Horace and the Parthians

Abstract

This paper aims to explore the Parthian theme in Horace’s poems throughout its development. First, it delves into the works featuring the ethnonym Parthus, which, unlike the synonymous Medus, notably aligns with the events contemporaneous to the poet. It becomes evident that Horace’s early works reflect the Parthian invasion of 41/40 B.C. and the anxiety surrounding the possibility of a recurrence. However, this apprehension is gradually replaced by verses celebrating victory over the Parthians and their apprehension of Roman power. Ultimately, these poems demonstrate their acknowledgment of Roman authority and the compromise established during the age of Augustus. Horace himself never forgets the threat posed by the Parthians, yet there is no compelling reason to consider him an advocate for a conquest war against their eastern neighbors. He appeared content with the diplomatic compromise that had been achieved.