Global Environment最新文献

{"title":"The role of nitrogen in transforming British agricultural productivity production prior to and during the First World War","authors":"J. Martin","doi":"10.3197/GE.2020.130304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/GE.2020.130304","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the reasons why artificial or mineral sources of nitrogen, which were more readily available in Britain than in other European countries, were only slowly adopted by farmers in the decades prior to and during the First World War. It considers why nitrogen in the\u0000 form of sulphate of ammonia, a by-product of coal-gas (town-gas) manufacture, was increasingly exported from Britain for use by German farmers. At the same time Britain was attempting to monopolise foreign supplies of Chilean nitrate, which was not only a valuable source of fertiliser for\u0000 agriculture but also an essential ingredient of munitions production. The article also investigates the reasons why sulphate of ammonia was not more widely used to raise agricultural production during the First World War, at a time when food shortages posed a major threat to public morale\u0000 and commitment to the war effort.","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"112 1","pages":"583-609"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75863234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cattle pasturing as a traditional form of forest use and conflicts between peasants and forestry administration in the long nineteenth century (the case of Białowieza Primeval Forest)","authors":"A. Fedotova, Elena S. Korchmina","doi":"10.3197/GE.2020.130302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/GE.2020.130302","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with one of the key resources for peasants of Eastern Europe, wood pastures. Relying on new archival material, we demonstrate that peasant communities, in the spirit of James Scott, consistently sabotaged state efforts to ban livestock pasturing in the forests. The\u0000 state, over the long nineteenth century, strengthened control over many aspects of the economic life of the village, which gradually made the conflicts of the peasants with the state forest administration more acute. We apply a case study approach to investigate the relations between peasants\u0000 and the local and metropolitan administration in the Białowieża Forest. A unique feature of the Białowieża Forest is its long and continued history of effective protection measures, which facilitated finding sources on this topic. Our research reveals the motivation\u0000 in the struggle for control over forest resources between the peasants and the administration, as experts in 'rational' forestry. Throughout the long nineteenth century, the peasants used all means of resistance available to them: petitions to the authorities at all levels, sabotage of administrative\u0000 orders, bribes to forestry personnel and direct violations of orders. These conflicts, which lasted for many decades, demonstrate that peasant communities only partially followed the rules introduced by the state administration, which tried to change the principles of forestry management,\u0000 making forests more profitable and 'rational' from the point of view of the experts of the time. The administration spent significant resources on the control of wood pasturing, but achieved very modest results, both in terms of reducing the number of livestock in the forest and in terms of\u0000 collecting compensation for damage made by ungulates. The most important changes occurred in the second half of the nineteenth through the early twentieth century and were associated with more consistent and strict control over the traditional forest resources, especially during the final\u0000 appanage period (1889–1915). If we consider the reaction of the administration to peasant petitions regarding wood pastures, we see sympathy and positive reactions both at the provincial and at the ministerial levels. Obviously, this tolerance was connected with both the shortage of\u0000 pasture and fodder, and the general paternalistic sentiments of the Russian government. The administration tried not so much to increase the income from wood pasturing as to 'accustom' the peasants to the idea that the forests were not public, but rather private, state or appanage property.","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"20 1","pages":"525-554"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72520264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The transformative power of European technology in resource exploitation: reflections on the oil presses and railways of colonial Nigeria","authors":"Nkemjika Chimee","doi":"10.3197/GE.2020.130303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/GE.2020.130303","url":null,"abstract":"Technological innovations, which in the nineteenth century were principally developed by European nations, were a crucial factor in transforming economies – not only those of the countries in which they originated, but also those of their colonies. This case study of Nigeria explores\u0000 the way the British controlled the colony and subjugated the local people as a result of their superior technology. Upon taking over the territory, to aid the country's economic development, they began to construct railway lines to link major resource zones of the north and south. This facilitated\u0000 the more efficient shipment of natural resources from these zones to the coastal ports for onward shipment to Britain. Indigenous production and the rendering of palm oil were transformed by the introduction of oil presses. The article examines the transformative impact of technology in resource\u0000 exploitation, focusing specifically on railways and oil presses and their impact on Nigerian society.","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"319 1","pages":"555-582"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82037696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconfiguring nature: Resource security and the limits of expert knowledge","authors":"Christian Kehrt, John Martin","doi":"10.3197/ge.2020.130301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/ge.2020.130301","url":null,"abstract":"The central aim of this special issue is to explore the role of expert knowledge in shaping the way countries have sought to ensure a continuing supply of natural resources in order to feed and fuel processes of industrialisation. These case studies illustrate the way in which the competition\u0000 for resources not only profoundly affects those countries in the Global North which are the beneficiaries of the resources but also the populations of the countries (often in the Global South) from which the resources are extracted.","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"174 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77943323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neo-materialism, human evolution and the future of environmental history","authors":"T. Lecain, Claudio de Majo","doi":"10.3197/GE.2020.130307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/GE.2020.130307","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"310 1","pages":"659-673"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76869530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Krill: The invention of a global resource in the long 1970s","authors":"Christian Kehrt","doi":"10.3197/GE.2020.130306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/GE.2020.130306","url":null,"abstract":"Krill, a little shrimp best known as a food source for whales and seals, occupies a central role in the food chain of the oceans. In the 1970s it gained increased attention as a potential food source for humans as well. With its supposedly inexhaustible amounts of biomass, Antarctic\u0000 krill (Euphausia superba) seemed to be a feasible alternative to fish, whose populations were suffering from overharvesting, and promised to provide enough protein for a growing world population at a time when the limits to growth were an issue of great political concern. Krill is a key object\u0000 that brings together different actors from science, politics, and industry in a global struggle for living resources. There were many scientific and especially technical questions to be solved concerning the harvesting and processing of krill that will be addressed in this paper. I will argue\u0000 that there were biological as well as cultural limits to these far-reaching technocratic visions that were not fully taken into account by fisheries experts in the 1970s.","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"27 1","pages":"634-658"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79200591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building hydrosocialism in Czechoslovakia","authors":"J. Janáč","doi":"10.3197/GE.2020.130305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/GE.2020.130305","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout the period of state socialism, water was viewed as an instrument of immense transformative power and water experts were seen as guardians of such transformation, a transformation for which we coin the term 'hydrosocialism'. A reconfiguration of water, a scarce and vital natural\u0000 resource, was to a great extent identified with social change and envisioned transition to socialist and eventually communist society. While in the West, hydraulic experts (hydrocrats) and the vision of a 'civilising mission' of water management (hydraulic mission) gradually faded away with\u0000 the arrival of reflexive modernity from the 1960s, in socialist Czechoslovakia the situation was different. Despite the fact they faced analogous challenges (environmental issues, economisation), the technocratic character of state socialism enabled socialist hydraulic engineers to secure\u0000 their position and belief in transformative powers of water.","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"10 1","pages":"610-633"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88894448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'The Land is in Good Heart': Flood Mitigation and the Drainage Boards in Cumbria, 1844–1985","authors":"Leona J. Skelton","doi":"10.3197/ge.2020.130207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/ge.2020.130207","url":null,"abstract":"While much research has been done to utilise historic flood data, much more work is required to understand richly nuanced historic human relationships with water qualitatively. This article combines an in-depth oral history interview with a retired Cumbrian Land Drainage and Flood Risk\u0000 Management engineer, whose career spanned from 1978 to 2011, with the documentary archives of the largely overlooked local Drainage Boards (DBs) and their successors after the Land Drainage Act (1930), Internal Drainage Boards (IDBs). These boards were established across Cumbria and the rest\u0000 of England from the early nineteenth century to organise the collection of communal drainage rates charged by hectare of land to fund the installation and maintenance of flood prevention infrastructure. The records of these locally-specific, flexible and relatively small drainage boards demonstrate\u0000 loudly and clearly the benefits of decentralised flood management, able to respond directly to the particularities of their own catchment's environment, residents, economy, infrastructure, topography and climatic challenges. It is vitally important to listen to the voices contained in the\u0000 minute books of IDBs because they counterbalance historiographically-dominant narratives of top-down, large-scale infrastructural installations, inflexible centralisation of water governance and the powerlessness and gradual demise of many similarly small-scale, locally rooted and bottom-up\u0000 organisations. The article argues that these local collectives, while far from being environmentalist, were nevertheless deeply in touch with the landscapes and waterscapes they managed and with intergenerational understanding of and respect for the watery environments within their boundaries.\u0000 DBs and IDBs developed strong, deep and dynamic relationships with water as it coursed through the Cumbrian landscape. These boards also forged long-term relationships with central government and the Ministry of Agriculture. Those who served on Drainage Boards were regulators and stewards\u0000 of the English landscape and their archival voices can tell us a great deal about how and why human relationships with water changed over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88534675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The State in the Forest. Contested Commons in the Nineteenth Century Venetian Alps.","authors":"Giacomo Bonan","doi":"10.3197/ge.2020.130211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/ge.2020.130211","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78888269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water Pollution in the Arabian Gulf","authors":"N. Qafisheh, M. F. B. Mfarrej, Dana Al Ghefari, A. Kaddoura, Olla Elkateeb, Bisma Khan","doi":"10.3197/ge.2020.130202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/ge.2020.130202","url":null,"abstract":"Arabian Gulf water has been a victim over the years of the Gulf Wars which resulted in the spillage of millions of oil barrels. These have left a significant amount of pollutants that not only affect marine animals but also alter human lives by affecting soils, groundwater systems and\u0000 environmental sustainability. This study aims to determine major pollutants that are present at the beaches of Abu Dhabi (a part of the Arabian Gulf). The examination of samples from four different locations was made around Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates. These locations included Al\u0000 Bateen Beach, Saadiyat Beach, Yas Beach and Ras Al Akhdar beach. The methodology included the analysis of pH, salinity, TDS, heavy metal and trace element levels of seawater. The results indicated no presence of heavy metals in any of the four locations. However, there were traces of copper,\u0000 aluminium, nitrate and magnesium. The results concluded that it is important to maintain the sustainability of Arabian Gulf water because water is the most important natural resource on this planet.","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77685681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}