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{"title":"Agents, Acquisitions, and Agency: Queen Christina of Sweden's Development of Antiquarian Collections in Stockholm and Rome","authors":"Theresa A. Kutasz Christensen","doi":"10.1353/pgn.2023.a914784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2023.a914784","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abstract:</p><p>Queen Christina of Sweden was a prolific collector both as ruler of Sweden and as abdicated queen in Rome. Working for decades to build nearly autonomous antiquities collections in Stockholm and Rome, Christina employed a robust network of art acquisition agents. Correspondence and travel notes between these agents, artists, their associates, and Christina provide insight into the queen’s reach, ambition, and limitations. This article takes an intersectional approach to women’s mobility in the early modern antiquities market, illuminating the impact of religion, location, gender, and status on the ancient marble trade across Europe and the transnational networks Christina utilised.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":43576,"journal":{"name":"PARERGON","volume":"242 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138715782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Matthew Paris on the Mongol Invasion in Europe by Zsuzsanna Papp Reed (review)","authors":"Hélène Sirantoine","doi":"10.1353/pgn.2023.a914803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2023.a914803","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;In lieu of&lt;/span&gt; an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:&lt;/span&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;Matthew Paris on the Mongol Invasion in Europe&lt;/em&gt; by Zsuzsanna Papp Reed &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Hélène Sirantoine &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Papp Reed, Zsuzsanna, &lt;em&gt;Matthew Paris on the Mongol Invasion in Europe&lt;/em&gt; (Cultural Encounters in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, 38), Turnhout, Brepols, 2022; hardback; pp. 469; 1 colour, 11 b/w illustrations, 2 b/w tables; R.R.P. €125.00; ISBN 9782503595528. &lt;p&gt;Whether among medieval readers or in scholarship, citing one or other of the Mongol-related documents incorporated by St Albans monk and famed historian Matthew Paris (d. 1259) into his &lt;em&gt;Chronica majora&lt;/em&gt; has become quite common to testify to both the irruption of the Mongols on the eastern European scene in the early 1240s and the impact that this event had on contemporary Christendom. However, Zsuzsanna Papp Reed argues, in this stimulating book, that there is much more to Matthew Paris’s entries about the Mongols than what excerpts detached from their context (manuscript, textual, and intertextual) reveal.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Scrutinising the forty occurrences of the Mongols and their bellicose interaction with western Eurasia in the later sections of the &lt;em&gt;Chronica majora&lt;/em&gt; spanning two decades in entries from 1237 to 1257, Papp Reed challenges the sometimes-alleged assumption that the thirteenth-century English monk was an unorganised author who merely juxtaposed the abundant materials that converged on St Albans in order to compose his monumental chronicle.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;This is first demonstrated in the first chapter, ‘Inside the Book’. Having pointed to emplotment and &lt;em&gt;mise-en-abîme&lt;/em&gt; as the historian’s favourite literary tools in a first chapter thus entitled, Papp Reed diligently inspects, in Chapters 3 to 5, the contents and relative location of the relevant passages. Some are just snippets, while others are of much greater extent, as they contain documents fully quoted, many of them embedding multiple layers of recounting. Evidencing the interrelated character of the Mongol-focused occurrences, far from comprising scattered and disconnected mentions, Papp Reed thus allows a carefully crafted ‘Mongol story’ to emerge. Moreover, rather than a stand-alone narrative, she shows that this story constitutes a subplot of the author’s overarching interpretive historical framework, namely, that of the conflict between papal and imperial powers, which in his view dominated mid-thirteenth-century western European &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 236]&lt;/strong&gt; politics, with glimpses of the antipapal stance that we know Matthew adopted in many parts of the chronicle to which he personally contributed. In other words, the Mongol story, with its many details accounting for the reaction of contemporary actors to the Mongol threat, provides another lens through which to observe the papal–imperial conflict.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Such ","PeriodicalId":43576,"journal":{"name":"PARERGON","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138715949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Religious Connectivity in Urban Communities (1400–1550): Reading, Worshipping, and Connecting through the Continuum of Sacred and Secular ed. by Suzan Folkerts (review)","authors":"Nicholas D. Brodie","doi":"10.1353/pgn.2023.a914797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2023.a914797","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;In lieu of&lt;/span&gt; an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:&lt;/span&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;Religious Connectivity in Urban Communities (1400–1550): Reading, Worshipping, and Connecting through the Continuum of Sacred and Secular&lt;/em&gt; ed. by Suzan Folkerts &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Nicholas D. Brodie &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Folkerts, Suzan, ed., &lt;em&gt;Religious Connectivity in Urban Communities (1400–1550): Reading, Worshipping, and Connecting through the Continuum of Sacred and Secular&lt;/em&gt; (New Communities of Interpretation, 1), Turnhout, Brepols, 2021; hardback; pp. 285; 2 b/w, 12 colour illustrations, 5 b/w tables; R.R.P. €80.00; ISBN 9782503590813. &lt;p&gt;By exploring the phenomena of religious connectivity and faith networks and addressing methodological issues concerned with their discernment, this worthwhile volume offers interesting insights into the role of religion in past societies.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Focusing on lay religious communities in Italy, Marina Gazzini opens the volume with a chapter that reveals the uniformity of confraternity statutes. This phenomenon, she argues, is strongly suggestive of intertextual modelling, including the reasonable possibility of clerical input in statute drafting, which in turn helps clarify the more individualistic features of individual communities. She encourages the viewing of confraternities as outward-facing entities, which should be seen as connected with wider social and political movements rather than just as a discrete ‘pious’ or ‘religious’ social expression. Cora Zwart’s chapter complements this, focusing on religious connectivity through a case study of the political career and religious actions of the sometime Mayor of Utrecht, Dirck Borre van Amerongen. Zwart draws attention to van Amerongen’s own annotations in personal manuscripts, material interactions with a parish through acts of foundation and donation, and his self-representation through a portrait, ultimately highlighting how religion provided a means of connectivity that transcended political circumstances and moments. A third chapter addressing lay religious communities is Megan Edwards Alvarez’s study of the Fleshers of Perth, providing a window into an urban Scottish community’s actions and sense of religious self through which economic activity is framed as necessarily also religious, breaking down the secular versus religious analytical frames so popular in the past century.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The notion of religion as a binding element of culture is brought out in Johanneke Uphoff’s study of book donations, a phenomenon that serves as a useful historical ‘indicator of the participation of the laity in religious culture and as evidence for the shared devotional culture between lay and religious professionals in the late medieval Low Countries’ (p. 99). Because such books preserve evidence of lay possession, they also point to the popularity of lay ownership of religious texts, show how family bon","PeriodicalId":43576,"journal":{"name":"PARERGON","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138715951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hawking Women: Falconry, Gender, and Control in Medieval Literary Culture by Sara Petrosillo (review)","authors":"Zita Eva Rohr","doi":"10.1353/pgn.2023.a914804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2023.a914804","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;In lieu of&lt;/span&gt; an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:&lt;/span&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;Hawking Women: Falconry, Gender, and Control in Medieval Literary Culture&lt;/em&gt; by Sara Petrosillo &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Zita Eva Rohr &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Petrosillo, Sara, &lt;em&gt;Hawking Women: Falconry, Gender, and Control in Medieval Literary Culture&lt;/em&gt; (Interventions: New Studies in Medieval Culture), Columbus, The Ohio State University Press, 2023; hardback; pp. xxii, 216; 11 b/w illustrations; R.R.P. US$99.00, ISBN 9780814215487. &lt;p&gt;Sara Petrosillo’s monograph is an interesting and welcome contribution to both the study of the art of falconry and ideas concerning gender and control arising from medieval literary culture as expressed in writings and visual imagery of falconry. However, it is not just these imperatives that Petrosillo has in mind when crafting her argument. What she really aims to bring to light is how the physical training of these most noble of female birds (and falcons are indeed the female of the species, with the smaller male birds known as tercels/tiercels) and its expression in medieval falconry manuals demonstrate how poetic language functions and how these works represent women within the double meaning of liberation and constraint.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;It is all too easy to take for granted the blanket assumption that medieval poetics of control emerged from the culture of the training of hawks, and indeed women, into submission, as a surface reading of conduct books and poetics designed for women would appear to suggest. Throughout her careful study, Petrosillo sheds light upon the reality that medieval women were falconers with their own falcons and that they were often represented as female hawks in lyrical poetry, thereby occupying both positions. Added to this, medieval women were the dedicatees of hawking and conduct manuals alike and chose deliberately to represent themselves using hawking iconography in their seals and in their choices and commissioning of decorative art and manuscripts. &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 238]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;None of this was exceptional in the greater scheme of things and in the context of the times. Historians have long demonstrated via archival sources, such as household accounts and epistolary in particular, how royal and high-ranking medieval and early modern women participated in the sport of hunting to an elite level with, and in competition with, their male peers. Moreover, they hawked (trained and practised), bred hunting dogs, and exchanged puppies, dogs, and bitches with male and female members of their political, diplomatic, familial, marital, and friendship networks, overseeing the breeding and care of valuable bloodstock to the extent of employing their own equerries to take charge of their personal stables. Testifying to this, sources such as Violant de Bar (d. 1431), queen consort of Aragon’s, epistolary point to animal and literary exchang","PeriodicalId":43576,"journal":{"name":"PARERGON","volume":"131 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138716107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marginal Figures in the Global Middle Ages and the Renaissance by Meg Lota Brown (review)","authors":"Nicholas D. Brodie","doi":"10.1353/pgn.2023.a914794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2023.a914794","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;In lieu of&lt;/span&gt; an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:&lt;/span&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;Marginal Figures in the Global Middle Ages and the Renaissance&lt;/em&gt; by Meg Lota Brown &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Nicholas D. Brodie &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Brown, Meg Lota, ed., &lt;em&gt;Marginal Figures in the Global Middle Ages and the Renaissance&lt;/em&gt; (Arizona Studies in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, 47), Turnhout, Brepols, 2021; hardback; pp. xv, 225; R.R.P. €75.00; ISBN 9782503597034. &lt;p&gt;This book is not about classically marginal historical figures like the poor, the infirm, the elderly, children, or cultural others and outsiders. It will be of most interest to scholars interested in its constituent subjects, particularly those with a literary focus. The volume opens with a chapter by Arnaud Zimmern that explores conceptual gaps in the context and reception of John Donne, focusing on the original context of Donne’s much-cited lines about islands and men. Zimmern explores the contrast evident in modern readings that inflect a ‘secular cosmopolitanism’ (p. 5) and suggests that the liturgical and ecclesiastical specificity of Donne’s meaning has been forgotten in favour of an abstract, morally universalist reading of the lines. The same phenomenon, he argues, is evident in Donne’s other much-quoted line about tolling bells, thereby marking a shift from an auditorily linked ecclesial community to abstract modern readings that envision a shared, global humanity.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The book’s attention then shifts to British encounters with Japan through East India Company personnel, with Paul Hartle offering an interesting chapter drawn from snippets of source material to present a compelling case that the early modern British could engage in a more interrogative, open-minded, and curious encounter than is often assumed by scholars mesmerised by the obvious fact that Europeans tended to bring their own cultural baggage and educative viewpoint to such encounters. Kyle DiRoberto then returns the volume’s attention from Japan back to those islands on the other side of Eurasia. He focuses on representations of the ploughman in the literary tussles between popular and Puritan writers in England. Of interest is the way that a dynamic of mutual response produced a discernible literary phenomenon whereby each group included ‘the exaggerated presence in each other’s writing of the opponents’ style’ (p. 64). Celtic mythology is surveyed in the following chapter, wherein Angela Loewenhagen Schrader offers descriptive accounts in turn of the banshee, pooka, leprechaun, evil eye, and the death coach.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;From marginal island cultures, the volume then turns to address sex and gender. Elizabeth Labiner offers a chapter exploring how ‘playwrights explored the exciting transgression of crossdressing’ (p. 110), wherein the donning of male attire by female characters being played by male actors uncovers, so to speak, the perform","PeriodicalId":43576,"journal":{"name":"PARERGON","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138716110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Notes on Contributors","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/pgn.2023.a914806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2023.a914806","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;In lieu of&lt;/span&gt; an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:&lt;/span&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; Notes on Contributors &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kate Allan&lt;/strong&gt; recently completed her doctorate on ‘Alchemical Poetics in Seventeenth-Century Women’s Writing’ at the University of Oxford. Prior to this, she completed an MA in English at the University of St Andrews followed by an MSt in English (1550–1700) at Oxford. Her research considers the engagement of seventeenth-century women poets with contemporary scientific culture, alchemical practice, and poetics. She co-convened the 2021 symposium ‘Women and Agency: Transnational Perspectives &lt;em&gt;c&lt;/em&gt;. 1450–1790’, from which this special issue arose. Her work is forthcoming in &lt;em&gt;The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Early Modern Women’s Writing&lt;/em&gt;, and she is a research assistant for the Australian Research Council–funded Future Fellowship project, ‘Marginalia and the Early Modern Woman Writer (1530–1660)’.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bernadette Andrea&lt;/strong&gt; is a Professor in the Department of English at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and an affiliate faculty in the Center for Middle East Studies, the Comparative Literature Program, and the Department of Feminist Studies at UCSB. She is the author of &lt;em&gt;The Lives of Girls and Women from the Islamic World in Early Modern British Literature and Culture&lt;/em&gt; (University of Toronto Press, 2017) and &lt;em&gt;Women and Islam in Early Modern English Literature&lt;/em&gt; (Cambridge University Press, 2007). She edited and introduced &lt;em&gt;English Women Staging Islam, 1696–1707&lt;/em&gt; (University of Toronto, Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2012) for the series ‘The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe’. Her co-edited collections include &lt;em&gt;Travel and Travail: Early Modern Women, English Drama, and the Wider World&lt;/em&gt;, with Patricia Akhimie (University of Nebraska Press, 2019), and &lt;em&gt;Early Modern England and Islamic Worlds&lt;/em&gt;, with Linda McJannet (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Liza Blake&lt;/strong&gt; is an Associate Professor of English at the University of Toronto, with research interests in literature, philosophy, and science; women writers; textual editing; and asexuality studies. She has published articles in &lt;em&gt;ELR&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;SEL&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;PBSA&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;JEMCS&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Criticism&lt;/em&gt;, and &lt;em&gt;postmedieval&lt;/em&gt;. She has co-edited &lt;em&gt;Arthur Golding’s ‘A Moral Fabletalk’ and Other Renaissance Fable Translations&lt;/em&gt;, as well as &lt;em&gt;Lucretius and Modernity&lt;/em&gt;. She maintains the online edition ‘Margaret Cavendish’s Poems and Fancies: A Digital Critical Edition’ (&lt;http://library2.utm.utoronto.ca/poemsandfancies/&gt;), as well as the resource ‘The Asexuality and Aromanticism Bibliography’ (&lt;https://acearobiblio.com/&gt;). She is one of three general editors of &lt;em&gt;The Complete Works of Margaret Cavendish&lt;/em&gt;, a twenty-volume series under contract with Punctum Books.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cassandra (Ca","PeriodicalId":43576,"journal":{"name":"PARERGON","volume":"131 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138716114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Career Women: A Review","authors":"Amy Orner","doi":"10.1353/pgn.2023.a914788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2023.a914788","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;In lieu of&lt;/span&gt; an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:&lt;/span&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; Career Women: &lt;span&gt;A Review&lt;/span&gt; &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Amy Orner (bio) &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Bohn, Babette, &lt;em&gt;Women Artists, their Patrons, and their Publics in Early Modern Bologna&lt;/em&gt;, Pennsylvania, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2021; hardback; pp. 316; R.R.P. US$74.95; 81 colour, 60 b/w illustrations; ISBN 9780271086965. Straussman-Pflanzer, Eve, and Oliver Tostmann, eds, &lt;em&gt;By her Hand: Artemisia Gentileschi and Women Artists in Italy, 1500–1800&lt;/em&gt;, Detroit and New Haven, Detroit Institute of Arts and Yale University Press, 2021; hardback; pp. 208; R.R.P. US$40.00; 141 illustrations; ISBN 9780300256369. Jones, Tanja L., ed., &lt;em&gt;Women Artists in the Early Modern Courts of Europe c. 1450–1700&lt;/em&gt;, Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press, 2021; hardback; pp. 218; R.R.P. €110,00; ISBN 9789462988194. &lt;p&gt;How does our current conception of what it means to be a woman artist exclude those who do not fit the traditional definition? Though women artists of the early modern period defy easy characterisation, each of the three books highlighted in this review consider women artists from 1450 to 1800, as well as those that do not fit the typical qualifications for professionalisation. Two books, Babette Bohn’s &lt;em&gt;Women Artists, their Patrons, and their Publics in Early Modern Bologna&lt;/em&gt;, and &lt;em&gt;By her Hand: Artemisia Gentileschi and Women Artists in Italy, 1500–1800&lt;/em&gt;, edited by Eve Straussman-Pflanzer and Oliver Tostmann, focus their study on Italy. The third, &lt;em&gt;Women Artists in the Early Modern Courts of Europe c. 1450–1700&lt;/em&gt;, edited by Tanja L. Jones, extends its realm of concern to cover continental Europe. All three provide overviews of their chosen temporal and geographic region. The women artists discussed in these books are presented as adhering to one of three archetypes: the nun as artist, the court artist, or the professional artist. What did these characterisations mean? Can any woman artist be securely placed in just one? These three books under review address these questions by highlighting aspects of self-fashioning and female artistic personas that rely on societal influences such as class, marital status, and connections to networks of artistic production and patronage.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;A common thread connecting these three works is their debt to the work of Linda Nochlin. Each of these three books express their gratitude for Nochlin and her trailblazing 1971 essay ‘Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?’, in which she argues for a methodological approach that investigates the social and institutional obstacles of art production and art history that prevented women &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 203]&lt;/strong&gt; from participating in the art world.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Bohn, Jones, and Straussman-Pflanzer and Tostmann all position themselves as a first within the field. Bohn provides the first comprehensive study of","PeriodicalId":43576,"journal":{"name":"PARERGON","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138715792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 'Book of Drawings' and the 'Writing Pen': Women Artists' Self-Teaching and Transnational Print Culture in Early Modern Europe","authors":"Mallory N. Haselberger","doi":"10.1353/pgn.2023.a914781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2023.a914781","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abstract:</p><p>In early modernity, artistic education began and endured with the student’s drawing practice—first in replicating works from the master, then of antiquity, and finally in the student master’s creation of new ‘invenzione’ to express artistic command. For women, this learning process was less straightforward. This article considers the changing nature of women’s artistic education between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, where the book and textual knowledge production come to mark the onset of women’s artistic practice. With case studies exploring artistic texts by Giovanna Garzoni, Élisabeth-Sophie Chéron, and Catherine Perrot, I trace the private means by which women artists utilised rising access to print culture for artistic instruction, commensurate with the growth of printing across Europe.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":43576,"journal":{"name":"PARERGON","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138716321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crusading and Ideas of the Holy Land in Medieval Britain ed. by Kathryn Hurlock and Laura J. Whatley (review)","authors":"Ines Jahudka","doi":"10.1353/pgn.2023.a914799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2023.a914799","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;In lieu of&lt;/span&gt; an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:&lt;/span&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;Crusading and Ideas of the Holy Land in Medieval Britain&lt;/em&gt; ed. by Kathryn Hurlock and Laura J. Whatley &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Ines Jahudka &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Hurlock, Kathryn, and Laura J. Whatley, eds, &lt;em&gt;Crusading and Ideas of the Holy Land in Medieval Britain&lt;/em&gt; (Medieval Texts and Cultures of Northern Europe, 34), Turnhout, Brepols, 2022; pp. vii, 265; 5 b/w, 20 colour illustrations, 1 b/w table; R.R.P. €95.00; ISBN 9782503593883. &lt;p&gt;Recent historiography has moved beyond the notion of the Crusades as a series of military and political engagements. The Crusades are now examined as complex intercultural exchanges that remapped the Christian world and fundamentally impacted medieval European conceptualisations of the self. Kathryn Hurlock and Laura Whatley’s &lt;em&gt;Crusading and Ideas of the Holy Land in Medieval Britain&lt;/em&gt; is an important contribution to this new historiographical approach. The collection of nine essays takes a multidisciplinary approach to the Crusades as a cultural marker, focusing on the idea of the Holy Land transplanted ‘in both its physical and metaphysical incarnations’ (p. 15) to medieval Britain. The collection positions crusading within the existing devotional relationship with the Holy Land but also highlights the complex impact of the &lt;em&gt;idea&lt;/em&gt; of crusading on medieval British ideas of power, gender, devotion, and the built environment. The overarching theme of the work is the medieval ‘imaginative engagement with Jerusalem’ (p. 16), a conceptualisation that existed before, during, and after the Crusades themselves. The essays can be grouped into three general approaches: translation; memorialisation; and vicarious crusading. &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 228]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Meg Boulton’s essay opens the collection with an examination of the Church in pre-crusade Britain, showing how pilgrimage narratives, architectural interpretations of holy sites (such as the Wilfridian crypt at Ripon, duplicating the Holy Sepulchre), and carved stone crosses. This essay is followed by others with a similar theme of translation: Natalia Petrovskaia compares &lt;em&gt;imago mundi&lt;/em&gt; encyclopedic representations of both Europe and the Holy Land in texts from several regional traditions (including Welsh, English, and Anglo-Norman). Petrovskaia demonstrates how Europe is portrayed as a geographic and political space, whereas the Holy Land remains ‘the timeless and eternally important “biblical” Orient’ (p. 43).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Marianne Ailes’s essay introduces themes of translation with her analysis of the mythologisation of Richard I’s in medieval manuscripts. Ailes compares French, Latin, Anglo-Norman, and Middle English accounts of the Third Crusade and challenges the existing assumption that medieval translations were unoriginal. In a side-by-side comparison of the Latin and the vernacular pr","PeriodicalId":43576,"journal":{"name":"PARERGON","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138716109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women's Agency in Early Modern Europe","authors":"Kate Allan, Nupur Patel","doi":"10.1353/pgn.2023.a914778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2023.a914778","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;In lieu of&lt;/span&gt; an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:&lt;/span&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; Women’s Agency in Early Modern Europe &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Kate Allan (bio) and Nupur Patel (bio) &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;Agency has long been a touchstone in early modern scholarship, and in scholarship of women’s and gender studies. Since at least the 1970s, scholars have emphasised how ‘individuals and groups beyond white male elites had the capacity to act, make choices, and intentionally shape their own lives and the world around them to some degree’.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Influential modes of thinking have understood agency variously as a woman’s capacity to act for herself; to speak on behalf of herself or a collective; to have influence over and exert power in a variety of contexts, including social networks, domestic, religious, and political settings, and through the written word.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; Others have framed agency as a ‘more open ended’ concept, focusing our attention on the negotiation of power to account for cases where we do not see women, as ‘the subordinate subjects[,] challenge the system of rule in systematic or revolutionary ways’.&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; This approach to agency has shown that action is not always subversive and that expressions of agency may include survival and existence.&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; Scholarly debate has grappled with how we might define agency with any degree of specificity, how we can identify the historically contingent forms of agency, and what an awareness of agency contributes to the study of early modern women.&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; Most recently, this research has highlighted that agency is most productive as a ‘conceptual tool’, a starting point, rather than a predefined notion. Approaching agency in this way allows us to move away from a simple conception of a woman as ‘having agency’ towards a more nuanced understanding &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 1]&lt;/strong&gt; of how agency was expressed through a diverse range of material, textual, and social structures or practices.&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Recent scholarship about women’s participation in transnational communities and about transcultural mobility and identity more broadly has invested female agency—too frequently afforded to women only in the domestic domain—with a global significance. At the same time as agency has been recognised as historically and socially contingent, scholars have explored how it is determined by local, regional, national, and transcultural affiliations.&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; Criticism on agency increasingly attends to ‘the way that social rank, marital status, chronological and geographical location affected women’s agency’.&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; Collaborative and comparative approaches to early modern literature and culture have dramatically reshaped our understandings of female cross-cultural production, uncovering, for instance, women’s agency as travellers and the way this shaped their literary representation.&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; As the field of women’s writing increasi","PeriodicalId":43576,"journal":{"name":"PARERGON","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138716327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}