Nepal Journal of Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Development and implementation of a potential coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine: A systematic review and meta-analysis of vaccine clinical trials.","authors":"Brijesh Sathian,&nbsp;Mohammad Asim,&nbsp;Indrajit Banerjee,&nbsp;Bedanta Roy,&nbsp;Ana Beatriz Pizarro,&nbsp;Maraeh Angela Mancha,&nbsp;Edwin R van Teijlingen,&nbsp;Hamed Kord-Varkaneh,&nbsp;Ahammed A Mekkodathil,&nbsp;Supram Hosuru Subramanya,&nbsp;Israel Júnior Borges do Nascimento,&nbsp;Neema Antony,&nbsp;Ritesh G Menezes,&nbsp;Padam Simkhada,&nbsp;Hanadi Al Hamad","doi":"10.3126/nje.v11i1.36163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v11i1.36163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To date, there is no comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the suitability of COVID-19 vaccines for mass immunization. The current systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of novel COVID-19 vaccine candidates under clinical trial evaluation and present a contemporary update on the development and implementation of a potential vaccines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For this study PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase electronic databases were used to search for eligible studies on the interface between novel coronavirus and vaccine design until December 31, 2020.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We have included fourteen non-randomized and randomized controlled phase I-III trials. Implementation of a universal vaccination program with proven safety and efficacy through robust clinical evaluation is the long-term goal for preventing COVID-19. The immunization program must be cost-effective for mass production and accessibility. Despite pioneering techniques for the fast-track development of the vaccine in the current global emergency, mass production and availability of an effective COVID-19 vaccine could take some more time.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest a revisiting of the reported solicited and unsolicited systemic adverse events for COVID-19 candidate vaccines. Hence, it is alarming to judiciously expose thousands of participants to COVID-19 candidate vaccines at Phase-3 trials that have adverse events and insufficient evidence on safety and effectiveness that necessitates further justification.</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8033643/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38886437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19: Are reinfections a global health threat?","authors":"Indrajit Banerjee,&nbsp;Jared Robinson,&nbsp;Brijesh Sathian","doi":"10.3126/nje.v11i1.34903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v11i1.34903","url":null,"abstract":"The SARS-CoV-2 virus has plagued the planet and caused unfathomable disruptions in every facet of our lives. The undue and unforeseen losses as a consequence of this pandemic will take years to quantify and even longer to curtail. This phenomenon creates an innate pressure on humans as it synergistically charges the environment to propel the movement of restarting enterprise and life as it was before the pandemic in order to curb this “loss”. \u0000A plethora of hurdles however are still in question. Firstly, the re-opening of enterprise and a country has to be done in a safe manner. To overcome this hurdle the development of multiple vaccinations to this novel virus has been streamlined. \u0000The greatest matter in question however, is the efficacy of these vaccines and whether they will be the answer to allow a safe re-ignition of global enterprise and countries as multiple cases of reinfections have been recorded, namely reinfections post recovery from the disease. After the initiation of the immunization with both the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine and the Pfizer BNT162b2 vaccine, cases of infection with COVID-19 have been reported.  \u0000It is evident that reinfections of the SARS-CoV-2 virus can be attributed to two major benefactors. The first being a decrease in production or failure of natural acquired immunity thus leading to the reinfection by the same strain of the virus rendering the person ill and or asymptomatic. The second benefactor is that of mutations. Mutations of the virus will predispose to reinfections as the already established naturally acquired immunity is not beneficial or useful to combat a mutated strain. It is thus poignant for cases of reinfection to be investigated thoroughly as to determine whether the reinfection was caused due to an innate lack of immunity or due to a new strain where no prior immunity existed. It must however be noted that the cases of reinfections are a rather rare event and even if a reinfection does occur, the case if usually mild and or asymptomatic. The impact of reinfection on immunization at this point of time is difficult to quantify however, initial reports do show positive signs even in cases where the vaccine is not fully effective against a mutated strain.","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8033645/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38890928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A contemporary insight of metabolomics approach for COVID-19: Potential for novel therapeutic and diagnostic targets.","authors":"Mohammad Asim, Brijesh Sathian, Indrajit Banerjee, Jared Robinson","doi":"10.3126/nje.v10i4.33964","DOIUrl":"10.3126/nje.v10i4.33964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by rapidly spreading pathogenic virus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), that affects vast majority of population worldwide. Although, around 80% of the cases had mild infection but still remaining 20% had developed respiratory failure and dysfunction of other organs that necessitate urgent oxygen therapy or specific interventions. Therefore, it is imperative to establish novel prognostic approaches to screen patients at high-risk of developing severe complications. The primary focus of current research for COVID-19 is to discover safe and efficacious vaccine for prevention and effective treatment for better management of the patients to overcome the pandemic. To achieve this goal, it is imperative to have better understanding of the molecular pathways involved in the pathophysiology and progression of severe COVID-19. The surge for reliable diagnostics and therapeutics targets for COVID-19 highlighted the great potential of high-throughput approach like metabolomics which may enable the development of personalized medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7812325/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38860034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relevance of digital mental healthcare during COVID-19: Need for innovations.","authors":"Sujita Kumar Kar,&nbsp;Shailendra K Saxena,&nbsp;Russell Kabir","doi":"10.3126/nje.v10i4.32519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v10i4.32519","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>N/A</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7812326/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38860035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Common Pitfalls in using Online Platforms for Data collection in COVID times and its implications.","authors":"Hariom Kumar Solanki,&nbsp;P Giridara Gopal,&nbsp;Rama Shankar Rath","doi":"10.3126/nje.v10i4.31614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v10i4.31614","url":null,"abstract":"In recent COVID-19 times conducting online research is the only feasible type of research for many authors. However, like other methods of data collection this method also bears some inherent issues linked to method of the study. The authors must understand the common pitfalls related to online data collection before planning and before interpreting the results. This letter mainly deals with the issues related to the online data collection.","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7812327/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38860036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 and Artificial Intelligence: the pandemic pacifier.","authors":"Indrajit Banerjee, Jared Robinson, Abhishek Kashyap, Poornasha Mohabeer, Brijesh Sathian","doi":"10.3126/nje.v10i4.33334","DOIUrl":"10.3126/nje.v10i4.33334","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7812328/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38860033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment outcome of tuberculosis patient of Samtse General Hospital, Bhutan.","authors":"Thinley Dorji,&nbsp;Kinley Wangdi","doi":"10.3126/nje.v10i3.28397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v10i3.28397","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major public health problems in Bhutan. Evaluation of treatment outcomes of TB and identification of the risk factors are important components for the success of National TB control program. Therefore, this study was undertaken to assess the TB treatment outcome and factors associated with it in Samtse General Hospital.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective, cross sectional study using the TB data from Samtse General Hospital from 2008-2019. A univariate and multiple logistic regression was used to check for associations between the outcome and other independent variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included a total of 634 TB patients. Of this, 44.0% (279) were smear positive TB (PTB+), 36.1% (229) were extra pulmonary TB (EPTB) and 19.9% (126) were smear negative TB (PTB-). During the study period, 56.2% (356) of them completed treatment, 33.3% (211) were declared cured, 0.2% (1) had defaulted, 5.1% (32) died and 5.4% (34) had treatment failure. The mean treatment success rate (TSR) was 89.4% (567). The TSR was highest for EPTB with 96.9% (222/229), followed by PTB- at 88.1% (111/126) and lowest for PTB+ with 83.9% (234/279). Successful treatment outcome was observed in EPTB patients (AOR: 7.3; 95% CI: 2.46-21.36), patients in age 15-28 years (AOR: 3.4; 95% CI: 1.59-7.46) and 29-42 years (AOR: 9.1; 95% CI: 2.44-33.61).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The treatment outcome of TB in Samtse General Hospital is satisfactory and at par with the national level. Since, smear positive TB and elderly patients are prone to develop poor treatment outcome, they need to be monitored and followed up adequately.</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3126/nje.v10i3.28397","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38477199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence and Health in Nepal.","authors":"Alexander van Teijlingen, Tell Tuttle, Hamid Bouchachia, Brijesh Sathian, Edwin van Teijlingen","doi":"10.3126/nje.v10i3.31649","DOIUrl":"10.3126/nje.v10i3.31649","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growth in information technology and computer capacity has opened up opportunities to deal with much and much larger data sets than even a decade ago. There has been a technological revolution of big data and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Perhaps many readers would immediately think about robotic surgery or self-driving cars, but there is much more to AI. This Short Communication starts with an overview of the key terms, including AI, machine learning, deep learning and Big Data. This Short Communication highlights so developments of AI in health that could benefit a low-income country like Nepal and stresses the need for Nepal's health and education systems to track such developments and apply them locally. Moreover, Nepal needs to start growing its own AI expertise to help develop national or South Asian solutions. This would require investing in local resources such as access to computer power/capacity as well as training young Nepali to work in AI.</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7538016/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38477202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"South Africa and its COVID-19 prohibition predilection.","authors":"Indrajit Banerjee,&nbsp;Jared Robinson,&nbsp;Brijesh Sathian,&nbsp;Edwin R van Teijlingen","doi":"10.3126/nje.v10i3.31543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v10i3.31543","url":null,"abstract":"The year 2020, will forever be marked by the Global pandemic, COVID-19. According to The Department of Health in South Africa until September 15, 2020 3,940,217 tests have been conducted. 651,521 positive cases have been identified, 583,126 recoveries have been reported and there has been a total of 15641 deaths. The South African government have introduced a range of parameters and laws in order to curb the spread of the virus whilst simultaneously endorsing programs to spearhead the preparedness of the healthcare system for the various waves of COVID-19 cases that have been forecast.  In conjunction with the new laws and regulations, the South African Government has exercised lockdown and restriction of movement policies. South Africa’s unique, multifaceted and strategic method of combatting the coronavirus has proven to be effective in using existing resources and redirecting both manpower and personnel, thus being of great benefit to all stakeholders and citizens within the country. The prohibition of alcohol is a unique method employed by the government, the full extent to which this policy reform has benefitted the country, its government and its citizens is yet to be fully calculated and projected as South Africa’s Coronavirus cases are still increasing on a daily basis. This policy reform will likely find itself becoming a popular trend with crisis management protocols of other countries if the long-term benefits thereof are proven to be true.","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3126/nje.v10i3.31543","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38477196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of COVID-19 on clinical trials and clinical research: A systematic review.","authors":"Brijesh Sathian,&nbsp;Mohammad Asim,&nbsp;Indrajit Banerjee,&nbsp;Ana Beatriz Pizarro,&nbsp;Bedanta Roy,&nbsp;Edwin R van Teijlingen,&nbsp;Israel Júnior Borges do Nascimento,&nbsp;Hanadi Khamis Alhamad","doi":"10.3126/nje.v10i3.31622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v10i3.31622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The World Health Organization has reported more than 31,186,000 confirmed cases of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), including 962,343 deaths, worldwide as on September 21, 2020. The current COVID-19 pandemic is affecting clinical research activities in most parts of the world. The focus on developing a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 and the treatment of COVID-19 is, in fact, disrupting many upcoming and/or ongoing clinical trials on other diseases around the globe. On March 18, 2020, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an updated guideline for the conduct of clinical trials during the current health emergency situation. The potential challenges, such as social distancing and quarantines, result in study participants' inaccessibility and trial personnel for in-person scheduled study visits and/or follow-up. Due to the sudden onset and wide-spread impact of COVID-19, its influence on the management of clinical trials and research necessitates urgent attention. Therefore, our systematic review of the literature aims to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the conduction of clinical trials and research. The search for the relevant articles for review included the keywords \"COVID-19\" AND \"clinical trial\" in PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Google scholar and Google electronic databases. Key findings include: delaying subject enrollment and operational gaps in most ongoing clinical trials, which in turn has a negative impact on trial programmes and data integrity. Globally, most sites conducting clinical trials other than COVID-19 are experiencing a delay in timelines and a complete halt of operations in lieu of this pandemic, thus affecting clinical research outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3126/nje.v10i3.31622","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38477198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}