS are schizophrenia-like psychoses and their risk has been reported even up to 25 times than in general population. Among 22q11.2DS children, frequent diagnoses are autism-spectrum disorders and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders, in adolescents and adults about 30% develop schizophrenia-like psychoses. The close association between 22q11.2DS and schizophrenia-like psychoses, has been considered as an excellent model to better understand brain dysfunction, social cognition, psychotic symptoms and cognitive and behavioral impairments. \u0000 \u0000The disease has similar prevalence and developmental patterns across countries. Data from an Israel and Switzerland large sample of 22q11DS, show that the average age at onset of schizophrenia-like psychoses ranges from19 to 26 years.2 Moreover, psychotic-like symptoms were observed in almost one third of 22q11DS adolescents. Knowing the high risk for schizophrenia-like psychosis in 22q11.2DS subjects, the early identification of who will develop psychosis would be crucial for therapeutic programs. Antshel et al.,3 in their 3-year follow-up study, showed that the most significant predictors of adolescent prodromal psychotic symptoms were parent ratings of odd/eccentric symptoms and lower performance on the perseverative errors at the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. \u0000 \u0000When 22q11.2DS subjects with psychoses need a psychopharmacological treatment, the antipsychotic therapies need to bee carefully chosen, taking into account literature data on efficacy and tolerability. 22q11.2DS subjects seem to have a higher susceptibility to side effects when on antipsychotic therapies than subjects with psychotic disorders (without the 22q11.2DS). In the case report by Kontoangelos et al.4, a severe acute dystonia was reported in a subject on a low dosage of Haloperidol and had a good tolerability to quetiapine. In an other very recent paper, Butcher et al.,5 show that 22q11.2DS schizophrenia subjects are at higher risk for severe side effects when on Clozapine, although they had a good clinical response. Further data on clozapine and quetiapine efficacy in 22q11.2DS subjects with relapsing psychoses, are presented by Vorhoeven and Egger.6 The two atypical antipsychotics in combination with valproic acid, seem more effective than other therapies in their treatment resistant patients’ sample \u0000 \u0000The early-onset Parkinson’s disease,7 of the 22q11DS phenotype in older adults, is a relevant and clinically intriguing data. This phenotype has now been described in multiple case reports, suggesting t","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":"8 1","pages":"6590"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2016-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/mi.2016.6590","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34548466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychological Distress and Emotional Pain Among Adult Attendees of a Dental Clinic: A Case-Control Study.","authors":"Adebayo Rasheed Erinfolami,&nbsp;Andrew Toyin Olagunju,&nbsp;Yewande Olufunmilayo Oshodi,&nbsp;Abiola Adelphine Akinbode,&nbsp;Babatunde Fadipe,&nbsp;Wasiu Lanre Adeyemo","doi":"10.4081/mi.2016.6006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2016.6006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We set out to carry out a case-control evaluation of psychological distress and emotional pain among adult attendees of a Nigerian dental clinic. A total of 201 subjects, made up of 101 dental patients (test group) matched with age and sex with 100 normal subjects (controls), was recruited into the study. All participants completed a designed socio-demographic questionnaire. General Health Question naire and Psyche ache Assessment Schedule were also administered to assess psychological distress based on cut-off scores ≥3 and emotional pain based on cut-off scores ≥28 respectively. The mean ages of study and control group were 33 (±12) and 36 (±13) years respectively, and both study and control groups were not significantly different in all the assessed socio-demographic parameters. Overall, 21.8% (n=22) of the subjects had psychological distress, while only 7% of the control group had psychological distress. This difference was statistically significant (P=0.003). Similarly, there was significant difference in the experience of psyche ache (unbearable psychological pain) as over a third of the dental patients (37.6%, n=38) had emotional pain, while only 13% of the controls experienced psych ache (P<0.001). In this study, the burden of psychological distress and emotional pain was many-fold in dental patients when compared with the controls. </p>","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":"8 1","pages":"6006"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2016-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/mi.2016.6006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34659627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Mental Disorders Other Than Depression with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in a Sample of Pregnant Women in Northern Mexico.","authors":"Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel,&nbsp;Antonio Sifuentes-Alvarez,&nbsp;Carlos Salas-Martinez","doi":"10.4081/mi.2016.6021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2016.6021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We sought to evaluate the capacity of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in discriminating mental disorders other than depression in pregnant women in northern Mexico. Three hundred pregnant women attending prenatal consultations in a public hospital in Durango City, Mexico submitted a validated EPDS and were examined for mental disorders other than depression using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - 4(th) Ed. (DSM-IV) criteria. Sensitivity and specificity of cut-off points of the EPDS, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated. Of the 300 pregnant women studied, 21 had mental disorders other than depression by the DSM-IV criteria. The best EPDS score for screening mental disorders other than depression was 8/9. This threshold showed a sensitivity of 52.4%, a specificity of 67.0%, a positive predictive value of 11.5%, a negative predictive value of 95.4%, and an area under the curve of 0.643 (95% confidence interval: 0.52-0.76). The EPDS can be considered for screening mental disorders other than depression in Mexican pregnant women whenever a cut-off score of 8/9 is used. However, the tool showed small power to separate pregnant women with and without mental disorders other than depression. </p>","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":"8 1","pages":"6021"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2016-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/mi.2016.6021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34548461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risks and Benefits of Rapid Clozapine Titration.","authors":"Jeannie D Lochhead,&nbsp;Michele A Nelson,&nbsp;Alan L Schneider","doi":"10.4081/mi.2016.6457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2016.6457","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clozapine is often considered the gold standard for the treatment of schizophrenia. Clinical guidelines suggest a gradual titration over 2 weeks to reduce the risks of adverse events such as seizures, hypotension, agranulocytosis, and myocarditis. The slow titration often delays time to therapeutic response. This raises the question of whether, in some patients, it may be safe to use a more rapid clozapine titration. The following case illustrates the potential risks associated with the use of multiple antipsychotics and rapid clozapine titration. We present the case of a young man with schizophrenia who developed life threatening neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) during rapid clozapine titration and treatment with multiple antipsychotics. We were unable to find another case in the literature of NMS associated with rapid clozapine titration. This case is meant to urge clinicians to carefully evaluate the risks and benefits of rapid clozapine titration, and to encourage researchers to further evaluate the safety of rapid clozapine titration. Rapid clozapine titration has implications for decreasing health care costs associated with prolonged hospitalizations, and decreasing the emotional suffering associated with uncontrolled symptoms of psychosis. Clozapine is considered the most effective antipsychotic available thus efforts should focus on developing strategies that would allow for safest and most efficient use of clozapine to encourage its utilization for treatment resistance schizophrenia. </p>","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":"8 1","pages":"6457"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2016-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/mi.2016.6457","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34548464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tennis Enhances Well-being in University Students.","authors":"Ahmet Bulent Yazici,&nbsp;Mine Gul,&nbsp;Esra Yazici,&nbsp;Gazanfer Kemal Gul","doi":"10.4081/mi.2016.6510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2016.6510","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sports and physical activity are widely recommended, both as guidelines and in clinical practice, because of their broad range of positive effects on health, depression, anxiety, and psychological well-being. While several studies have examined the anti-depressive and anxiolytic effects of physical activity in clinical populations, and fewer studies have focused on the nonclinical populations, the relationship between tennis and well-being has not been clearly investigated. This study was carried out with 76 student volunteers from Kocaeli University (Turkey) who had chosen tennis lessons as their University. The tennis exercise program consisted of 90-minute basic tennis skills lessons for 13 weeks. At the beginning and at the end of the study, the students were given the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scales, and were evaluated by the DeWitt-Dugan Tennis Service Test, the DeWitt-Dugan Speed Test, and the Dyer Backboard Tennis Test. Upon evaluating the students' pre- and post-test scores, we concluded that their BDI and BAI scores had significantly decreased, with the most significant decreases seen in several sub-scores of the SCL-90-R; their tennis skills, meanwhile, increased significantly. This study shows that partaking in tennis exercise once a week decreases depression and anxiety symptoms and enhances well-being in healthy young people. </p>","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":"8 1","pages":"6510"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2016-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/mi.2016.6510","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34548465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Symptoms, Diagnostic Labels, and Education in Psychiatry on the Stigmatization Towards Schizophrenia: A Questionnaire Survey Among a Lay Population in Japan.","authors":"Asami Matsunaga,&nbsp;Toshinori Kitamura","doi":"10.4081/mi.2016.6344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2016.6344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This questionnaire survey was conducted to study the determinants of stigmatization toward schizophrenia in Japan. A total of 1003 persons living in Kumamoto Prefecture (mean age 25.5; SD=14.1) participated in this study through convenience sampling. They read one of four case vignettes about a person with mental illness and answered questions about their attitudes toward the case. Vignettes varied in terms of descriptions of symptoms (schizophrenia vs. depression) and presentation of the diagnostic label of schizophrenia (yes or no). A path analysis was performed to examine the effects of symptoms, diagnostic label, experience of education in psychiatry, and demographic features on stigmatizing attitudes. Results showed that schizophrenic symptoms, diagnostic label of schizophrenia, and experience of education in psychiatry were significantly associated with stigmatization toward the case. Interaction terms of these variables did not show significant association with stigmatization. These results highlight the importance of optimizing education techniques about mental illness so as to avoid cultivating stigmatizing attitudes toward schizophrenia. </p>","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":"8 1","pages":"6344"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2016-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/mi.2016.6344","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34548463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Quality of Life in Girls with Rett Syndrome.","authors":"Lucia Parisi,&nbsp;Teresa Di Filippo,&nbsp;Michele Roccella","doi":"10.4081/mi.2016.6302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2016.6302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nowadays, quality of life is receiving an increasing attention in all scientific areas. Rett syndrome (RTT) is a rare neurological development, affecting mainly females. The congenital disease affects the central nervous system, and is one of the most common causes of severe intellectual disability. The aim of our study is to evaluate the effect of RTT on the quality of life of people who are affected. Both parents of 18 subjects, all female, diagnosed with RTT, took part in the research. Quality of life was assessed using the Italian version of the Impact of Childhood Illness Scale. This scale consists of 30 questions that investigate the effect of illness on children, parents and families. For each question, the parent was asked to rate two variables: frequency and importance. Another questionnaire was administered to obtain medical history, diagnostic and therapeutic data of the persons with RTT. Our data show that RTT has a considerable impact on both the child's development and the entire family. Parents' answers demonstrated that their child's illness had consequences for the child and how the family coped with it. For this reason, attention should be directed at psychological and social aspects, as well as attitudes, manners, reactions and effects such disturbances can have on the entire family. </p>","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":"8 1","pages":"6302"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2016-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/mi.2016.6302","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34548462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Dystonia in a Patient with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome","authors":"K. Kontoangelos, A. Maillis, M. Maltezou, Sofia Tsiori, C. Papageorgiou","doi":"10.4081/mi.2015.5902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2015.5902","url":null,"abstract":"The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (di George syndrome) is one of the most prevalent genetic disorders. The clinical features of the syndrome are distinct facial appearance, velopharyngeal insufficiency, conotruncal heart disease, parathyroid and immune dysfunction; however, little is known about possible neurodegenerative diseases. We describe the case of an 18-year old patient suffering from 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Since adolescence, he presented with behavioral disorders, recommended treatment with 2 mg aloperidin and he presented cervical dystonia and emergence of torticollis and trunk dystonia. Antipsychotic medications either accelerate or reveal dystonic symptoms.","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2015-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83877726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Rates of Same-Sex Attraction/Gender Nonconformity in the Offspring of Mothers with Thyroid Dysfunction During Pregnancy: Proposal of Prenatal Thyroid Model","authors":"O. Sabuncuoğlu","doi":"10.4081/mi.2015.5810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2015.5810","url":null,"abstract":"Both youngsters and adults with same-sex attraction are at greater risk for negative health outcomes. Despite mounting efforts to determine the biological background, a satisfactory conclusion has not been reached and there is a need to explore alternate factors like functioning of thyroid system during pregnancy. A retrospective chart review was undertaken of 790 eligible children and adolescents who had been admitted to child psychiatry between 2005 and 2013. This population consisted of 520 (65%) males and 270 (35%) females, aged 8 to 17 years. Fifteen mothers (1.8%) were found to have a history of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy. Sixteen youngsters (2%) had a history of same-sex attraction. Twelve overlapping cases with both same-sex attraction and maternal thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy were identified, which was extremely significant (P<0.0001, by Fisher’s exact test). The association was also significant for each sex (P<0.0001, by Fisher’s exact test). There is evidence that thyroid gland plays a crucial and decisive role in determining sexual orientation in people. Maternal thyroid dysfunctions during pregnancy may result in homosexual orientation in the offspring.","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2015-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89969634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}