Rossiiskaya Istoriya最新文献

{"title":"Features of the Local Identity of the Greek-Latin Nobility of the Peloponnese (14th — Early 15th Century)","authors":"T. Belorussova","doi":"10.18254/s207987840023778-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023778-4","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the analysis of the local identity of the population of the Peloponnese and the process of its formation in the 14th — early 15th centuries. The author aims to determine how the political events of the 13th and 14th centuries affected the identity of the Greeks from the Morea and whether the long-term proximity to the Latins affected their self-consciousness. It is concluded that the identity of the local population was based largely on their territorial origin, which was limited to the peninsula, and confrontation with strangers. Based on documentary, narrative and epistolary sources, the author notes the desire of the local nobility of the Peloponnese for separatism as a characteristic and most striking manifestation of their local identity. The presence of a common rival in the role of the central Byzantine power brought the Greek and Latin landowning elite of the Peloponnese closer to each other. The connecting link for the Greek and Latin nobility was mainly the desire to protect their interests on the peninsula, preventing unfavorable administrative interference from outside.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83292818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Democracy to Dictatorship: Historiographic Problems of the Sociopolitical Development of Germany in 1918—1933","authors":"A. Vatlin","doi":"10.18254/s207987840024419-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840024419-9","url":null,"abstract":"The article attempts to analyze one of the most difficult historiographical problems of the recent history of Germany — the transition of the first German democracy to the National Socialist dictatorship. Its necessity is dictated by the fact that in recent years new assessments and judgments of historians have appeared in historiography, which significantly supplemented traditional approaches. The authors of the article are of the opinion that due to the relatively late political unification of Germany and the preservation of medieval monarchical traditions and structures of domination, the subjects of modernization changes that began at the turn of the 19—20th centuries were social groups, associations, unions, political movements and parties. The war unleashed by the German monarchy and its subsequent tragedy clearly showed the reverse side of national unity under the influence of the euphoria of the “spirit of 1914”. The confusion and fears of the uncertainty of the future that followed the defeat in the war again forced the nation to unite, however, no longer on the basis of a common conviction that war was inevitable, as a means of overcoming land hunger, but in connection with the vision of political prospects and the intention to achieve them through parliamentary compromise. However, the fragile foundations of the first German democracy were again shaken by the upheavals of two world economic crises in the early and late 1920s. The fear of social and economic disasters was exacerbated by the lack of discussion about Germany's guilt in starting the war, which contributed to the emergence of a completely different belief in the form of a legend about the innocence of the Germans (“the stab-in-the-back myth”). Its dangerous potential, legitimizing the mass consciousness, could at any moment undermine the foundations of the fragile German democracy. The conviction that the defeat of Germany could be explained by circumstances not of a military nature, but of a domestic political nature, became part of the so-called “conservative revolution”, which arose as an opposition to the Weimar Republic and contributed to the radicalization of the right forces along with the subsequent rise of National Socialism.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77813295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The First PhD Theses on Ancient History at the Leningrad State University (1938—1941): on the Formation of Soviet Dissertation Culture","authors":"A. Skvortzov","doi":"10.18254/s207987840024836-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840024836-8","url":null,"abstract":"The dissertation files of the postgraduate students in classics of the Leningrad State University and State Academy of the History of Material Culture who had defended their PhD theses in 1938—1941 were taken. These were the files of V. P. Kallistov, E. A. Millior, S. L. Utchenko, G. A. Stratanovsky, K. P. Lampsakov. The author concludes that the patronage of the professor — supervisor, which was based on the assessment of the candidate’s research abilities and knowledge of ancient languages, was the most important for admission to graduate school. Social origin and unseemly facts of biography were not of decisive importance. Scientific supervisors were mainly scientists of the old school — S. A. Zhebelev, S. Ya. Lurie, who independently determined the structure of graduate students’ training, focusing on the historical and philological approach, the use of different types of sources and appropriate critical analysis of the achievements of pre-revolutionary and foreign historiography. The topics of theses shows the desire to include Soviet science in the world, and the high demands — to produce a high-level scientists for teaching ancient history and ancient languages (at the time there was a severe shortage of specialists in these fields of knowledge), as well as to prepare summarizing multi-volume works on history.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83189877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ivan the Terrible’s Itinerarium: A Study of the Evidence","authors":"K. Erusalimskiy","doi":"10.18254/s207987840024757-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840024757-1","url":null,"abstract":"The study of sources on Ivan the Terrible’s travels and stays in capitals allows us to group the data into five types: certified acts (gramotas), narrative sources, registration data, ambassadorial documentation and memoria. A special section of the work proves the value of foreign sources, which do not form any special type in the classification. The acts of internal records provide very little information about Ivan the Terrible’s trips outside Moscow (6 % together with embassy documentation this percentage can be a little higher). At the same time, about 11 % of the localizations of the acts are of a formal nature and do not correspond to all the available information about the location of Ivan the Terrible at the time of their issuance. Narrative monuments have their own specifics. They are much more diverse than the acts: according the method elaborated for the case, 27 % of the exact localizations of official chronicles reflect the travels of the tsar and his family around the country. At the same time, the record books of the ranking department specify in detail (in some cases, day by day) the military campaigns in which Ivan Vasilievich personally took part. The difference between the early years of the reign under study from the “second half” of the reign only in the fact that the volume of record keeping over time increases, and the chronicle case comes to a standstill, and we have at our disposal a different range of verification sources. Chronicles are largely replaced by often far from accurate — despite their businesslike nature — certified gramotas, as well as sources of foreign origin. The total range of evidence studied is about 4 500 records (more or less precise dates / localizations), covering with varying completeness all periods of life of Ivan IV. It allows us to ask new questions about the movements of the Grand Duke and Tsar in Russia and abroad.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77709963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Narrative Strategies of Soviet Historians of Antiquity at the Beginning of the Second Discussion about the Asiatic Mode of Production","authors":"S. Krikh","doi":"10.18254/s207987840024701-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840024701-0","url":null,"abstract":"At the beginning of the article, the author defines the significance of the discussions about the Asian mode of production for the Soviet historiography of antiquity, and also talks about the special characteristics of the second discussion, the main phase of which dates back to the second half of the 1960s. If the first discussion established the rules for understanding the historical process among Soviet historians, then during the second one some historians tried to revise these rules. At the same time, those historians formed themselves as authors of texts already under unified rules for constructing a narrative. The author of the article consistently examines the principles of constructing statements pro et contra the revision of the unified terminology for historians of the ancient world. It turns out that, in fact, both supporters and opponents of the Asian mode of production used the same arguments, and their texts were built from the same components, only the vector of thought and the volume of concrete textual parts differed. Thus, in the early 1960s the unified narrative still dominated even in the face of diverging points of view. At the same time, another difference between the positions consisted in different vectors of understanding the general theory, and from this angle, the conservative trend, which essentially called for abandoning any significant changes in the Soviet approach to understanding history, looked the most unattractive.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77525104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“The Poor Man in Dirty Clothes Will Also Enter”: the Problem of Wealth and Poverty in the Epistle of James","authors":"A. Kargaltsev","doi":"10.18254/s207987840023517-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023517-7","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the socio-economic issues outlined in the biblical Epistle of James. The main attention is paid to the possibility of reconstructing, on the basis of the New Testament text, groups of the population that are conventionally called “rich” and “poor”, which makes it possible to analyze to what extent it should be understood as traditional Old Testament righteousness in poverty and how it correlated with social realities of the 1st century. The author’s attention is drawn to the time of the composition of the epistle, to cultural and social profile of its audience, and to regional specifics. Some Old Testament quotations addressed to the judges, the arguments like “didn’t God choose the poor of the world to be rich in faith and heirs of the Kingdom” helps reconstructing the audience of the text, filled with eschatological expectations, that correspondingly had not yet survived the upheavals of the Jewish War, guided by traditional Jewish context. The condemnation of ill-gotten wealth forms the idea of “charitable” poverty. The source of wealth in the Pentateuch is God, He grants material well-being to the righteous for their obedience: wealth is God’s gift to the righteous, and poverty is a consequence of disobedience. However, one should not be puffed up because of one’s wealth, for a poor righteous man is better than a rich rascal. Therefore, the turbulent economic processes in Palestine in the 1st century contributed to the rapid enrichment of some categories of the population, but also caused not only social, but also religious irritation in other ones. In this sense, the Epistle of James is a unique biblical text, where such contradictions are most clearly presented.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87298871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Everyday Communication and Barter between the French and Brazilian Indians in the 16th Century","authors":"O. Okuneva","doi":"10.18254/s207987840025148-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840025148-1","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with numerous French and Portuguese testimonies on the everyday communication based on the barter between French and the Brazilian Indians in the 16th and the early 17th century. The French presence in Brazil continued for about a century, oscillating between “official” colonies (i.e. sanctioned by the French crown) and some private initiatives. This grassroots presence served for further attempts to consolidate the French positions in Portuguese America. Good relations with the indigenous population were the key to the very possibility to remain in this region. Everyday communication was concentrated on the barter; both French and Indians appreciated and considered it as profitable deal. Such barter engendered its proper rules and a kind of “local etiquette”; both French and Indians paid attention to respect it and to turn it to their profit.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89652650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Representation of the Historical Memory of the Great Patriotic War in the Historical and Cultural Landscape of the Cross-Border Region","authors":"Sergey Pivovarchik","doi":"10.18254/s207987840024135-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840024135-7","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the formation and representation of the historical memory of the Great Patriotic War in the cross-border territory of the Augustów Canal (the border areas of Belarus, Poland and Lithuania). The subject of the research is the fates of the servicemen of the 68th Grodno Fortified Region, who were the first to receive the attack of the Nazi troops in June 1941. The research uses the archival documents, published and unpublished memoirs of the direct participants of the events, results of the research of the battlefields on the territory of Belarus and Poland. The author believes that for the formation and representation of collective historical memory and identity the results of research using special historical methods and active use of various forms of commemorative practices are relevant: publication of scientific and popular scientific literature, which popularizes the historical and cultural heritage of the region, inclusion of monuments and memorial places in the State List of Historical and Cultural Values, installation of monuments, memorial signs and information posts, development of tourist routes and carrying out military-historical reconstructions, creation of museums and museum expositions.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88007162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Italian Renaissance Courts and Its Research in Western Historiography of the 21st Century","authors":"M. Dmitrieva","doi":"10.18254/s207987840025174-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840025174-0","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the study of Italian Renaissance Сourts in Western (mainly Italian) historiography of the 21st century. The authors identify the directions and problems of research, comparing the problems of scientific works were written before the appearance of Italian Court History with works that were appeared at different stages of its development: in the initial period, in the first and second decades of the 21st century (the main emphasis is made on the study of the works of the 21st century). The article provides an overview of the main problems of the history of Italian courts in the works devoted to the influential Italian states of the Renaissance: the Duchy of Milan, the Papal State, the Kingdom of Naples and the Republic of Florence, highlights the issues existing in this area in relation to other Italian states (in particular, Siena and Genoa). The authors explore the works devoted to the problems of the relationship between the Italian and European courts of the Renaissance and other topical issues of modern research.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85731029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bestiality in the Everyday Life in Eighteenth-Century Russia: an Archival Study","authors":"Petr Prudovsky","doi":"10.18254/s207987840025003-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840025003-2","url":null,"abstract":"Following in the footsteps of M. Muravyeva and A. Kamensky the paper offers a close examination of 25 cases of real, alleged, or implied sex of a human male with a non-human animal in eighteenth-century Russia discovered in the collections of local administrations in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA). In analyzing these cases I address the issues of their representativeness, the motives of the defendants and the peculiarities of their psychology, and the factors facilitating such activities. I also seek to trace the link between involvement in bestiality and church calendar (fasts and holidays), consumption of alcohol, contacts with human females leading to possible sexual arousal, and social background.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81021733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}