Nepal Journal of Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Single-dose nonavalent HPV vaccine: Need of the hour.","authors":"Manidip Pal,&nbsp;Soma Bandyopadhyay","doi":"10.3126/nje.v10i2.28962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v10i2.28962","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccination of the preadolescent (9-14 years) females is the potential solution to eradicate carcinoma cervix. Nonavalent vaccine provides wider coverage than the quadrivalent vaccine. On long-term follow-up, even after single-dose HPV vaccination, the antibody titer remains good. Herd immunity can also be achieved by HPV vaccination. Hence, mass single-dose nonavalent HPV vaccination for sexually naive preadolescent girls can provide almost 100% protections and a cost-effective approach for the developing countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"10 2","pages":"871-873"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3126/nje.v10i2.28962","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38334772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The changing pattern of COVID-19 in Nepal: A Global concern- A Narrative Review.","authors":"Indrajit Banerjee,&nbsp;Jared Robinson,&nbsp;Abhishek Kashyap,&nbsp;Poornasha Mohabeer,&nbsp;Ananya Shukla,&nbsp;Alexandra Leclézio","doi":"10.3126/nje.v10i2.29769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v10i2.29769","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This narrative review of the literature aims to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the younger age group in terms of the Global mortality of COVID-19 in comparison to Nepal. An extensive literature survey of English literature was conducted using Pubmed, Medline, Google Scholar, Embase, WHO Nepal Situation Updates on COVID-19, Situation update report, Ministry of Health and Population-Nepal from January 25, 2020 to June 20, 2020. According to the Ministry of Health and population of The Government of Nepal, as of June 20, 2020, out of a total of 8,605 laboratory confirmed cases reported to date, the pattern shows that most of the cases fell into the cohort of 21-30 years (37.72%), followed by 11-20 years (24.35 %), 31-40 years (21.97%) and 41-50 years (9.2%). To date Nepal has recorded a total of twenty-two deaths. At first evaluation these figures may not strike one as alarming, but on further investigation it is noted that the mean age is 42. 32 ± 19.632 SD years, and out of which male patients accounted for 77.3% and female accounted for 22.7%. The current situation of COVID-19 and how it develops in Nepal should be closely monitored and could be of international concern as it may be the early indicator of a changing pattern in COVID-19 infections. Nepal may therefore act as a global watch dog, due to the fact that the world could very possibly expose the younger age group under the notion that they are more resilient to the virus, when in reality that notion may be changing. This trend must be monitored and further investigated in order to establish the risk of the events unfolding in Nepal.</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"10 2","pages":"845-855"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3126/nje.v10i2.29769","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38335843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and the risk of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A mental health concern in Nepal.","authors":"Mohammad Asim,&nbsp;Edwin van Teijlingen,&nbsp;Brijesh Sathian","doi":"10.3126/nje.v10i2.29761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v10i2.29761","url":null,"abstract":"The sudden outbreak of Coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) is transforming the psychology and interpersonal relationships of millions across the globe. In Nepal, there is a need for national mental health surveys post COVID-19. This pandemic can cause traumatic experiences to the patients, caregivers, those quarantined and frontline healthcare providers which may lead to PTSD. Special attention should be focused on high-risk individuals, including policies to implement regular screening of PTSD symptoms.","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"10 2","pages":"841-844"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3126/nje.v10i2.29761","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38335841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 pandemic in India: A Comparison of pandemic pattern in Selected States.","authors":"Rama Shankar Rath, Anand Mohan Dixit, Anil Ramesh Koparkar, Pradip Kharya, Hari Shanker Joshi","doi":"10.3126/nje.v10i2.28960","DOIUrl":"10.3126/nje.v10i2.28960","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic currently expanded its roots to the 206 countries in the world. The morbidity and mortality are not only threat to humans but also its impact on economy is indirectly affecting us. The current review was done to find trend in various states of India. Data was collected from Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and descriptive analysis of the distribution of COVID-19 cases in different states of India. First case of COVID-19 was diagnosed in southernmost state Kerala and after that it has spread to all other states, but situations are more worsen in states with high international migration. Maharashtra is now the most affected state followed by Delhi. Among epidemic curve of all these states, Maharashtra has rapidly growing epidemic curve with highest slope, whereas Kerala has the lowest. When we compared the day wise cumulative case fatality rate, it was found that the case fatality rate of the states like Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh & Rajasthan showed decrease in the case fatality rate over the period. Population density is also one of the key determinants of social interaction and thus the spread of disease specifically in communicable diseases. Government of India had taken many strong initiatives e.g. 40 days nation-wide lockdown, thermal screening at airport, announcement of relief packages for poor and quarantine of outsiders but still there are many missed opportunities like, early stoppage of international traffic, compulsory quarantine for all international travellers, better contact tracing, strong law and order and better preparedness plan.</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"10 2","pages":"856-864"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3126/nje.v10i2.28960","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38335844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Awareness and readiness of health care workers in implementing Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana in a tertiary care hospital at Rishikesh.","authors":"Navuluri Kranthi Kumar Reddy,&nbsp;Yogesh Bahurupi,&nbsp;Surekha Kishore,&nbsp;Mahendra Singh,&nbsp;Pradeep Aggarwal,&nbsp;Bhavna Jain","doi":"10.3126/nje.v10i2.27941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v10i2.27941","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Right to health is one among the important components of basic human rights. The Government of India had announced \"Ayushman Bharat for a new India-2022\", during 2018-19 parliament budget sessions with two components namely, Health and wellness centers for strengthening primary care and national health protection scheme now known as \"Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY)\" for enabling access to secondary and tertiary healthcare services. Current study was conducted to assess awareness and readiness of the health care workers in implementation of Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted with estimated sample size calculated of 236, with treating consultants and residents as study participants. Participants filled a self-administered pretested semi-structured questionnaire to assess the level of awareness and readiness in implementing PMJAY. Data was entered and analyzed using EPI Info 7 software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Total number of participants were 181. Mean awareness score was 4.5±1.96 and mean readiness score was 16±5. Mean awareness and readiness score among medical and surgical branches was not statistically significant. There was significantly high awareness score among faculty as compared to senior residents. Relationship between awareness and readiness was found to be correlated with Pearson's correlation of 0.206 and was statistically significant. Linear regression model demonstrated an increase of 0.531 units in readiness for every unit increase in awareness score.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Mean awareness score of doctors was just around half of maximum possible score. Awareness is more among faculty members than residents. With increase in awareness there is an increase in readiness among the study population. There is a need to organize workshops on PMJAY for stakeholders.</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"10 2","pages":"865-870"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3126/nje.v10i2.27941","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38334770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 Pandemic: Public Health Implications in Nepal.","authors":"Mohammad Asim, Brijesh Sathian, Edwin van Teijlingen, Ahammed Mekkodathil, Supram Hosuru Subramanya, Padam Simkhada","doi":"10.3126/nje.v10i1.28269","DOIUrl":"10.3126/nje.v10i1.28269","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"10 1","pages":"817-820"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7112957/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37808981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and predisposing factors for self-reported hypertension in Bhutanese adults.","authors":"Kinley Wangdi,&nbsp;Tshering Jamtsho","doi":"10.3126/nje.v10i1.25466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v10i1.25466","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bhutan underwent a nutrition transition in the last two decades. Diet has changed from high-fibre, high carbohydrate and low-fat diets to food with high sugar, fat, salt and processed foods. This is further compounded by a sedentary lifestyle. This paper aims to determine the national prevalence of hypertension and study the associated correlates in Bhutanese adults.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study used secondary data from the Bhutan National Health Survey 2012 (NHS, 2012) which was a nationwide survey covering all 20 districts in Bhutan. The dependent variable was self-reported hypertension under medication. Multivariable logistic regression was undertaken to identify independent correlates of hypertension.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The national prevalence of hypertension was 17.4% (5,408). Risk factors for hypertension were female sex, increasing age, occupation of armed forces, manager, technician, service and sales worker, machine operator and monks, diabetes, and feeling worried. Being single was negatively correlated with hypertension. In addition, hypertension is negatively associated with the poverty of the district.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hypertension was associated with age, being women, occupation with less physical activity, being worried and having diabetes. The preventive measures both at community and healthcare facility-based through cost-effective strategies should target these covariates.</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"10 1","pages":"830-840"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3126/nje.v10i1.25466","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37808983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cigarette smoking dose-response and suicidal ideation among young people in Nepal: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Brijesh Sathian, Ritesh G Menezes, Mohammad Asim, Ahammed Mekkodathil, Jayadevan Sreedharan, Indrajit Banerjee, Edwin R van Teijlingen, Bedanta Roy, Supram Hosuru Subramanya, Magdy A Kharoshah, Elayedath Rajesh, Ullasa Shetty, M Arun, Pradhum Ram, Vinod K Srivastava","doi":"10.3126/nje.v10i1.28277","DOIUrl":"10.3126/nje.v10i1.28277","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Worldwide, tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for morbidity and early mortality among adult population. The present study aimed to find out the association between current smoking and suicidal ideation among young people in Nepal.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was carried out among 452 youths from Pokhara, Nepal. The present study included both genders (age 18-24 years) who were smokers as well as non-smokers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across the study period, 452 participants were identified after matching for age, and sex (226 in the smoking group and 226 in the non-smoking group). The mean age of participants was 21.6±1.2 years and 58.8% were males. The overall rate of suicidal ideation in our cohort was 8.9%. Smokers were slightly more likely to report suicidal ideation than non-smokers (aOR 1.12). The risk of developing suicidal ideation was 3.56 (95% CI 1.26-10.09) times more in individuals who smoked greater than 3.5 cigarettes per week (p=0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The rate of suicidal ideation was slightly higher among smokers and a dose-response relationship was identified with the number of cigarettes smoked per week. Being aware of the link between smoking and suicidal ideation may help health care professionals working with young people to address more effectively the issues of mental well-being and thoughts about suicide.</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"10 1","pages":"821-829"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7112959/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37808982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breast Cancer and Dietary Fat Intake: A correlational study.","authors":"Preetha J Shetty,&nbsp;Jayadevan Sreedharan","doi":"10.3126/nje.v9i4.26961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v9i4.26961","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Breast cancer (BC) is reported to be the most common malignancies affecting women worldwide. There is a sharp increase in the BC incidence rate over the past three decades as previously low risk countries are moving towards high -calorie western diets. Few epidemiologic studies along with animal experiments have ascertained the role of dietary fat in developing BC. This study aimed to determine the correlation between per capita dietary fat consumption and incidence of BC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three major data bases were used to conduct this correlational study. The data regarding consumption of fat and breast cancer incidence from 88 countries across five continents were extracted. The correlation coefficients between the incidence of BC and the fat consumption from the year 1990 to 2007 were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A statistically significant (P<0.001) correlation between the average fat consumption and the crude BC incidence rate was observed and was more than 0.6, clearly indicating that there is a moderate to strong correlation with fat consumption and incidence of breast cancer (P<0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our observation indicated that increased total fat consumption increases the risk of developing BC. Consumption of dietary fat increases obesity thereby, increasing the risk of BC development. Dietary fat gets stored in the body since they undergo minimum oxidation as compared to carbohydrates and protein thereby, contributing to obesity a known risk factors for BC. Current study strengthens the evidence to support the hypothesis that non-genetic factors contribute to the occurrence of this disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"9 4","pages":"812-816"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3126/nje.v9i4.26961","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37568443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum calcium level among pregnant women and its association with pre-eclampsia and delivery outcomes: A cross-sectional study from North India.","authors":"Shashi Kant,&nbsp;Partha Haldar,&nbsp;Anant Gupta,&nbsp;Ayush Lohiya","doi":"10.3126/nje.v9i4.23150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v9i4.23150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Calcium requirement increases during pregnancy, thereby increasing the chances of developing hypocalcaemia. Hypocalcaemia may be associated with pregnancy-related complications. Therefore, we planned this study to estimate the prevalence of hypocalcaemia among pregnant women attending secondary care hospital, and to study the association between hypocalcaemia and pregnancy outcomes.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study was conducted in a secondary level hospital at Ballabgarh, district Faridabad, Haryana, India. Consecutive pregnant women with gestation period more than 28 weeks were enrolled. Dietary calcium intake was ascertained using 24-hour dietary recall method. Serum calcium estimation was done by Biolis 24i auto analyser. Outcome of pregnancy (preterm delivery, low birth weight (LBW) babies, and neonatal mortality) was assessed telephonically 3 months after the enrolment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 696 pregnant women were enrolled in the study. Mean (SD) dietary calcium intake and serum calcium level was 796.4 (360.4) mg/day and 9.56 (0.94) mg/dl respectively. Prevalence (95% CI) of hypocalcaemia was 23.9% (20.8 - 27.2%). Serum total calcium level was not associated with dietary calcium intake (p-value = 0.36). Mean serum calcium level was significantly lower in mothers who had LBW babies. Pre-eclampsia, preterm delivery, and neonatal mortality were not associated with serum calcium level.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Serum calcium level may not be related to dietary calcium level. Hence, the current recommendation of calcium supplementation during antenatal period appears to be inconclusive among our study population.</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"9 4","pages":"795-803"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3126/nje.v9i4.23150","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37568441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}