Mental Illness最新文献

{"title":"Social Cognition in Schizophrenia.","authors":"Thammanard Charernboon,&nbsp;Jayanton Patumanond","doi":"10.4081/mi.2017.7054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2017.7054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Impairments in social cognitions in schizophrenia are increasingly reported in the last decade but only a few studies have come from Asia. The objective of the study was to evaluated emotion perception, theory of mind and social knowledge in people with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. Participants were 36 clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia and 36 normal controls with comparable age and level of education. We administered general neurocognition test (the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination), emotion perception (the Faces Test), theory of mind (the Eyes Test) and social knowledge (the Situational Features Recognition Test; SFRT). Schizophrenia patients displayed obvious impairment in all three social cognition domains <i>i.e.</i> the Faces Test [13.7 (2.9) <i>vs</i> 15.7 (1.9), P=0.001], the Eyes Test [18.9 (4.4) <i>vs</i> 23.5 (4.4), P<0.001] and SFRT [0.85 (0.09) <i>vs</i> 0.9 (0.05), P=0.002]. The performances on three social cognition tests did not correlate with positive symptoms. Only the Faces Test seemed to be related to negative symptoms. The results demonstrated that there are deficits of social cognitions in schizophrenia even in a clinically stable population.</p>","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":"9 1","pages":"7054"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2017-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/mi.2017.7054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34974480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disability among Attendees with Schizophrenia in a Nigerian Hospital: Further Evidence for Integrated Rehabilitative Treatment Designs","authors":"A. Olagunju, D. Adegbaju, R. Uwakwe","doi":"10.4081/mi.2016.6647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2016.6647","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence-based rehabilitative treatment is constrained due to limited knowledge about disability and its related factors among individuals with schizophrenia across West Africa. This study aims to investigate the pattern of disability, and the associated factors among individuals with schizophrenia. One hundred consecutively recruited consenting participants were subjected to designed questionnaire to inquire about their demographic and illness-related variables. This was followed by the administration of Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale to confirm the diagnosis of schizophrenia and rate severity of symptoms respectively in them. In addition, the World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Scale II (WHODAS-II) was used to assess for disability in all participants. Different degrees of disability based on WHODAS-II mean score of 27.02±3.49 were noted among individuals with schizophrenia, and affectation of domains of disability like self care, getting along with others, life activities and participation in the society among others were observed. In addition, high level of disability was significantly associated with younger adults in the age group 18-44 years (P=0.007), unemployment status (P=0.003), remittance source of income (P=0.034) and ethnicity (P=0.017); conversely, less number of children (P=0.033), less amount spent on treatment (P<0.001) and lower BPRS score (P<0.001) correlated negatively with high level of disability. In spite of clinical stability following treatment, individuals with schizophrenia were disabled to varied degrees, and socioeconomic as well as illness-related factors constituted important correlates. Integration of rehabilitation along with social intervention into treatment design to reduce disability is implied, and further research is also warranted.","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2016-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75268458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lady with Erotic Preference for Diapers","authors":"Z. Cernovsky, Y. Bureau","doi":"10.4081/mi.2016.6687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2016.6687","url":null,"abstract":"A patient in her 20s was referred to us for psychological assessment due to her depression and suicide attempts. She mentioned being anorgasmic except when diapered and emphasized her erotic preference for diapers. Her childhood included maternal deprivation in an impecunious family headed by an irritable physically disabled father on social assistance. Given the maternal deprivation in childhood, her erotic fixation on diapers parallels the emotional attachment to diapers observed by Harlow in mother deprived infant monkeys. Etiological hypotheses should also include the paradigm of avoidance learning from theories of behavior therapy. Our patient does not wish to change her sexual preference: in such cases, fetishism is not considered as an illness by DSM5. However, she needs to be treated for pathological levels of depression with suicidal ideation and low self-esteem.","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2016-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76343388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beat Depression to Stay Healthier and Live Longer: A Guide for Older Adults and their Families","authors":"Peter G. Bota, S. Fraser, A. Novac","doi":"10.4081/MI.2016.6563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/MI.2016.6563","url":null,"abstract":"Americans are living longer and longer, with many more people in the present day living to 80, 90, or even 100. However, these golden years are being tainted for many older adults by the dark specter of depression. Studies have shown that the aged are more susceptible to depression, with up to 9.1% of older adults having depressive disorders in 2010. The medical system habitually undertreats or neglects these individuals. Often, the few older adults willing to seek care are unable to get it. Additionally, more than half of all geriatric depression cases are individuals who are suffering their first episode of depression, making them less likely to seek treatment. In Beat Depression to Stay Healthier and Live Longer: A Guide for Older Adults and Their Families, Dr. Gary S. Moak suggests that family members and doctors need to step up in detecting depression early and in encouraging the elderly to accept treatment. Dr. Moak is a geriatric psychiatrist and has produced this book out of his more than 30 years of experience to address the epidemic and pernicious phenomenon of geriatric depression. He has written this book in a style mixing self-help with the caution and knowledge of sound medical advice. It takes a tone which resembles the demeanor of a psychiatrist advising a patient to choose a certain path, while using humor to lighten the gravity of the subject matter.3 The book is written especially for sufferers of geriatric depression and their families. The book is divided into three parts with multiple subchapters. It starts with a preface which details the author’s career and the issue that brought the author to write this book: the statistic that 20% of the elderly have depression which commonly goes ignored and untreated. Dr. Moak tries to make the reader understand the gravity of geriatric depression by utilizing two end-of-life case studies and a statistical comparison to Alzheimer’s disease. In the first section, the author attempts to break down the many myths around depression. He especially addresses the common qualm of older adults towards treatment, specifically the belief that depression is the product of one’s own mind. The author argues compellingly that depression is not merely an expected reaction to sad circumstances, as popular culture would indicate, but a disease of the brain which extinguishes the will to live and love of life from an individual. Using medical statistics, Dr. Moak debunks stigmatizing paradigms of depression, which are especially present in the elderly, such as the idea of depression being a normal part of aging, a sign of senility, a disease of a weak mind, or a permanent state that cannot improve for elderly patients. In the second chapter, he explains in layman’s terms the subtle difference between the idea that geriatric depression is caused by the nature of old age, and the truth that depression in the aged is a byproduct of the gradual decline of the brain induced by aging. According to research, ge","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2016-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87855730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No Health Without Mental Health","authors":"C. Vladu, A. Novac, Adrian Preda, R. Bota","doi":"10.4081/mi.2016.6609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2016.6609","url":null,"abstract":"Mental Illness 2016; volume 8:6609 No health without mental health Cristina Vladu, Andrei Novac, Adrian Preda, Robert G. Bota University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Two hundred years ago, the term psychiatry was introduced (psyche-soul and iatros-physi- cian) to designate a medical specialty that would attend to those with mental illness. 1 At that time psychiatric conditions were recog- nized as being at the border of medicine, phi- losophy and theology. We are now ushering in an era in which psychiatry and primary care are creating a new alliance. We live in a world of postmodern psychiatry in which numerous previous structures and roles are being chal- lenged. Postmodernism and neo-pragmatism have brought us deconstruction. 2 It applies to many a change that modern research and new demands of society have exerted on contempo- rary psychiatry. Public opinion about mental illness has changed. New patient populations have emerged. The emphasis on multidiscipli- nary approaches has often lagged behind. Today the complexity of psychiatry among all other medical specialties is rarely recognized. A rather reductionistic over-identification with neuroscience has often been professed and a simplistic acceptance that a part is in fact the whole has been too often purported. Yet unquestionable remains the fact that psychi- atric morbidity and disability outweigh the burden of other medical conditions and that our patients are the same people seen in pri- mary care settings for most medical condi- tions. As a consequence, a heavy burden is paid by the world community. It is then on this note that the World Psychiatric Association Congress in Bucharest, Romania, June 24-27, entitled: Primary Care Mental Health: Innovation and Transdisciplinarity, stands out among most other international conferences of the past year. Recognizing the urgency to addressissues of health policy globally, the 2015 World Psychiatric Association International Congress presented the following resolutions, which were approved by the participants and will be forwarded to the United Nations: 3 «WHEREAS, cardiovascular and mental dis- orders lead in the global burden of non-commu- nicable diseases; WHEREAS, most mental disor- ders are attended to in primary care; WHEREAS, mental disorders account for 30-45% of the global burden of disability; WHEREAS, 50% of mental disorders exist by age 14, and 75% by age 24; WHEREAS, these disorders result in billions of dollars of negative economic consequences across low-, middle-, and high-income nations; WHEREAS, significant global health systems fragmentation diminishes access to care and its effectiveness; WHEREAS, more research into the brain and into the determinants of health is needed; WHEREAS, effective treatments for mental disorders exist for most cases; and WHEREAS, the collaboration and integration of primary care, mental health, and public health is proven to enhance access, quality, and sus- tainability [...] NOW BE IT RESOLVED T","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2016-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84294695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delirium, Caused by Suspending Treatment of Hypothyroidism","authors":"Alejandro Hernández-Sandí, David Quirós-Baltodano, Michelle Oconitrillo-Chaves","doi":"10.4081/mi.2016.6787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2016.6787","url":null,"abstract":"Delirium, or acute confusional syndrome, is a set of symptoms whose care involves not only psychiatry, but also many other medical specialties. Being as how the syndrome is caused by multiple factors, it is important to recognize each risk factor affecting the patient in order to anticipate and prevent it. In case of diagnosis, identifying and treating the root cause that triggered is important, given that it has a high rate of comorbidity and an elevated cost of medical care. We describe a case where a patient with hypothyroidism began suffering from delirium due to an abrupt discontinuation of levothyroxine treatment. Previously, the patient was seemingly healthy. After the medical treatment was interrupted, sensory processing and behavior were altered, and symptoms fluctuated, for a short period of time, showing disorientation and memory and language impairment.","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2016-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87839109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Influences Treatment Satisfaction in Patients with Personality Disorders? A Naturalistic Investigation in a Hospitalization Setting","authors":"S. Gebhardt, M. Huber","doi":"10.4081/mi.2016.6868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2016.6868","url":null,"abstract":"Treatment satisfaction of different mental disorders is still poorly understood, but of high clinical interest. Inpatients of a general psychiatric care hospital were asked to fill out questionnaires on satisfaction and clinical variables at admission and discharge. On the basis of an exploratory approach, differences in treatment satisfaction among diagnostic groups were examined by means of one-way analysis of variance. Potential associated clinical and socio-demographic variables were studied using multi/univariate tests. Patients with personality disorders (n=18) showed a significantly lower treatment satisfaction (ZUF-8, Zurich Satisfaction Questionnaire) and a slightly lower improvement of symptoms (CGI, Clinical Global Impression) and global functioning (GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning scale) than that of other diagnostic groups (n=95). Satisfaction in patients with personality disorders correlated much stronger with the symptom improvement and slightly with the functioning level than in patients without personality disorders. Interestingly, in patients with personality disorders psychopharmacological treatment in general (present versus not present) was independent from satisfaction. This exploratory investigation suggests that a lower satisfaction of patients with personality disorders in a general psychiatric hospital is mainly based on a reduced improvement of the symptoms and of the global functioning level.","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2016-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84125740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case of Mania Presenting with Hypersexual Behavior and Gender Dysphoria that Resolved with Valproic Acid","authors":"Michelle Heare, M. Barsky, Lawrence R. Faziola","doi":"10.4081/mi.2016.6546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2016.6546","url":null,"abstract":"Hypersexuality and gender dysphoria have both been described in the literature as symptoms of mania. Hypersexuality is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 as part of the diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder. Gender dysphoria is less often described and its relation to mania remains unclear. This case report describes a young homosexual man presenting in a manic episode with co-morbid amphetamine abuse whose mania was marked by hypersexuality and the new onset desire to be a woman. Both of these symptoms resolved with the addition of valproic acid to antipsychotics. This case report presents the existing literature on hypersexuality and gender dysphoria in mania and describes a treatment option that has not been previously reported.","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2016-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79829255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mental Health Literacy Among Undergraduate Students of a Saudi Tertiary Institution: A Cross-sectional Study","authors":"Mohamed Mahfouz, Abdulwahab A. Aqeeli, A. Makeen, Ramzi M Hakami, Hatim H. Najmi, A. T. Mobarki, M. H. Haroobi, S. M. Almalki, M. A. Mahnashi, Osayd A. Ageel","doi":"10.4081/mi.2016.6806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2016.6806","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of mental health literacy has been widely studied in developed countries, with few studies conducted in Arab countries. In this study we aimed to investigate mental health literacy and attitudes towards psychiatric patients among students of Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A crosssectional study was conducted among undergraduate students using a validated Arabicversion questionnaire. A total of 557 students were recruited from different Jazan university colleges. The majority of students (90.3%) have intermediate mental health literacy. Regarding the etiology of mental illness, students agreed that genetic inheritance (45.8%), poor quality of life (65%) and social relationship weakness (73.1%) are the main causes of mental illness. The majority thought that mentally ill people are not capable of true friendships (52.5%) and that anyone can suffer from a mental illness (49.4%). Students’ attitudes towards psychiatric patients were mixed, with 68.7% reporting that they could maintain a friendship with a mentally ill person and that people with mental illness should have the same rights as anyone else (82.5%). Mental health literacy among university students was intermediate. There is an urgent need for health educational programs to change the attitudes of students regarding this important health issue.","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2016-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81241146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Living in the present","authors":"H. Carel","doi":"10.4324/9781315543420.CH32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315543420.CH32","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44029,"journal":{"name":"Mental Illness","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2016-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75460579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}