{"title":"Past the End of the Catbus Line: Mushishi’s Apparitional Actants","authors":"Kevin Cooley","doi":"10.1177/1746847719875034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1746847719875034","url":null,"abstract":"After evaluating some of the limitations in the reception of Hayao Miyazaki’s films as advocacy for climate change reform, the author suggests the need for a new path in animation toward animating the nonhuman. He nominates the anime series Mushishi as the ideal trailblazer for a more ecologically sound and posthumanistically inclined future. Mushishi envisions a fairly realistic turn-of-the-20th-century Japan in which beings called ‘mushi’, simple organisms that are neither plant nor animal nor Miyazaki-esque fantastic spirit, exist alongside small agrarian communities. Using Mushishi and its barely animated titular beings as a test case, he argues that animation’s allusory–illusory nature and depiction of nature can combat the central tenets of anthropocentrism, generating a visually figurative ontology in which humans and nonhuman animals, subjects and objects, and characters and landscapes are democratically leveled down to symbolic totems, all rendered unreal through the filter of cartooning.","PeriodicalId":43271,"journal":{"name":"Animation-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"178 - 190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1746847719875034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49286745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Carefully Constructed Yet Curiously Real: How Major American Animation Studios Generate Empathy Through a Shared Style of Character Design","authors":"Malou van Rooij","doi":"10.1177/1746847719875071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1746847719875071","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary computer-animated films by the major American animation studios Pixar, Disney and DreamWorks are often described as evoking (extremely) emotional responses from their ever-growing audiences. Following Murray Smith’s assertion that characters are central to comprehending audiences’ engagement with narratives in Engaging Characters: Fiction, Emotion, and the Cinema (1995), this article points to a specific style of characterization as a possible reason for the overwhelming emotional response to and great success of these films, exemplified in contemporary examples including Inside Out (Pete Docter and Ronnie del Carmen, 2015), Big Hero 6 (Don Hall and Chris Williams, 2014) and How to Train Your Dragon (Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois, 2010). Drawing on a variety of scholarly work including Stephen Prince’s ‘perceptual realism’, Scott McCloud’s model of ‘amplification through simplification’ and Masahiro Mori’s Uncanny Valley theory, this article will argue how a shared style of character design – defined as a paradoxical combination of lifelikeness and abstraction – plays a significant role in the empathetic potential of these films. This will result in the proposition of a new and reverse phenomenon to Mori’s Uncanny Valley, dubbed the Pixar Peak, where, as opposed to a steep drop, audiences reach a climactic height in empathy levels when presented with this specific type of characterization.","PeriodicalId":43271,"journal":{"name":"Animation-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"191 - 206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1746847719875071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45982653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Green Cartoons: Toward a Pedagogy of the Animated Parable","authors":"W. Brown, Terry Lindvall","doi":"10.1177/1746847719881701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1746847719881701","url":null,"abstract":"The use of short animated films to address important social issues and societal needs has a rich tradition. These cartoons follow a stream of ecological propaganda in a variety of films that promote pro-environmental values and beliefs. After surveying films for both the cinema and television, the authors focus on exploring short animated films as pedagogical texts that teach pro-environmental beliefs and encourage ordinate behaviors in entertaining ways. They then discuss the application of the entertainment–education communication strategy through animated films as a means to advance environmental education. In particular, they view short animated films as pedagogical tools that function as exemplary or revelatory parables.","PeriodicalId":43271,"journal":{"name":"Animation-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"235 - 249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1746847719881701","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48543175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Animation in the Core of Dystopia: Ari Folman’s The Congress","authors":"María Lorenzo Hernández","doi":"10.1177/1746847719875072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1746847719875072","url":null,"abstract":"Ari Folman’s The Congress (2013) borrows freely from Stanisław Lem’s dystopian view in his Sci-fi novel The Futurological Congress (1971) to propose the gradual dissolution of the human into an artificial form, which is animation. By moving the action of the novel from a hypothetical future to contemporary Hollywood, Ari Folman gives CGI animation the role of catalyst for changes not only in the production system, but for human thought and, therefore, for society. This way, the film ponders the changing role of performers at the time of their digitalization, as well as on the progressive dematerialization of the film industry, considering a dystopian future where simulation fatally displaces reality, which invites relating The Congress with Jean Baudrillard’s and Alan Cholodenko’s theses on how animating technologies have resulted in the culture of erasing. Moreover, this article highlights how Lem’s metaphor of the manipulation of information in the Soviet era is transformed in the second part of The Congress into a vision of cinema as a collective addiction, relating it to Alexander Dovzhenko’s and Edgar Morin’s speculative theories of total film – which come close to the potentialities of today’s Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality. In addition, although The Congress is a disturbing view of film industry and animating technologies, its vision of film is nostalgically retro as it vindicates an entire tradition of Golden Age animation that transformed the star system into cartoons, suggesting the fictionalization of their lives and establishing a postmodern continuum between animation and film.","PeriodicalId":43271,"journal":{"name":"Animation-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"222 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1746847719875072","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49181133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Gollum Problem: Empathy and Digital Characters in Cinema","authors":"Zachary Sheldon","doi":"10.1177/1746847719881702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1746847719881702","url":null,"abstract":"In her article ‘The soul factor: Deception in intimations of life in computer-generated characters’ (2009), Kathryn S Egan argues that digital characters in cinema have no soul and are incapable of being empathized with. For evidence, Egan assesses the character of Gollum from Peter Jackson’s adaptations of The Lord of the Rings trilogy (2001–2003, NZ, USA). This article finds, however, that there are many who have empathized with Gollum, in direct contradiction to Egan’s findings. The author argues that Egan produces academic scholarship rather than phenomenological research, and that there is an opening for empathizing with and relating to digital characters such as Gollum. He posits that further research is required in the area of mediated characters and relationships, and that more precise language is required around terms like ‘empathy’ to accurately communicate the nuance in relationships between real people and digital or artificial characters. In addition, he suggests a term, ‘directed empathy’, to evoke the kind of empathetic relationship that exists between digital characters and viewers.","PeriodicalId":43271,"journal":{"name":"Animation-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"207 - 221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1746847719881702","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47907233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Book review: Toy Story: How Pixar Reinvented the Animated Feature","authors":"William D. McCarthy","doi":"10.1177/1746847719881703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1746847719881703","url":null,"abstract":"Barnouw E (1981) The Magician and the Cinema. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Crafton D (1982) Before Mickey: The Animated Film, 1898–1928. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Gunning T (1989) An aesthetic of astonishment: Early film and the (in)credulous spectator. Art and Text 34, Spring: 31–45. Holliday C (2018) The Computer-Animated Film: Industry, Style and Genre. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Lutz EG (1920) Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development. London: Chapman & Hall. Sexton M (2017) Secular Magic and the Moving Image: Mediated Forms and Modes of Reception. London: Bloomsbury. Solomon M (2010) Disappearing Tricks: Silent Film, Houdini, and the New Magic of the Twentieth Century. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Williamson C (2011) The blow book, performance magic, and early animation: Mediating the living dead. Animation 6(2): 111–126. DOI: 10.1177/1746847711405101.","PeriodicalId":43271,"journal":{"name":"Animation-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"255 - 257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1746847719881703","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44531848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Book review: Hidden in Plain Sight: An Archaeology of Magic and Cinema","authors":"M. Cook","doi":"10.1177/1746847719881704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1746847719881704","url":null,"abstract":"Andrea Mariani is a Lecturer at University of Udine, Italy. He teaches Media Theory and European Screen Cultures. He is Head of Projects of the Digital Storytelling Lab at the University of Udine and directs the (Un) Dead Media Project. He edited the first Italian collection of the prominent international scholarship on media archaeology ‘Archeologia dei media’ (Meltemi, 2018: Limina Award 2019 for the Best Italian Translation). His articles have been published in Italian and international peer-reviewed journals such as Film History, Necsus and Bianco e Nero. He is author of Gli Anni del Cineguf: Il cinema sperimentale italiano dai cine-club al neorealismo (2017). He deals with media archaeology, amateur cinema in the interwar period, avant-garde and modernist cultures.","PeriodicalId":43271,"journal":{"name":"Animation-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"252 - 255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1746847719881704","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46482440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}