Estonian Journal of Archaeology最新文献

{"title":"Some Aspects of Corded Ware on Rosson River (Narva-Luga Klint Bay)/rossoni Joe Piirkonna (Narva-Luuga Klindilahe) Noorkeraamika Moningaid Aspekte","authors":"M. Kholkina","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2017.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2017.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"Two different pottery traditions were defined in Corded Ware materials from the Rosson microregion in the Narva–Luga interfluve on the basis of analyses of technology, morphology and ornamentation. In most cases the studied pottery has many similarities with Corded Ware from other sites of the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland region. It is proposed that some decoration features could have been adopted from the local Late Combed Ware tradition. Another pottery tradition (beakers and beaker-like pots) is presented in much fewer numbers and has many parallels in Corded Ware materials from Eastern and Central Europe.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":"29 1","pages":"148"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76444401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RITUAL DEPOSITION OF ANIMALS IN LATE IRON AGE FINLAND: A CASE-STUDY OF THE MULLI SETTLEMENT SITE IN RAISIO","authors":"Sonja Hukantaival, Auli Bläuer","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2017.2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2017.2.04","url":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses the remains of domestic animals showing signs of ritual deposition at the settlement site of Mulli at Raisio in south-western Finland, dating to the Late Iron Age and Early Medieval period. Initially, a singly deposited sheep found under the wall of a building had been interpreted as ritually buried. While selecting samples for another study the curious nature of other deposits of domestic animals at the site became apparent and a re-analysis was conducted. This paper presents the results of the osteological reexamination and discusses indicators of ritual activity at the site. In fact, the site exhibits evidence of repeated rituals involving sheep cut to small chunks and bones buried at the homestead. Since organic material seldom preserves in the local soil, Mulli offers a unique glimpse into the ritual practices involving animal remains in Late Iron Age Finland. Although previous studies suggest that Christian beliefs were already changing the burial practices of the Mulli dwellers, domestic rituals remained important in their worldview.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":"5 1","pages":"161"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78548200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 18th Century Sea Fortress of Ruotsinsalmi, Kotkansaari in Finland: Archaeobotanical Data of a Log Latrine","authors":"Mia Lempiäinen-Avci, Marita Kykyri","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2017.1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2017.1.02","url":null,"abstract":"In archaeobotany, plant remains from latrines have been used to derive information on historical food consumption. In this interdisciplinary paper, we present new archaeological and archaeobotanical data from the 1790s sea fortress of Ruotsinsalmi in Kotkansaari, Finland. Archaeological research revealed the remains of an infantry barracks and a well-preserved log latrine at the sea fortress. The contents of the latrine were excavated, and waterlogged human faeces were found. To reconstruct the food consumption of the soldiers at the sea fortress, we carried out archaeobotanical analyses on the faeces. The waterlogged human faeces consisted purely of plant remains and fish bone fragments. The analysis of the plant remains gave records of 77 different plant taxa, and common millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and sage (Salvia officinalis L.) were identified for the first time from archaeological layers in Finland. The remarkable number of cultivated and exotic plants recorded from the faeces shows that imported as well as locally produced food was used. Latrines offer evidence of consumed food in the past Latrines are a type of primitive toilet that collects human faeces, and the word latrine originates from Latin 'latrina' or 'lavatrina' meaning 'to wash'. Latrines provide excellent preservation conditions, and therefore the content consists of a range of biological materials such as seeds, fruits and plant tissue. Latrines are historically also used as waste pits, where the household rubbish and sometimes even animal dung was thrown. Therefore, archaeological latrines are an excellent source of information on the past diet and waste disposal, and they also provide information about the natural surroundings of the latrine (Markle 2005, 427; Smith 2013, 526). Macrofossil, pollen, and zoological analyses of latrines have been conducted e.g. in Turkey (Baeten et al. 2012), England (Moffet 1992; Smith 2013), Germany (Wiethold 1995; Markle 2005), and Denmark (Andersen & Moltsen 2007). From Estonia over 30 latrines have been excavated (Bernotas 2008). Latrines have been excavated in Finland as well, from the medieval (AD 13th-16th c.) layers of Turku (Sartes & Lehtonen 2007; Seppanen 2012). However, no botanical analyses of these latrines have been carried out. Therefore, there has been little direct evidence of the diet. What cereals were eaten? Were exotic fruits parts of the diet? [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] The sea fortress of Ruotsinsalmi (1790-1855) in Kotkansaari was the predecessor of the present town of Kotka (1878-, Fig. 1). During the past ten years, some twenty archaeological studies have been conducted on the Island of Kotkansaari (Kykyri 2013a, 60; 2015, 38 f.). These investigations have shed new light on the history of the island, but so far only limited knowledge has been acquired concerning everyday life at the sea fortress. New information was gained when the Museum of Kymenlaakso carried out excavations at the sea fortress in the summer of 2013. Du","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":"1 1","pages":"30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82990933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Burning Pelts\"-Brown Bear Skins in the Iron Age and Early Medieval (1-1300 AD) Burials in South-Eastern Fennoscandia","authors":"Tuija Kirkinen","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2017.1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2017.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the use of brown bear (Ursus arctos) skins in the Iron Age and Early Medieval death rituals in south-eastern Fennoscandia. In this area, the practice of wrapping bodies in bear skins endured for over 1,000 years, starting in the Roman Iron Age in south-western Finland and ending with the Medieval Age inhumation burials in the Karelian Isthmus. The wrapping of bodies in predator skins is hypothesized by the numbers of 3rd phalanges (i.e. claws) which have been found in burials, especially in cremation cemeteries under level ground (400/600-1000 AD). Firstly, the role of the bear was studied by analysing bear skin remains, specifically the 3rd phalanges and bear hairs, which have been found in burials, and secondly finds and their find contexts were analysed in terms of references made to them in Finno-Karelian Kalevala-metric poetry. The results stress the role of bear skins in constructing the identity of the deceased as a warrior and as an ancestor. The concept of a warrior as a predator is widely known among Eurasian populations. In south-eastern Fennoscandia the distribution and find contexts indicate that this ritual was adopted mainly from the Germanic cultural sphere. Introduction The practice of using animal skins in funeral rites as coverings or shrouds was a worldwide phenomenon that lasted for millennia in Eurasia (e.g., Douny & Harris 2014; Harris 2014; Koryakova & Epimakhov 2007, 100). In Finland, this ritual could have been part of some Neolithic inhumation burials, where the shape of some grave pits suggests the use of skins as stretchers or wrappings (Ayrapaa 1931; Torvinen 1979). The best preserved archaeological evidence was deposited in the Late Iron Age inhumation burials, where cow, bear, and especially cervid skins were commonly used to wrap the body (Kirkinen 2015). In the Iron Age cremation burials, the remains of predator claws have been interpreted to indicate the cremating of skins along with the bodies (e.g., Mantyla-Asplund & Stora 2010, 62; Petre 1980; Schonfelder 1994). In this paper, the Iron Age tradition of cremating brown bear (Ursus arctos) skins has been analysed by combining archaeological data with folklore evidence and ethnographical sources. The aim is to identify the origins and meaning of the phenomenon. The studied zooarchaeological evidence, i.e. the 3rd phalanges and hairs of a bear, comes from the major Iron Age cemetery areas in south-eastern Fennoscandia: southern, eastern, and western Finland, and the Karelian Isthmus. In this area, the practice of wrapping bodies in bear skins extended over a 1,000-year period, starting in the Roman Iron Age in south-western Finland (Kivikoski 1965) and ending with the Medieval Age inhumation burials in the east (Kirkinen 2015). The present archaeological material stresses the use of bear skins in Europe that originated in Scandinavia and in Central Europe, specifically in Germany and the Czech Republic in the east to the British Isles in the","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":"30 1","pages":"3-29"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85393135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PLACE-LORE AS A TOOL TO IDENTIFY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES","authors":"Pikne Kama","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2017.2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2017.2.01","url":null,"abstract":"In this article I present an analysis of how place-lore has and can be used as a tool to identify archaeological sites. The focus was upon three types of sites: prehistoric strongholds; burial sites on dry land; wetland sites with potential human remains. In the first part, the prehistoric strongholds in historical Võrumaa County are discussed, followed in the second part by the burial sites in Karula Parish. The aim was to answer the questions “How many of these sites had been identified using folklore (including place names)?”, “How did this place-lore form and what kind of information does it pass on?” and “How did identifications in folklore or on the basis of folklore relate to the archaeological evidence at these places?” In third part my own fieldwork, undertaken at wetlands selected on the basis of folklore that referred to human remains, is presented. Analysis of the prehistoric strongholds showed that in general they were identified on the basis of folklore. However, other potential stronghold sites that occur in place-lore remain unconfirmed by archaeological evidence. In the case of some of these sites, a lack of confirmation may be owing to inadequate archaeological investigation. Almost all burial places in Karula Parish have been identified using place-lore, usually describing unearthed human remains. Unlike in the case of strongholds, the place-lore concerning burial sites is less likely to refer to the original use of sites, which indicates that many of them were “forgotten” by locals after the end of use. The fieldwork in the wetlands did not uncover any new archaeological finds. The main reason could be the difficulties of doing wetland archaeology. The place-lore may also be misleading with regard to all three types of archaeological sites, but it is also not possible to state categorically that in the past people did not interact with these sites. The results of this study show how important place-lore has and can be in determining archaeological sites. However, one has to keep in mind how place-lore emerges and the character of the information it tends to pass on.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":"25 1","pages":"89"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86799442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Mesolithic Human Figurine from River Parnu, South-West Estonia: A Century-Old Puzzle of Idols, Goddesses and Ancestral symbols/Inimkuju Parnu Joest-Sajandi Jagu Iidoleid, Jumalannasid Ja Esivanemaid","authors":"T. Jonuks","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2016.2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2016.2.01","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction In the early years of the twentieth century, an antler human figurine (PaMu 1 A: 501) was found in River Parnu, south-east Estonia (Fig. 1). It is one of the rare archaeological finds from Estonia that already from the very first publications (Ebert 1913; Gluck 1914) reached several wider studies about European archaeology (Tallgren 1922; Childe 1925; Gimbutas 1956). Due to some reasons, interest in the object was lost during the second part of the century. It was mentioned only passingly in a study about the Stone Age religion in Estonia (Jaanits 1961) and it has not been brought up at all in Eesti esiajalugu (Estonian Prehistory, Jaanits et al. 1982), which was a major study of Estonian archaeology for decades. Most likely, one of the reasons for such a random use was the absence of dating and therefore a speculative relationship with any specific archaeological period and culture. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] The figurine The 10 cm tall human sculpture is made of an elk antler and it was created with only very simple means. Two different ways of processing can be distinguished: cutting to create sharper edges and smoothing to express softer contours. With three wide grooves, the knees, waist and neck have been marked, and with a sharp cut the flat breast and chin are shown. The mouth has been cut in so that the round chin emerges. The face together with the hooknose has been designed by polishing. Eyes have not been depicted and this makes the statuette different from all other Stone Age figurines. Although slightly younger, the human figurines from the East European forest zone of the Late Mesolithic-Early Neolithic always have eyes and/or strong and protruding eyebrows (Butrimas 2000, 12). Eyes are marked usually with drilled holes, but it seems that the eyebrows alone were also good enough for that purpose (see Fig. 4: 6, 7, 9). The face of the Parnu figurine has only a nose and a mouth, leaving the upper part of the face plane. In addition to the eyes, the sculpture is also missing details of the body. While the rest of the human figurines from the northern part of Eastern Europe have their hands marked with lines or carved, then in the case of the Parnu example it had not even been tried. Also legs are missing, and therefore Marija Gimbutas has characterized the figurine as \"with a single leg\" (Gimbutas 1956, 189). According to Gimbutas, the absence of legs and hands is common in the art of the Stone Age East European forest zone (ibid.). Still, the claim does not hold true and limbs, either more or less elaborated, have been marked in the majority of human figurines dated to the Stone Age. The figure has been made from the tip of an antler branch. One can only agree with the suggestion by Eduard Gluck that the antler branch was longer at the time of carving and it was used as a handle until it was cut (and broken) shorter from the pate after it had been finished (Gluck 1914, 265). Because of that the surface of the pate remained uneve","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":"87 1","pages":"111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88953318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silk as a Luxury in Late Medieval and Early Modern Tartu (Estonia)/Siid Kui Luksus Kesk-Ja Varauusaegses Tartus","authors":"Riina Rammo","doi":"10.3176/arch.2016.2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2016.2.04","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Silk has always attracted human beings due to its aesthetic and exotic nature. In late medieval Europe, silk was probably the most expensive fabric and certainly a luxury item with high social value (e.g. Walton Rogers 2002, 2884; Muthesius 2003, 325; Munro 2009, 2). I believe that silk items belong to the most impressive and famous examples of textiles throughout history, because they have attracted attention for aesthetic reasons, complexity of production, and input of human effort. In late medieval Europe enormous varieties of silk fabrics were available, but only a small fraction were masterpieces worn by members of royal families or high status ecclesiastics. During field work much simpler scraps of silk have been found by archaeologists in deposits related to the everyday life of urban communities and 'ordinary' people. The present paper focuses on silk finds from medieval cesspits in Tartu, then a Hanseatic town in Livonia. The main aim is to give an overview of the nature of these 'simple' silks and how they were used by the inhabitants of a late medieval town. Questions regarding the affordability, social value and meaning of silk to the inhabitants of a medieval town will be addressed. The history of silk in Estonia begins with three brocaded bands and a fabric fragment found in a craft box at Lohavere hill fort that date to the beginning of the 13th century, i.e. the end of prehistoric times according to Estonian chronology (Peets 1985; Laul & Tamla 2014, 48 f.). Only during the Middle Ages (ca 12251558 AD) did an extensive cloth trade begin--mediated by Hanseatic merchants with imported fabrics from Western Europe becoming an important part of consumption habits in Livonian Hanseatic towns (e.g. Tartu, Tallinn and Parnu; Rammo 2010; 2015). Silk textiles were brought to Livonia along with many other traded goods. In written sources that relate to these Livonian towns, various sorts of silk have been mentioned: Syde, Floele, Damascken, Cammeloth, Zindeldort, Zendeling, Zindel (silberne oder goldene), Grobgrun, Grosgrain, Taft, Sammet, Atlassene, Stamete and Goldtborden Muzen (Pabst 1857, 202; Hansen 1894, 21 ff.; Mickwitz 1938, 58; Khoroshkevich 1958, 241; Poltsam 2002, 26). Among those listed here, cheaper silks woven on a treadle loom included tabbies such as taffeta (Taft) and cendal (Zindel), plain samite (Stamete), and satin (Atlassene) (Monnas 2008, 297). More complex and thus expensive weaves were made using a draw loom; these were damask (Damascken), lampas and figured silks, some of them with brocaded metal threads (ibid.). On the basis of archaeological evidence silk yarn was also traded. Until the end of the 12th and beginning of the 13th century, silk was mostly brought to Europe from the Byzantine Empire and Islamic countries of the Mediterranean area. During the 12th century the secret of silk production spread to Italy and from the 13th-16th centuries Italy and Spain (e.g. Lucca, Venice and Bologna) were the ","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":"42 1","pages":"165"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84490085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Archaeological and Natural Scientific Studies of Pit-Grave Culture Barrows in the Volga-Ural Interfluve/ Volga Ja Uurali Jogedevahelise Ala Aukhaudade (Jamnaja) Kultuuri Kaabaste Arheoloogilised Ning Loodusteaduslikud Uuringud","authors":"Nina L. Morgunova, Mikhail A. Turetskij","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2016.2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2016.2.02","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction The Pit-Grave culture spread on huge territory of Eastern Europe steppe from Kazakhstan and south Ural to the Dniestr region. The eastern Pit-Grave artefacts were found in the Volga-Ural interfluve and in the south Ural region on the territory of the Astrakhan, Volgograd, Saratov, Samara, and Orenburg oblasts, Russia. The environmental conditions of the steppe existed on the most part of the territory and forest steppe--in the north (Fig. 1). Today, natural conditions are determined by the continental climate, which corresponds to hot summers with low precipitation and severe winters with a lot of snow. The flora of watersheds is typical for the Volga sheep fescue-feather grass steppe (the type of steppe where sheep fescue and feather grass flourish). Various kinds of meadow grass, bushes, and streamside forests grow in river valleys and gulches. The paleoclimatic conditions of the Pit-Grave culture are different to the modem climate. Eneolithic and Pit-Grave culture existed in the favourable natural conditions practically all the time. The precipitation was 50 mm higher compared to the humidity today. The environmental conditions and temperature drops were milder than we had in past decades (Spiridonova & Aleshinskaya 1999; Khokhlova et al. 2006; 2010; Khokhlova 2012). Many scientists think that the climate change and the emergence of aridity period coincided with the start of the Late (Poltavka) stage of the Pit-Grave culture and the Catacomb culture spread to the west of Volga (Demkin et al. 2006; Shishlina 2007; Khokhlova et al. 2010; Khokhlova 2012). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] V. V. Golmsten, P. S. Rykov, I. V. Sinitsyn, K. F. Smirnov, N. Ya. Merpert, V. P. Shilov, N. K. Kachalova, I. B. Vasilyev and other archaeologists studied the Pit-Grave sites in the Volga-Ural interfluve in the 20th century. During the Smirnov expedition the first Pit-Grave culture barrows (kurgans) were discovered at the end of the 1950s and beginning of the 1960s. Smirnov (1965) compared the Ural materials with the Lower Volga graves and found that there are skeletons in right lateral crouched position. After considering unique metal finds (a knife and a hammer) archaeologists came to the conclusion that during the Pit-Grave period an independent metallurgy center appeared on the base of the Kargala copper deposit (80-90 km to the north of Orenburg) in the south Ural region (Chernykh 1966, 68 f.). Later, at the end of the 20th century, the research by E. N. Chernykh proved the above-mentioned statement. This added the original character of the Ural group of the Pit-Grave culture and historical area (Chernykh 2002, 7 ff). At the beginning of the 1970s N. Ya. Merpert published the monograph, in which he summarized all the data concerning the Pit-Grave culture (Merpert 1974). The scholar singled out three local groups of sites within the Volga-Ural Pit-Grave cultural and historical area: the Ural, the Lower Volga, and the Middle Volga. Since 1977 the Pit-Grave rese","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":"36 1","pages":"128"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86196811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bracteate Pendant from the Linnakse Hoard: Archaeometric Discussion of the Silver Artefact/ Brakteaatripats Linnakse Aardes: Hobedast Eseme Arheomeetriline Kasitlus","authors":"Ulle Tamla","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2016.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2016.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction In the late summer of 2010, a history enthusiast Erkki Heinsalu discovered a Late Viking Age (tpq 1059) hoard from a field in the northern part of the Linnakse village in central Harjumaa. 1311 coins, two small silver bars, some silver beads and pieces of hack silver had been placed into a hand-made clay vessel with a narrow opening and lay as a rather compact assemblage amongst the vessel fragments at the depth of 25-30 cm in a soil without any traces of a cultural layer (Kiudsoo & Russow 2011, 225 f., fig. 3). Archaeological investigations of the find location revealed that a large burial ground had been on the same field with both cremation and un-cremated burials from the 3rd-4th century until the 12th-13th century. The silver hoard had been hidden in the vicinity of the earliest burial site the tarand grave (Tamla et al. 2011). This allows us to conclude that the Linnakse hoard is so far the only one from the Late Iron Age hoards in Estonia where the find context, proved by facts, refers clearly to connections with an old burial place (Leimus et al. 2014). The article concentrates on the study and research results of a piece of silver from the Linnakse hoard. It is important to note that the small item that was initially considered to be part of a widely used Late Viking Age silver coin proved, at closer inspection, to be a fragment of a rare decoration. Since such items had previously never been found in Estonia, I considered it necessary to publish an article about this item and so pass information about it on to scientific circles. An archaeometric study method was applied to reconstruct the whole item from its fragment and to establish the original shape, function and origin of the decoration. In the process I delved into the production technologies of analogous items. Archaeometry is the application of scientific methods and techniques to archaeological investigation and often looked upon as a link between the so-called traditional science of archaeology and other research areas (Murray 2001, 105). The objective of archaeometric studies is to use techniques from other scientific fields to obtain as much information as possible about the materials and techniques used for the production of archaeological items, about the craftsmen and their skills, tools, working environments, specialization, etc. and to learn about the production, trade and cultural environment of the time on a broader scale (Olin 1982; Yellen 1982; Aspinall 1986; Wisseman & Williams 1993; Killick & Young 1997; Edwards & Vandenabeele 2012). To establish the possible origin of the item I looked for parallels in archaeological collections in the neighbouring countries as well as more distant regions. The analysis of the material composition of the fragment was made at the Science Centre of Materials Research of the Tallinn University of Technology (Analysis report 2015). External observation of the item and conclusions about its production The 19 x 12 mm and 1","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":"130 1","pages":"150"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74605295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of social status and ethnicity on diet in mediaeval Tallinn as seen through stable isotope analysis","authors":"E. Lightfoot, Magdalena Naum, V. Kadakas, E. Russow","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2016.1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2016.1.04","url":null,"abstract":"We would like to thank Liina Maldre for her help with the animal remains and Raili Allmae for their help with the human remains, also Mare Aun for consultations about Kaberla cemetery and Kaire Tooming for consultations about Puhavaimu cemetery. The authors would also like to thank Ligia Trombetta-Lima, Catherine Kneale and James Rolfe (University of Cambridge) for their help with isotopic sample analysis. Emma Lightfoot would like to thank Darwin College, University of Cambridge for financial support. The article was written by the support of research projects of the Estonian Ministry of Education and Science (ETF9405 and IUT18-8).","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":"14 1","pages":"81"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81987556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}