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Iran and the Caucasus最新文献

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The Tamma of Azerbaijan in Regional and Imperial Contexts (1228–1261) 地区和帝国背景下的阿塞拜疆塔马（1228-1261 年）
IF 0.2 3区 历史学
Iran and the Caucasus Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1163/1573384x-02801002
Michael Hope
{"title":"The Tamma of Azerbaijan in Regional and Imperial Contexts (1228–1261)","authors":"Michael Hope","doi":"10.1163/1573384x-02801002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-02801002","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Research on the Mongol conquest of Iran and the Transcaucasus has focused most heavily on the campaigns of Chinggis Khan and his nephew Hülegü, in 1219–1224 and 1256–1260 respectively. Significantly less attention has been given to the nearly four decades that separate these two invasions, during which Mongol control was consolidated by a <em>tamma</em> (garrison) army numbering roughly 30,000 soldiers. This garrison occupied a liminal position on the frontier of the Mongol empire, linking the great khan to regional vassals in Iran, Greater Armenia, Georgia, and eastern Anatolia. This paper will use the history of the <em>tamma</em> to illuminate the web of personal relationships that allowed the Mongol empire to project its authority into the Middle East. It will demonstrate that this network was extremely brittle during the first three decades after Chinggis Khan’s death, during which time the Mongol empire was still taking shape. Founded by Chinggis Khan, the <em>tamma</em> owed its loyalty to the great khan in Mongolia, yet long interregnums and political instability at the heart of empire forced the Mongol garrison to identify regional princes and princesses as suitable substitutes for political authority. This collaborative approach embroiled the <em>tamma</em> in the factional politics at the heart of the Mongol empire and ultimately brought about its destruction in 1261.</p>","PeriodicalId":42790,"journal":{"name":"Iran and the Caucasus","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140203081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Iranian Lexical Material in the Caucasus: Part II. Armenian gerezman and Albanian garazman 高加索地区的伊朗词汇材料：第二部分.亚美尼亚语 gerezman 和阿尔巴尼亚语 garazman
IF 0.2 3区 历史学
Iran and the Caucasus Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1163/1573384x-02801005
Jost Gippert
{"title":"Iranian Lexical Material in the Caucasus: Part II. Armenian gerezman and Albanian garazman","authors":"Jost Gippert","doi":"10.1163/1573384x-02801005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-02801005","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The paper examines a new etymology that has recently been proposed for Arm. <em>gerezman</em> and Caucasian “Albanian” <em>garazman</em>, both meaning ‘grave, tomb’, and the relationship of the latter to modern Udi <em>gärämzä</em> ‘id.’. It shows that the peculiar shape of the Udi word can only be explained on the basis of a morphological restructuring that involved the genitive suffix -<em>in</em>-. Concerning the proposed etymology of <em>gerezman</em> and <em>garazman</em>, which builds upon an Iranian (“Median”) phrase *<em>gṛ</em><em><styled-content lang=\"el-Grek\" xmlns:dc=\"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/\" xmlns:ifp=\"http://www.ifactory.com/press\">δ</styled-content></em><em>a- zmani</em>- ‘house of clay’, it refutes the hypothesis of a “mirroring effect” influencing vowels in the neighbourhood of <em>r</em> in Albanian and points out further problems in the assumed developments.</p>","PeriodicalId":42790,"journal":{"name":"Iran and the Caucasus","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140202965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Second Apostate?: Impious Pap in Christian History of Armenia 第二个叛教者？亚美尼亚基督教史中的 Impious Pap
IF 0.2 3区 历史学
Iran and the Caucasus Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1163/1573384x-02801001
İlhami Tekin Cinemre
{"title":"A Second Apostate?: Impious Pap in Christian History of Armenia","authors":"İlhami Tekin Cinemre","doi":"10.1163/1573384x-02801001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-02801001","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The epithet <em>apostate</em> is one of the most striking terms among symbolic characters of late antiquity. It has been applied to only Iulianus and described his paganist practices. Yet, there is another character from the same era that modern literature has left in the dark. After just seven years of Iulianus’ death, Pap, the Armenian king, was labelled as <em>impious</em> by Armenian sources like the characterization of Iulianus by Roman Christians. Keeping these under consideration, this study aims to re-examine whether Pap could be named as a second <em>apostate</em> and to conclude that this was a unilateral glance.</p>","PeriodicalId":42790,"journal":{"name":"Iran and the Caucasus","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140202966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Succession of Generations of the Circassian Mamlūks (1496–1501): Historical Time and Factional Struggle 切尔克斯马穆鲁克家族的世代相传（1496-1501 年）：历史时间与派系斗争
IF 0.2 3区 历史学
Iran and the Caucasus Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1163/1573384x-02801003
Evgeny I. Zelenev, Milana Iliushina
{"title":"Succession of Generations of the Circassian Mamlūks (1496–1501): Historical Time and Factional Struggle","authors":"Evgeny I. Zelenev, Milana Iliushina","doi":"10.1163/1573384x-02801003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-02801003","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The article focuses on the period of the Mamlūk transition of power in 1496–1501, which separates two historical eras: 1468–1496, the reign of al-Ashraf Qaytbay, which is associated with the political and cultural prosperity of the Circassian Sultanate, and 1501–1517, the reign of al-Ashraf Qanisawh al-Ghawri (r. 1501–1516), a much less successful ruler whose death ended the almost 270-year history of the independent Mamlūk Sultanate (1250–1517). The purpose of this article is to define the period of al-Ashraf Qanisawh al-Ghawri’s reign not as an exceptional phenomenon, but as a consequence of the preceding transitional period. During transitional periods, non-hereditary succession sometimes opened windows of opportunity for the Mamlūk elite to come to power. The authors aim to examine the period 1496–1501 from this perspective. The article is based on an analysis of the political competition between the Mamlūk factions (Ayalon 1975: 217–218; Levanoni 1994: 374–375; idem 2004; Conermann 2003: 22). The authors apply the generational theory of Strauss and Howe (1997) and consider the intergenerational conflict and succession of generations in the context of historical, describing it as a historical factor of primary importance.</p>","PeriodicalId":42790,"journal":{"name":"Iran and the Caucasus","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140203064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Shiraz on the Adriatic: Persian Literary Culture, Φαρσί Speakers and Multilingual Locals between Cairo, the Balkans and Venice (ca. 1600–1900) 亚得里亚海上的设拉子：开罗、巴尔干和威尼斯之间的波斯文学文化、Φαρσί 说话者和多语言当地人（约 1600-1900 年）
IF 0.2 3区 历史学
Iran and the Caucasus Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1163/1573384x-02801004
Stefano Pellò
{"title":"Shiraz on the Adriatic: Persian Literary Culture, Φαρσί Speakers and Multilingual Locals between Cairo, the Balkans and Venice (ca. 1600–1900)","authors":"Stefano Pellò","doi":"10.1163/1573384x-02801004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-02801004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper deals with three different but interconnected cases of placement, displacement and relocation of Persian literary culture in the Eastern Mediterranean sphere: the reception of a line by Ḥāfiẓ in 1920s Cairo, as represented in a novel by Najīb Maḥfūẓ; a Modern Greek adverb, <styled-content lang=\"el-Grek\" xmlns:dc=\"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/\" xmlns:ifp=\"http://www.ifactory.com/press\">φαρσί</styled-content>, expressing multilingual fluency and its probable Ottoman roots; a Veneto-Balkanic net of circulation of Persian textual and linguistic heritage, focusing especially on Mostar. As the intertwined case-studies touched upon in this essay clearly show, only deep philological excavations in little-studied local microhistories can properly unearth the still obscure early modern ecology of Persian “between the Adriatic and the Nile”. By taking a multilingual approach (in which Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Bosnian, Venetian and Italian are read as a cultural continuum), and looking at the ubiquity of the prestige of Persian against the background of a “significant geography” made of both physical and linguistic spaces we throw a new light—taking a step beyond the sometimes over-used notion of the “Persianate”—on the dynamics of inscriptions of Persian in the early modern Mediterranean and Southern European realities.</p>","PeriodicalId":42790,"journal":{"name":"Iran and the Caucasus","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140202970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On the Etymology of the Avestan Personal Name pourušaspa- 论阿维斯陀人名 pourušaspa- 的词源学
IF 0.2 3区 历史学
Iran and the Caucasus Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1163/1573384x-02801006
Mehrbod Khanizadeh
{"title":"On the Etymology of the Avestan Personal Name pourušaspa-","authors":"Mehrbod Khanizadeh","doi":"10.1163/1573384x-02801006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-02801006","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article discusses the formation and meaning of the Avestan personal name of Zarathuštra’s father, <em>pourušaspa</em>-. Taking side with the current scholarly view on the etymology and meaning of the word, i.e., *<em>pourušāspa</em>- → <em>pourušaspa</em>- ‘one who has grey horses’, it is argued here that the shortening of the vowel can be explained by an analogical model in Wištāsp Yašt 1.2, where <em>pourušaspa</em>- m. is described as <em>pouru.aspa</em>- ‘having many horses’. The article also challenges the view that Wištāsp Yašt 1.2 is a recent text.</p>","PeriodicalId":42790,"journal":{"name":"Iran and the Caucasus","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140203056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Heightened Smuggling of Weapons and Ammunition from Southern Caucasus to Northwestern Iran on the Eve of World War I 第一次世界大战前夕从南高加索向伊朗西北部走私武器弹药的活动加剧
IF 0.2 3区 历史学
Iran and the Caucasus Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1163/1573384x-02801008
Soli Shahvar
{"title":"Heightened Smuggling of Weapons and Ammunition from Southern Caucasus to Northwestern Iran on the Eve of World War I","authors":"Soli Shahvar","doi":"10.1163/1573384x-02801008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-02801008","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Documents newly found in the Historical Archives of Azerbaijan Republic reveal that as early as 1912 Ottoman agents were engaged in attempts to entice the Transcaucasian Muslims against Russia and prepare them for the war, which would break out a year-and-a-half later, namely the First World War. Ottomans encouraged the smuggling of Russian weapons and ammunition to regions bordering the Southern Caucasus, especially Northwestern Iran, counting on the sympathy of the Turkophones therein against the Russians, or on their antagonism towards the presence of Russian forces in their own territories. The heightened smuggling of Russian weapons and ammunition alarmed the Russian authorities who began looking into the cases of smugglings in an attempt to prevent or minimize them. Their findings, as expressed in their correspondences, pointed towards an extensive smuggling network headed by an Iranian émigré named Karbalāʾī who ran it with members of his own family and in collaboration with a number of Russian officials.</p>","PeriodicalId":42790,"journal":{"name":"Iran and the Caucasus","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140203057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An Agenda for the Study of the Jesus Letter 耶稣书信研究议程
IF 0.2 3区 历史学
Iran and the Caucasus Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1163/1573384x-02704005
Garry W. Trompf
{"title":"An Agenda for the Study of the Jesus Letter","authors":"Garry W. Trompf","doi":"10.1163/1573384x-02704005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-02704005","url":null,"abstract":"The ancient correspondence allegedly between the Toparch Abgar <jats:sc>V</jats:sc> of Edessa and Jesus of Nazareth is usually treated in modern scholarship as legendary, though possession of it was important for the legitimation of Armenia as the first Christian kingdom in ca. 314 <jats:sc>A.D.</jats:sc> (prior to Constantine’s ‘Christian’ rule of a united Roman Empire from 324, and well before Theodosius <jats:sc>I</jats:sc>’s Edict of Thessalonica in 380). This paper attempts to create a demythologized space in which to reconsider the historical probability that Jesus, widely reputed as a healer in the chief (Near Eastern) Jewish centre of influence, was asked for help by an ailing eminent and replied to his request. Along the way, questions will be raised for further research (italicized) and so in this sense the article takes the form of an Agenda.","PeriodicalId":42790,"journal":{"name":"Iran and the Caucasus","volume":"61 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138496503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Seventy-Two and The One Nation 《72》和《一国》
IF 0.2 3区 历史学
Iran and the Caucasus Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1163/1573384x-02704016
Peter Nicolaus, Artur Rodziewicz
{"title":"Seventy-Two and The One Nation","authors":"Peter Nicolaus, Artur Rodziewicz","doi":"10.1163/1573384x-02704016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-02704016","url":null,"abstract":"The current article sheds light on the symbolism of the number 72 in Yezidism and briefly outlines its roots in ancient Mesopotamian religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Furthermore, it highlights the link between 72 nations and 72 genocides in Yezidi perception.","PeriodicalId":42790,"journal":{"name":"Iran and the Caucasus","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138496530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Horace and the Parthians 贺拉斯和帕提亚人
IF 0.2 3区 历史学
Iran and the Caucasus Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1163/1573384x-02704007
Evgeniy Smykov
{"title":"Horace and the Parthians","authors":"Evgeniy Smykov","doi":"10.1163/1573384x-02704007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-02704007","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to explore the Parthian theme in Horace’s poems throughout its development. First, it delves into the works featuring the ethnonym <jats:italic>Parthus</jats:italic>, which, unlike the synonymous <jats:italic>Medus</jats:italic>, notably aligns with the events contemporaneous to the poet. It becomes evident that Horace’s early works reflect the Parthian invasion of 41/40 <jats:sc>B.C.</jats:sc> and the anxiety surrounding the possibility of a recurrence. However, this apprehension is gradually replaced by verses celebrating victory over the Parthians and their apprehension of Roman power. Ultimately, these poems demonstrate their acknowledgment of Roman authority and the compromise established during the age of Augustus. Horace himself never forgets the threat posed by the Parthians, yet there is no compelling reason to consider him an advocate for a conquest war against their eastern neighbors. He appeared content with the diplomatic compromise that had been achieved.","PeriodicalId":42790,"journal":{"name":"Iran and the Caucasus","volume":"65 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138496535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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