{"title":"The Colored Refresh Server for DRAM","authors":"Xing Pan, F. Mueller","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2019.00015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2019.00015","url":null,"abstract":"Bounding each task's worst-case execution time (WCET) accurately is essential for real-time systems to determine if all deadlines can be met. Yet, access latencies to Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) vary significantly due to DRAM refresh, which blocks access to memory cells. Variations further increase as DRAM density grows. This work contributes the “Colored Refresh Server” (CRS), a uniprocessor scheduling paradigm that partitions DRAM in two distinctly colored groups such that refreshes of one color occur in parallel to the execution of real-time tasks of the other color. By executing tasks in phase with periodic DRAM refreshes with opposing colors, memory requests no longer suffer from refresh interference. Experimental results confirm that refresh overhead is completely hidden and memory throughput enhanced.","PeriodicalId":425290,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121743790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Roy, R. Devaraj, A. Sarkar, Sayani Sinha, Kankana Maji
{"title":"Optimal Scheduling of Precedence-constrained Task Graphs on Heterogeneous Distributed Systems with Shared Buses","authors":"S. Roy, R. Devaraj, A. Sarkar, Sayani Sinha, Kankana Maji","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2019.00042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2019.00042","url":null,"abstract":"Real-time applications in today's distributed cyber-physical control systems are often represented as Precedence-constrained Task Graphs (PTGs) and increasingly implemented on heterogeneous platforms to cater to their high performance demands. Optimal scheduling solutions for such systems can provide advantages in terms of performance, reliability, cost etc. However, existing research works dealing with the optimal scheduling of PTGs, typically assume platforms consisting of homogeneous processing elements which interact through a fully connected network of homogeneous communication channels. In this work, we propose an Integer Linear Programming based optimal solution strategy for scheduling PTGs executing on a distributed platform composed of heterogeneous processing elements and inter-connected through a set of heterogeneous shared buses. Through the real-world case study of an automotive cruise controller, we generate an optimal schedule using our proposed scheme in order to demonstrate its generic applicability. Conducted experiments on benchmark PTGs reveal the practical efficacy of our scheme.","PeriodicalId":425290,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114237938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew P. Burruss, Shreyas Ramakrishna, G. Karsai, A. Dubey
{"title":"DeepNNCar: A Testbed for Deploying and Testing Middleware Frameworks for Autonomous Robots","authors":"Matthew P. Burruss, Shreyas Ramakrishna, G. Karsai, A. Dubey","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2019.00025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2019.00025","url":null,"abstract":"This demo showcases the features of an adaptive middleware framework for resource constrained autonomous robots like DeepNNCar (Figure 1). These robots use Learning Enabled Components (LECs), trained with deep learning models to perform control actions. However, these LECs do not provide any safety guarantees and testing them is challenging. To overcome these challenges, we have developed an adaptive middleware framework that (1) augments the LEC with safety controllers that can use different weighted simplex strategies to improve the systems safety guarantees, and (2) includes a resource manager to monitor the resource parameters (temperature, CPU Utilization), and offload tasks at runtime. Using DeepNNCar we will demonstrate the framework and its capability to adaptively switch between the controllers and strategies based on its safety and speed performance.","PeriodicalId":425290,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116161661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"2019 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC) ISORC 2019","authors":"D. B. D. Oliveira, R. S. Oliveira, Wensheng Niu","doi":"10.1109/isorc.2019.00004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isorc.2019.00004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":425290,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124566864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purboday Ghosh, Scott Eisele, A. Dubey, Mary Metelko, I. Madari, P. Völgyesi, G. Karsai
{"title":"On the Design of Fault- Tolerance in a Decentralized Software Platform for Power Systems","authors":"Purboday Ghosh, Scott Eisele, A. Dubey, Mary Metelko, I. Madari, P. Völgyesi, G. Karsai","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2019.00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2019.00018","url":null,"abstract":"The vision of the ‘Smart Grid’ assumes a distributed real-time embedded system that implements various monitoring and control functions. As the reliability of the power grid is critical to modern society, the software supporting the grid must support fault tolerance and resilience in the resulting cyber-physical system. This paper describes the fault-tolerance features of a software framework called Resilient Information Architecture Platform for Smart Grid (RIAPS). The framework supports various mechanisms for fault detection and mitigation and works in concert with the applications that implement the grid-specific functions. The paper discusses the design philosophy for and the implementation of the fault tolerance features and presents an application example to show how it can be used to build highly resilient systems.","PeriodicalId":425290,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114950253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bruno Vieira, Ricardo Severino, A. Koubâa, E. Tovar
{"title":"Towards a Realistic Simulation Framework for Vehicular Platooning Applications","authors":"Bruno Vieira, Ricardo Severino, A. Koubâa, E. Tovar","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2019.00028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2019.00028","url":null,"abstract":"Cooperative vehicle platooning applications increasingly demand realistic simulation tools to ease their validation, and to bridge the gap between development and real-word deployment. However, their complexity and cost, often hinders its validation in the real-world. In this paper we propose a realistic simulation framework for vehicular platoons that integrates Gazebo with OMNeT++ over Robot Operating System (ROS) to support the simulation of realistic scenarios of autonomous vehicular platoons and their cooperative control.","PeriodicalId":425290,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115086232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shreyas Ramakrishna, A. Dubey, Matthew P. Burruss, Charles Hartsell, N. Mahadevan, S. Nannapaneni, Aron Laszka, G. Karsai
{"title":"Augmenting Learning Components for Safety in Resource Constrained Autonomous Robots","authors":"Shreyas Ramakrishna, A. Dubey, Matthew P. Burruss, Charles Hartsell, N. Mahadevan, S. Nannapaneni, Aron Laszka, G. Karsai","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2019.00032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2019.00032","url":null,"abstract":"Learning enabled components (LECs) trained using data-driven algorithms are increasingly being used in autonomous robots commonly found in factories, hospitals, and educational laboratories. However, these LECs do not provide any safety guarantees, and testing them is challenging. In this paper, we introduce a framework that performs weighted simplex strategy based supervised safety control, resource management and confidence estimation of autonomous robots. Specifically, we describe two weighted simplex strategies: (a) simple weighted simplex strategy (SW-Simplex) that computes a weighted controller output by comparing the decisions between a safety supervisor and an LEC, and (b) a context-sensitive weighted simplex strategy (CSW-Simplex) that computes a context-aware weighted controller output. We use reinforcement learning to learn the contextual weights. We also introduce a system monitor that uses the current state information and a Bayesian network model learned from past data to estimate the probability of the robotic system staying in the safe working region. To aid resource constrained robots in performing complex computations of these weighted simplex strategies, we describe a resource manager that offloads tasks to an available fog nodes. The paper also describes a hardware testbed called DeepNNCar, which is a low cost resource-constrained RC car, built to perform autonomous driving. Using the hardware, we show that both SW-Simplex and CSW-Simplex have 40% and 60% fewer safety violations, while demonstrating higher optimized speed during indoor driving (~ 0.40 m/s) than the original system (using only LECs).","PeriodicalId":425290,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121394575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}