Nepal Journal of Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Changing Trends in oral cancer - a global scenario.","authors":"Neha Gupta,&nbsp;Ritu Gupta,&nbsp;Arun Kumar Acharya,&nbsp;Basavaraj Patthi,&nbsp;Venkatesh Goud,&nbsp;Somanath Reddy,&nbsp;Anshul Garg,&nbsp;Ashish Singla","doi":"10.3126/nje.v6i4.17255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v6i4.17255","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oral cancer is one of the highly prevalent cancers worldwide and a leading cause of mortality in certain regions like South-Central Asia. It is a major public health problem. Late diagnosis, high mortality rates and morbidity are characteristics of the disease worldwide. For control of oral cancer an idea of the coverage of the same in the various regions is necessary. The estimated incidence, mortality and 5-year survival due to lip, oral cavity cancer in world is 3, 00, 373(2.1%), 1, 45, 328(1.8%) and 7, 02, 149(2.2%) respectively according to data of GLOBOCAN 2012. A changing trend in incidence and prevalence of oral cancer has been observed with more women and youngsters being affected by oral cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"6 4","pages":"613-619"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3126/nje.v6i4.17255","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35410628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic Differences in HIV, Syphilis and Risk Behaviors among Street Based and Establishment Based Female Sex Workers in Kathmandu Valley of Nepal.","authors":"Sampurna Kakchapati,&nbsp;Tarun Paudel,&nbsp;Manju Maharjan,&nbsp;Apiradee Lim","doi":"10.3126/nje.v6i4.17256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v6i4.17256","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Female Sex Workers (FSWs) are main drivers of the HIV epidemic in Nepal. The work environment of sex work in Nepal is differentiated into establishment based (e.g. massage parlors, dance restaurants, hotels and lodges) and street based (e.g. streets, parks and markets). The study compares HIV, syphilis and risk behaviours among establishment-based FSWs and street-based FSWs in Kathmandu Valley of Nepal.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Cross-sectional bio-behavioral surveys in 2006, 2008, 2011 and 2015 aimed to sample 2093 FSWs using two stage cluster sampling in the Kathmandu valley. Statistical analysis used chi-squared tests and logistic regression models to assess differences of HIV, syphilis and risk behaviors among street-based FSWs and establishment-based FSWs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 39.7% street-based FSWs and 60.3% establishment-based FSWs. The street-based FSWs had lower education levels, older age groups, separated, longer duration of sex work and inconsistent condom used with clients than establishment-based FSWs (p<0.05). Establishment-based FSWs were lower exposure to HIV intervention programs and pervasive alcohol consumption and use of drugs (p<0.05). The multivariate analysis showed that street-based FSWs were more likely of HIV test (aOR=1.25, 95%CI=1.04, 1.49), HIV (aOR=4.72, 95%CI=2.19, 10.15) and syphilis (aOR=7.96, 95%CI=3.49, 18.15) than establishment-based FSWs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Street-based FSWs possessed higher risk behaviour and have higher HIV and syphilis prevalence. HIV prevention interventions targeting FSWs should consider risks and vulnerability of street-based FSWs. .</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"6 4","pages":"620-630"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3126/nje.v6i4.17256","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35410629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Necessity of oral health intervention in schizophrenic patients - A review.","authors":"Swati Gupta,&nbsp;Pratibha Pk,&nbsp;Richa Gupta","doi":"10.3126/nje.v6i4.17254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v6i4.17254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individuals with mental illness often cannot perform day to day activities due to a psychiatric or emotional disorder. Schizophrenia is one such psychiatric disorder characterized by worsening self-care ability with progressing mental illness. This disease may potentially deteriorate oral health by affecting the subject's ability to perform oral hygiene measures. Literature on oral disease manifestations in schizophrenia is limited. Lack of desire for oral health care as well as generally poor awareness of oral health issues in these patients, compounded further by side effects of medications, may complicate dental management in schizophrenic patients. The present review explores clinical features and possible factors associated with oral health status among those with Schizophrenia.</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"6 4","pages":"605-612"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3126/nje.v6i4.17254","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35410627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guide to the design and application of online questionnaire surveys.","authors":"Pramod R Regmi,&nbsp;Elizabeth Waithaka,&nbsp;Anjana Paudyal,&nbsp;Padam Simkhada,&nbsp;Edwin van Teijlingen","doi":"10.3126/nje.v6i4.17258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v6i4.17258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Collecting research data through traditional approaches (face-to-face, postal or telephone survey) can be costly and time consuming. The emerging data collection approach based on internet/e-based technologies (e.g. online platforms and email), is a relatively cost effective survey alternative. These novel data collection strategies can collect large amounts of data from participants in a short time frame. Similarly, they also seem to be feasible and effective in collecting data on sensitive issues or with samples they are generally hard to reach, for example, men who have sex with men (MSM) or migrants. As a significant proportion of the population currently in the world are digitally connected, the shift from postal (paper-pencil) or telephone towards online survey use in research is in the interests of researchers in academia as well as in the commercial world. However, compared to designing and executing paper version of the questionnaire, there is limited literature to help a starting researcher with the design and a use of online questionnaires. This short paper highlights issues around: a) methodological aspect of online questionnaire survey; b) online survey planning and management; and c) ethical concerns that may arise while using this option. We believe that this paper will be useful for researchers who want to gain knowledge or apply this approach in their research.</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"6 4","pages":"640-644"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3126/nje.v6i4.17258","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35318081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transition in Dental Treatment Utilization in Jammu And Kashmir, India - A 10 Year Retrospective Study.","authors":"Aasim Farooq Shah,&nbsp;Manu Batra,&nbsp;A Ishrat","doi":"10.3126/nje.v6i4.17257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v6i4.17257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Utilization of health services is the actual attendance by the members of the public at health care facilities to receive care. Utilization, serves as an important tool for oral health policy decision-making. The aim of the present study was to retrospectively gauge and assess the utilization pattern of the dental treatments which was given in hospital for last 10 years.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This retrospective infirmary based study was carried out at Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. The yearly outpatient department (OPD) records for the utilization of specific dental treatment of a total of 103963 patients were assessed retrospectively from 2014 to 2003. Trend analysis was used to assess the trend of utilization of each speciality with best fitted linear trend lines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The pattern of new patients has also shown a constant rise during the study period except for 2008 and 2009. The utilization of oral surgery speciality has shown a tremendous fall from 2003 to 2014 whereas the number of patients coming to periodontics and conservative dentistry has shown an increasing pattern.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Utilization of oral health care has long been used as an indicator of oral health related behaviour of a population. In the present study it can be conclude that the outlook of the population under study has changed from blood and vulcanite dentistry outlook and is moving towards restorative dentistry. .</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"6 4","pages":"631-639"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3126/nje.v6i4.17257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35410630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Job Satisfaction among Doctors of a Government Medical College and Hospital of Eastern India.","authors":"Sharmistha Bhattacherjee, Kuntala Ray, Jayanta Kumar Roy, Abhijit Mukherjee, Hironmoy Roy, Saikat Datta","doi":"10.3126/nje.v6i3.14762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v6i3.14762","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Job satisfaction expresses the extent of congruence between an individual’s expectation of the job and the reward that the job provides.Job satisfaction among doctors is an issue that is of utmost importance because offactors like patient relationships and time pressures associated with managed care. The current study was done to determine the level of job satisfaction in doctors posted in a tertiary care hospital of eastern India and to find out the factors associated with it.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among 255 doctors posted in a tertiary care hospital of eastern India. Data werecollected using a self-reported questionnaire consisting of 49 items addressing the seven domains of job satisfaction, where higher values indicated higher level of satisfaction. The average scores of items were computed to construct factor scores for each individual. Two stage cluster analysis was performed to get the proportion of satisfied doctors and binary logistic regression was used for comparison of predictors of job satisfaction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The proportion of job satisfaction was found to be 59.6% and the most important factor was found to be working space. On adjustment, the odds of being satisfied were found to be higher in the older age groups, among males, doctors posted in preclinical or paraclinical departments and those staying in present setting for 5 years or more.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>More than half of the doctors were found to be satisfied with their job which can help the policy makers to make necessary strategies to increase the level of satisfaction of the employees. .</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"6 3","pages":"596-602"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2016-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5082489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141181018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of technology in teaching: Blackboard and beyond in Medical Education.","authors":"Jayakumary Muttappallymyalil, Susirith Mendis, Lisha Jenny John, Nisha Shanthakumari, Jayadevan Sreedharan, Rizwana B Shaikh","doi":"10.3126/nje.v6i3.15870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v6i3.15870","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Teaching and learning: </strong>the passing of knowledge from one generation to another - has been in existence from the earliest times of human civilization. It began in 1801, with a large piece of slate hung on the wall in a school in Scotland to provide information to a large audience at one time. In the US by mid-19th century, every class room had a blackboard to teach students. The modern version of the blackboard is either green or brown board. This was introduced in late 1960s. The whiteboards came into use during the late 1980s. Projected aids have been used since 1420. The various devices used are the epidiascope, slide projector, overhead projector for transparencies and the micro projector. An instrument to project images from a horizontal surface onto a vertical screen was invented in the 1870s. By the 1960s, transparencies were in use in classrooms. The 'Hyalotype', a transparent image of a photograph using actual black and white photographs on a glass slide that could be projected was invented in 1851. By 1916, the German company Agfa started producing colored lantern slides. The first version of PowerPoint was released by Microsoft in the year 1990. Cell phones, palmtops, and handheld computers; tablets, laptops, and media players are included under mobile learning devices. With the evolution of technology, students achieved competence and interested in interactive learning. The education industry has moved from distance learning to e-learning and finally to m-learning as knowledge expanded exponentially and the demand escalated. While using teaching aids with advanced technology, we must not forget the lessons from the past, striking a balance between embracing new methods of teaching and learning while upholding the timeless principles of education. The newer educational technology can be part of a comprehensive system for lifelong education.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Use of technology in education has come a long way since the earliest times of human civilization. While embarking on aids with advanced technology, we need to take full cognizance of the lessons from the past, striking a balance between embracing new methods of teaching and learning while holding on to the timeless principles of education. Thus, the newer educational technology can be effective tools of teaching and learning in this rapidly changing technological world and be part of a comprehensive system for lifelong education.</p><p><strong>Acknowledgements: </strong>The authors wish to acknowledge Prof. Raja Bandaranayake for his valuable suggestions and editing this manuscript.</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"6 3","pages":"588-592"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2016-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5082488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140289131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incretin - based therapy in diabetes mellitus: present scenario and expanding horizons.","authors":"Suresh Chandra Kohli","doi":"10.3126/nje.v6i2.15159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v6i2.15159","url":null,"abstract":"Let us hope that best is yet to come which is likely to bring us nearer to achieving our cherished goal of finding a cure of diabetes. I would like to sum up with an optimistic note by quoting Cristopher Reeve “So many of our dreams at first seem impossible, then they seem improbable, and then when we summon the will, they soon become inevitable ‘’.","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"6 2","pages":"553-556"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2016-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3126/nje.v6i2.15159","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72211133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-medication practice among preclinical university students in a medical school from the city of Pokhara, Nepal","authors":"Indrajit Banerjee, B. Sathian, Rajesh Kumar Gupta, A. Amarendra, B. Roy, Pugazhandhi Bakthavatchalam, Archana Saha, I. Banerjee","doi":"10.3126/nje.v6i2.15165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v6i2.15165","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In developing countries like Nepal medicines can be acquired from the chemist's without of a prescription which sometime may have many drawbacks due to intake of excessive drugs without a proper diagnosis. The primary objective of the study was to find out the pattern of self-medication practice among the preclinical medical students at Manipal College of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional study carried out using structured questionnaire at Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal between November 2012- July 2014. Results: The overall response rate of this study was 95.31%. 81.35% of the students were practicing self-medication in this institution. Most common group of drugs that were consumed were antipyretics 31%, antibiotics 26.2%, analgesics 18.89%, antihistaminics 10.1% respectively. Paracetamol was the most common drug used for self-medication 31%, followed by Azithromycin 17.6% and combination of Paracetamol and Ibuprofen 15.6%, Cetirizine 8.6%, Amoxicillin 6.5%, Omeprazole 6.3%, Albendazole 3.3%, Mefenemic acid 2.8%, Cefpodoxime2% respectively. Conclusion: Medical student should be educated through awareness programme regarding pros and cons of self-medication practice and they should be motivated regarding the rationale use of antibiotics. .","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"6 1","pages":"574 - 581"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3126/nje.v6i2.15165","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69322526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Burden of Fungal Infections in Nepal","authors":"N. Nayak","doi":"10.3126/NJE.V6I2.15167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/NJE.V6I2.15167","url":null,"abstract":"It is, therefore, needless to emphasize that there is a significant burden of existing as well as emerging fungal diseases in Nepal. It is high time that epidemiological studies be conducted to validate these issues.","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"6 1","pages":"584 - 585"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3126/NJE.V6I2.15167","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69323317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}