SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety最新文献

{"title":"Validation of Crush Energy Calculation Methods for Use in Accident Reconstructions by Finite Element Analysis","authors":"Shusuke Numata, K. Mizuno, D. Ito, D. Okumura, H. Kinoshita","doi":"10.4271/09-06-02-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-06-02-0009","url":null,"abstract":"The crush energy is a key parameter to determine the delta-V in accident reconstructions. Since an accurate car crush profile can be obtained from 3D scanners, this research aims at validating the methods currently used in calculating crush energy from a crush profile. For this validation, a finite element (FE) car model was analyzed using various types of impact conditions to investigate the theory of energy-based accident reconstruction. Two methods exist to calculate the crush energy: the work based on the barrier force and the work based on force calculated by the vehicle acceleration times the vehicle mass. We show that the crush energy calculated from the barrier force was substantially larger than the internal energy calculated from the FE model. Whereas the crush energy calculated from the vehicle acceleration was comparable to the internal energy of the FE model. In full frontal impact simulations, the energy of approach factor (EAF) has a linear relation with the residual crush, which had been validated in previous experimental studies. In our study using FE analysis, we found that the slope of EAF versus the residual crush was comparable with that of the dynamic crush energy versus the dynamic crush for crashes at 55 km/h. Using this slope and the residual crush from a 55 km/h impact test, the slope and the intercept of the EAF vs. residual crush can be determined using only one crash test. A database of the slopes and the intercepts was made using Japan New Car Assessment Program (JNCAP) tests. In offset impact simulations, the crush energy calculated from the crush profile agreed with the internal energy of the car FE model when at least one front rail was involved. In oblique impacts, the correction factor for crush energy is not necessary within 20 degrees of principal direction of force of the car’s longitudinal axis. Downloaded from SAE International by Duke Univ, Friday, January 11, 2019","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4271/09-06-02-0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42534955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon Monoxide Density Pattern Mapping from Recreational Boat Testing","authors":"M. Warner","doi":"10.4271/09-06-02-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-06-02-0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4271/09-06-02-0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43254955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Placement of Digitized Objects in a Point Cloud as a Photogrammetric Technique","authors":"Shawn Harrington, Gabriel Lebak","doi":"10.4271/09-06-02-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-06-02-0007","url":null,"abstract":"The frequency of video-capturing collision events from surveillance systems are increasing in reconstruction analyses. The video that has been provided to the investigator may not always include a clear perspective of the relevant area of interest. For example, surveillance video of an incident may have captured a preor post-incident perspective that, while failing to capture the precise moment when the pedestrian was struck by a vehicle, still contains valuable information that can be used to assist in reconstructing the incident. When surveillance video is received, a quick and efficient technique to place the subject object or objects into a three-dimensional environment with a known rate of error would add value to the investigation. In addition, once the objects have been placed into the three-dimensional environment, the investigator would then be able to observe the physical evidence and environment from any perspective, including viewing and measuring what cannot be seen in the video perspective. In this research, the proposed photogrammetric technique of visually placing objects within three-dimensional laser scans will be evaluated. This research aims to quantify the rate of error of taking measurements of these objects to known fixed reference points both in and out of view of the camera, and provide an efficient technique that can be employed by reconstructionists using only one software package. As a result of this research, the authors have developed an expedient, less time-intensive photogrammetric technique for the placement of threedimensionally scanned objects and environments. This technique can take less than half of the time of a conventional photogrammetric solution. Downloaded from SAE International by Shawn Harrington, Thursday, October 04, 2018","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4271/09-06-02-0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43316282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wheel Chock Key Design Elements and Geometrical Profile for Truck Vehicle Restraint","authors":"D. Rancourt, C. Khazoom, Carl Blanchette, L. Giraud, J. Lemire, Y. St-Amant","doi":"10.4271/09-06-01-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-06-01-0006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4271/09-06-01-0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49518664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theoretical Study of Improving the Safety of the “Operator, Machine, and Environment” System when Performing Transport Operations","authors":"K. Glemba, Y. Averyanov, O. Larin","doi":"10.4271/09-06-01-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-06-01-0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4271/09-06-01-0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45486870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Single-Vehicle Accidents in Japan Involving Elderly Drivers","authors":"K. Morita, M. Sekine","doi":"10.4271/09-06-01-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-06-01-0002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4271/09-06-01-0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42866757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Component Level Transfer Equations of Simplified Human and ATD Occupant Models","authors":"B. Guleyupoglu, B. Koya, Gayzik Fs","doi":"10.4271/09-06-01-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-06-01-0005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4271/09-06-01-0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43567849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated Driving Systems and Their Insertion in the Brazilian Scenario: A Test Track Proposal","authors":"Danilo Alves de Lima, Arthur De Miranda Neto, Andrea Martinesco, Sérgio Texeira da Silva, Leonardo Ferreira Velho, V. Etgens","doi":"10.4271/09-06-01-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-06-01-0004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4271/09-06-01-0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45155147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Prediction of Various Failure Modes in Spotweld Steel Material","authors":"Sachin Patil, H. Lankarani","doi":"10.4271/09-06-01-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-06-01-0003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4271/09-06-01-0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46413552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Further Validation of Equations for Motorcycle Lean on a Curve","authors":"N. Rose, N. Carter, Connor Smith","doi":"10.4271/2018-01-0529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0529","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies have reported and validated equations for calculating the lean angle required for a motorcycle and rider to traverse a curved path at a particular speed. In 2015, Carter, Rose, and Pentecost reported physical testing with motorcycles traversing curved paths on an oval track on a pre-marked range in a relatively level parking lot. Several trends emerged in this study. First, while theoretical lean angle equations prescribe a single lean angle for a given lateral acceleration, there was considerable scatter in the real-world lean angles employed by motorcyclists for any lateral acceleration level. Second, the actual lean angle was nearly always greater than the theoretical lean angle. This prior study was limited in that it only examined the motorcycle lean angle at the apex of the curves. The research reported here extends the previous study by examining the accuracy of the lean angle formulas throughout the curves. The degree to which these equations can be used to model the development of lean as the rider enters a curve is evaluated. The prior study was also limited in that it only examined maneuvers on an oval track in a flat parking lot. The current study examines the accuracy of the theoretical lean angle formulas on a mountainous highway with curves of varying radius and changing banking and slope. The real-world data presented in this study is also utilized in conjunction with the lean angle formula to examine the interplay between the geometry of a curve, the motorcycle speed, and the rider’s skill level. Introduction Three basic factors limit the speed at which a motorcyclist can traverse a curve. The first of these is the limit of the available friction between the motorcycle tires and the roadway. The second is a geometric limit that is defined by the lean angle at which components of the motorcycle (a foot peg, for instance) come into contact with the roadway or at which the geometry of the tire prevents additional leaning. The third is the limit imposed by the rider’s psychological limits their willingness to approach either the geometric or friction limits of their motorcycle [Hugemann, 2013]. Previous studies by Rose [2014] and Carter [2015] have described methods for analyzing each of these limits. Of relevance to the present study is the fact that many riders will reach a psychological limit on their willingness to increase the lean angle of their motorcycle before they reach either the friction limit of their tires or the geometric limit of their motorcycle [Bartlett, 2011; Hugemann, 2013]. Watanabe and Yoshida found that the maximum lean angles utilized by novice riders were typically in the range of 15 to 25 degrees and those used by experienced riders were in the range of 34 to 40 degrees [Watanabe and Yoshida, 1973]. These results imply that the experienced riders used maximum lean angles that would approach the lean angle limits of many motorcycles, whereas novice riders stopped well short of the motorcycle","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4271/2018-01-0529","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47845341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}