'The Land is in Good Heart': Flood Mitigation and the Drainage Boards in Cumbria, 1844–1985

IF 0.3 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Leona J. Skelton
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

While much research has been done to utilise historic flood data, much more work is required to understand richly nuanced historic human relationships with water qualitatively. This article combines an in-depth oral history interview with a retired Cumbrian Land Drainage and Flood Risk Management engineer, whose career spanned from 1978 to 2011, with the documentary archives of the largely overlooked local Drainage Boards (DBs) and their successors after the Land Drainage Act (1930), Internal Drainage Boards (IDBs). These boards were established across Cumbria and the rest of England from the early nineteenth century to organise the collection of communal drainage rates charged by hectare of land to fund the installation and maintenance of flood prevention infrastructure. The records of these locally-specific, flexible and relatively small drainage boards demonstrate loudly and clearly the benefits of decentralised flood management, able to respond directly to the particularities of their own catchment's environment, residents, economy, infrastructure, topography and climatic challenges. It is vitally important to listen to the voices contained in the minute books of IDBs because they counterbalance historiographically-dominant narratives of top-down, large-scale infrastructural installations, inflexible centralisation of water governance and the powerlessness and gradual demise of many similarly small-scale, locally rooted and bottom-up organisations. The article argues that these local collectives, while far from being environmentalist, were nevertheless deeply in touch with the landscapes and waterscapes they managed and with intergenerational understanding of and respect for the watery environments within their boundaries. DBs and IDBs developed strong, deep and dynamic relationships with water as it coursed through the Cumbrian landscape. These boards also forged long-term relationships with central government and the Ministry of Agriculture. Those who served on Drainage Boards were regulators and stewards of the English landscape and their archival voices can tell us a great deal about how and why human relationships with water changed over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
“土地是善良的”:坎布里亚郡的防洪和排水委员会,1844-1985
虽然利用历史洪水数据已经做了很多研究,但要从质量上理解历史上人类与水的微妙关系,还需要做更多的工作。本文结合了对一位退休的坎布里亚土地排水和洪水风险管理工程师(其职业生涯从1978年到2011年)的深入口述历史采访,以及大部分被忽视的当地排水委员会(db)及其在土地排水法案(1930)之后的继任者,内部排水委员会(IDBs)的文献档案。从19世纪初开始,这些委员会在坎布里亚郡和英格兰其他地区建立起来,组织按公顷土地收取公共排水费,为防洪基础设施的安装和维护提供资金。这些地方特有的、灵活的、相对较小的排水板的记录清楚地表明了分散洪水管理的好处,能够直接应对自己的集水区的环境、居民、经济、基础设施、地形和气候挑战的特殊性。倾听泛美开发银行会议记录中包含的声音至关重要,因为它们抵消了历史上占主导地位的叙述:自上而下的大规模基础设施建设、僵化的水治理集中化,以及许多类似的小规模、扎根于当地的自下而上组织的无能为力和逐渐消亡。文章认为,这些地方集体虽然远非环保主义者,但却与他们所管理的景观和水景有着深刻的联系,并且对其边界内的水环境有着代际理解和尊重。随着水在坎布里亚地区的流动,db和idb与水建立了牢固、深厚和动态的关系。这些委员会还与中央政府和农业部建立了长期合作关系。那些在排水委员会任职的人是英国景观的管理者和管家,他们的档案声音可以告诉我们很多关于人类与水的关系如何以及为什么在19世纪和20世纪发生了变化。
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来源期刊
Global Environment
Global Environment ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES-
CiteScore
0.50
自引率
25.00%
发文量
25
期刊介绍: The half-yearly journal Global Environment: A Journal of History and Natural and Social Sciences acts as a forum and echo chamber for ongoing studies on the environment and world history, with special focus on modern and contemporary topics. Our intent is to gather and stimulate scholarship that, despite a diversity of approaches and themes, shares an environmental perspective on world history in its various facets, including economic development, social relations, production government, and international relations. One of the journal’s main commitments is to bring together different areas of expertise in both the natural and the social sciences to facilitate a common language and a common perspective in the study of history. This commitment is fulfilled by way of peer-reviewed research articles and also by interviews and other special features. Global Environment strives to transcend the western-centric and ‘developist’ bias that has dominated international environmental historiography so far and to favour the emergence of spatially and culturally diversified points of view. It seeks to replace the notion of ‘hierarchy’ with those of ‘relationship’ and ‘exchange’ – between continents, states, regions, cities, central zones and peripheral areas – in studying the construction or destruction of environments and ecosystems.
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