Population Review最新文献_第3页

Poorly paid jobs or study fields? Gender pay gap of tertiary-educated employees in contemporary European labour markets 低薪工作或学习领域?当代欧洲劳动力市场中受过高等教育的员工的性别薪酬差距

IF 0.7

Population Review Pub Date : 2022-09-27 DOI: 10.1353/prv.2022.0008

Tomáš Doseděl

{"title":"Poorly paid jobs or study fields? Gender pay gap of tertiary-educated employees in contemporary European labour markets","authors":"Tomáš Doseděl","doi":"10.1353/prv.2022.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/prv.2022.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article examines the reasons for gender-based income inequalities of tertiary-educated people in European labour markets. In the 50 years since the adoption of the anti-discrimination law in many countries, several explanations for gender-based income inequalities have been proposed. Following a literature review, the author presents two hypotheses concerning the lower female income. Even after two massive expansions of the tertiary level of education, there are still male- and female-dominated fields of study. Hence, the first hypothesis suggests that women tend to enrol in less lucrative study fields. The second hypothesis proposes that women – regardless of their university study field – tend to work in less lucrative occupations. Using data from the European Union Labour Force Survey 2016 for 28 member countries, the author first confirms that women are structurally selected to different parts of the education system (i.e., different fields of study), and to different occupations. In the second part of the analysis, the author tests both hypotheses: gender segregation in the field of study has no negative impact on income, but the gender segregation of the occupation strongly impacts income. Therefore, the author rejects the first hypothesis, supports the second hypothesis, and concludes that – in contemporary European societies – income differences arise not in the education system but in the labour market.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84054591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Typology of Journeys of Honduran Migrant Men in Transit Through Mexico 经由墨西哥过境的宏都拉斯移民男子旅程的类型学

IF 0.7

Population Review Pub Date : 2022-09-27 DOI: 10.1353/prv.2022.0007

Eduardo Torre Cantalapiedra

引用次数: 2

Moroccan Middle Classes between Reality and Perception: A Comparative Analysis of Monetary and Subjective Approaches 现实与感知之间的摩洛哥中产阶级:货币与主观方法的比较分析

IF 0.7

Population Review Pub Date : 2022-09-27 DOI: 10.1353/prv.2022.0006

Fouzia Daoudim

{"title":"Moroccan Middle Classes between Reality and Perception: A Comparative Analysis of Monetary and Subjective Approaches","authors":"Fouzia Daoudim","doi":"10.1353/prv.2022.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/prv.2022.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article has a twofold purpose: the first is to compare the lifestyle, the socio-demographic profile and perceptions of the middle classes measured according to several monetary approaches. This comparison makes it possible to determine which approaches lead to a middle class that represents the typical characteristics of this group as described in the literature and that is most consistent with the self-identified social status. The second is to analyze the determinants of the self-perceived social status and to explore to what extent it is in line with the objective reality. Thus, four objective definitions of the middle class based on living standards were compared according to several objective and subjective characteristics. Using data from the 2014 National Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey, our results show that, regardless of the approach, the Moroccan middle class is characterized by great diversity in terms of socio-demographic and subjective characteristics. However, these characteristics, as well as the magnitude of the differences between the objective stratification and the subjective one, depend largely on the approach used to delimit this group, suggesting a positive correlation between living standards and self-identified social status. The study of the latter's determinants confirms this positive correlation, although it is far from perfect. Indeed, other factors influence this self-assessment, such as education, occupation and status on the labor market, housing comfort, upward or downward trajectories of the household's standard of living, etc.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79822919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How to Study Life Expectancy at Birth (e0) Differences between The Two Genders: A Methodological Proposition 如何研究男女出生时预期寿命(0)的差异:一个方法论命题

IF 0.7

Population Review Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.1353/prv.2022.0005

K. Zafeiris

引用次数: 0

Emerging Strategies for Promoting Local Economic Performance of American Communities 促进美国社区地方经济绩效的新兴战略

IF 0.7

Population Review Pub Date : 2022-06-08 DOI: 10.1353/prv.2022.0004

V. Singh

引用次数: 0

Maternity Benefit Programs: An Investment in Human Resource 生育福利计划:人力资源投资

IF 0.7

Population Review Pub Date : 2022-06-08 DOI: 10.1353/prv.2022.0003

N. Bishnoi, V. Bishnoi

{"title":"Maternity Benefit Programs: An Investment in Human Resource","authors":"N. Bishnoi, V. Bishnoi","doi":"10.1353/prv.2022.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/prv.2022.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Women, as bearers and rearers of children, form the foundation for bringing about the next generation of human resources for the economy. To breed good human resources, better nutrition for pregnant women & lactating mothers (PW & LM) is essential. It provides a strong economic justification for maternity benefits interventions. There is diversity in maternity benefits under the various programs implemented in different countries in formal and informal economies. Most of the developed, as well as developing countries, have legislation/policies for providing universal health coverage for PW & LM employed in the formal economy. But women employed in the informal economy lack social protection and paid maternity leaves, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The informal sector employs 60 percent of the female workforce and non-contributory cash transfers can be an innovative way to improve mother and neonatal nutritional status. This study presents a state-of-the-art review of the provisions of maternity benefits and their outcome in different nations as well as their implications on maternal and newborn health. An efficiently implemented maternity benefits program with the provision of cash incentives, nutrition supplement package, and paid maternity leave has several outcomes in terms of long duration & frequent exclusive breastfeeding, distribution of resources & disintegration of poverty transfer, reduced financial and gender inequality, quality childcare – which develops self-confidence and improved social & learning skills for better competence and career attainments – reduced MMR and IMR. And it is more of an investment in its human resource rather than a financial burden for a nation. This paper also addresses key issues in the field of maternal health care and can be advantageous for both beneficiaries as well as policymakers.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82161514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Female Labor Participation Rate and Economic Growth in South Asian Countries 南亚国家女性劳动参与率与经济增长

IF 0.7

Population Review Pub Date : 2022-03-23 DOI: 10.1353/prv.2022.0002

I. Shah, I. U. Haq

{"title":"Female Labor Participation Rate and Economic Growth in South Asian Countries","authors":"I. Shah, I. U. Haq","doi":"10.1353/prv.2022.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/prv.2022.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper investigates the impact of economic growth on the female labor force participation rate (FLPR) in six selected South Asian countries by employing balanced panel data from 2000 to 2019. Pairwise Dumitrescu Hurlin Panel causality test is used to examine the panel causality test between economic growth and FLPR. Pooled OLS, random effects, fixed effect, PCSE, and dummy variable interaction models are used to examine the impact of economic growth. The panel causality test confirms a unidirectional relationship from economic growth to FLPR. The panel regression confirms the U-shape relationship in Pakistan, while Bangladesh, India, and Nepal predict inverse U-shape relationships. Maldives and Bhutan are showing an insignificant relationship between FLPR and economic growth. This study also indicates a joint significant and U-shaped relationship between FLPR and economic growth within six selected South Asian countries. The control variable female fertility, shows negative and significant while female education shows positive and significant impacts on FLPR. Therefore, governments of the region should frame various policies to improve the female labor market through access to education and various training programs. Further, they should provide access to child care, skill development, maternity provisions, accessible and safe transport, job reservations in different public sectors, and pattern of growth that generates more jobs.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89177652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Taylor’s Law and the Relationship between Life Expectancy at Birth and Variance in Age at Death in a Period Life Table 泰勒定律及周期生命表中出生时预期寿命与死亡时年龄差异的关系

IF 0.7

Population Review Pub Date : 2022-02-24 DOI: 10.1353/prv.2022.0001

David A. Swanson, L. Tedrow

{"title":"Taylor’s Law and the Relationship between Life Expectancy at Birth and Variance in Age at Death in a Period Life Table","authors":"David A. Swanson, L. Tedrow","doi":"10.1353/prv.2022.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/prv.2022.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Mean age at death in a period life table is a major indicator of population health, as is the table’s variance in age at death. Taylor’s Law is a widely observed empirical pattern that relates variances to means in sets of non-negative measurements via an approximate power function. It has found application to human mortality. We add to this research by showing that Taylor’s Law leads to a model that reasonably describes the relationship between mean age at death in a life table (which is the same as life expectancy at birth) and the life table’s variance in age at death. We built a demonstration model, tested its accuracy, and found that it provides reasonably accurate estimates of variance in age at death in a life table. Employing independent data, the model was used to provide estimates of variance at age in death for six countries, three of which have high levels of life expectancy at birth and three of which have lower levels. The two parameters in Taylor’s Law, a and b, can be interpreted, respectively, as: (1) a ≈ the product of life expectancy at birth and the sum of mean years lived and mean years remaining; and (2) b ≈ the square of life expectancy at birth. This provides Taylor’s Law with a theoretical foundation when it is used to estimate variance in age at death in life tables constructed for human and other species. A significant strength of our application is that where mean age at death itself is estimated, it provides an estimate of variance in age at death that may not otherwise be available. This is useful because major agencies have produced estimates of life expectancy at birth for small areas. We illustrate this important application of the TL Method using empirical data and conclude that there is a need for a model that can produce accurate estimates of variance in age at death in a life table.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81251069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Fertility Preferences and Outcomes in Morocco: Does Women's Empowerment Matter in Actual-ideal Gap? 摩洛哥的生育偏好和结果:妇女赋权对实际与理想差距有影响吗?

IF 0.7

Population Review Pub Date : 2022-01-05 DOI: 10.1353/prv.2022.0000

Chaimae Drioui, F. Bakass

{"title":"Fertility Preferences and Outcomes in Morocco: Does Women's Empowerment Matter in Actual-ideal Gap?","authors":"Chaimae Drioui, F. Bakass","doi":"10.1353/prv.2022.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/prv.2022.0000","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In Morocco, the fertility transition process, like changes in fertility preferences, has been accompanied by a notable improvement in women's status. The aim of this paper is to study the impact of Moroccan women's empowerment on the actual-ideal gap, an indicator that measures the gap between two components, the number of surviving children and the ideal number of children, and hence on their ability to limit their fertility to this ideal. To build a good indicator of the empowerment, we used the SWPER composite index proposed in the literature, which is based on several dimensions, including participation in decision-making, attitude towards male violence, and other conventional measures of women's status such as education and participation in economic activity. The empirical examination was conducted using the Skellam method, which models difference between two Poisson variables. Data were derived from two national population and family health surveys conducted in 2004 and 2011. The results indicate that there is a plausible negative association between women's empowerment and the ideal number of children. However, the relationship with the number of surviving children is not always verified. The lack of a link between women's empowerment and the actual-ideal gap can hide a non-symmetric and equally strong effect on its two components. Moreover, in an advanced transition context, women's empowerment may not operate significantly on surviving fertility because of actual constraints like contraceptive efficiency and sex preferences.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87524722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Introduction to Special Collection Eight on Children’s Well-Being from Different Angles 从不同角度看儿童幸福的特辑八简介

IF 0.7

Population Review Pub Date : 2021-12-07 DOI: 10.1353/prv.2021.0017

D. Kutsar, H. Pals

引用次数: 0