{"title":"Interfacing to Time-Triggered Communication Systems","authors":"P. Puschner, R. Kirner","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2019.00044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2019.00044","url":null,"abstract":"Time-triggered communication facilitates the construction of multi-component real-time systems whose components are in control of their temporal behavior. However, the interface of a time-triggered communication system has to be accessed with care, to avoid that the temporal independence of components gets lost. This paper shows two interfacing strategies, one for asynchonous interface access (in two variants, one being the new Rate-Bounded Non-Blocking Communication protocol) and one for time-aware, synchronized interface access, that allow components to maintain temporal independence. The paper describes and compares the interfacing strategies.","PeriodicalId":425290,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122719493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Time-efficient offloading for machine learning tasks between embedded systems and fog nodes","authors":"Darren Saguil, Akramul Azim","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2019.00022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2019.00022","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Learning (ML) introduce embedded systems to many new roles and functions, but the current status quo of using these technologies together can be improved. The status quo has embedded systems offloading all of their ML functionality to an external device, but this can lead to unpredictable throughput due to network instability. We propose to run low-complexity ML models on the embedded system itself and distribute the workload when it has been measured to bypass a Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) threshold.","PeriodicalId":425290,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130545498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scott Eisele, Purboday Ghosh, Keegan Campanelli, A. Dubey, G. Karsai
{"title":"Demo: Transactive Energy Application with RIAPS","authors":"Scott Eisele, Purboday Ghosh, Keegan Campanelli, A. Dubey, G. Karsai","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2019.00024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2019.00024","url":null,"abstract":"The modern electric grid is a complex, decentralized cyber-physical system requiring higher-level control techniques to balance the demand and supply of energy to optimize the overall energy usage. The concept of Transactive Energy utilizes distributed system principle to address this challenge. In this demonstration we show the usage of the distributed application management platform RIAPS in the implementation of one such Transactive Energy approach to control elements of a power system, which runs as a a simulation using the Gridlab-d simulation solver.","PeriodicalId":425290,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134270143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimal Load-Balancing Association Scheme for C-RANs with Mobile IoT Devices","authors":"Taewoon Kim, Wooyeol Choi","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2019.00026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2019.00026","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we study an optimal load balancing association scheme for a C-RAN (Cloud-based Radio Access Network) with mobile IoT (Internet of Things) devices. In C-RANs, short-range low-complex RRHs (Remote Radio Heads) are densely deployed to provide coverage. However, due to their limited processing power, it is critical to evenly distribute the traffic load. In addition, when user devices are mobile, frequent handovers can generate significant amount of control messages. In this regard, we propose an optimal load balancing association scheme between RRHs and mobile devices that minimizes the handovers as well. We first formulate an optimal load-balancing problem. Then, we revise the formulation such that an occurrence of handovers is penalized. We implement a discrete-time network simulator to evaluate and compare the performance of the proposed algorithm to conventional load balancing schemes. The evaluation results show that the proposed scheme can evenly distribute the traffic load, while minimizing the handovers.","PeriodicalId":425290,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133543772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luís Silva, P. Pedreiras, Pedro Fonseca, L. Almeida
{"title":"On the adequacy of SDN and TSN for Industry 4.0","authors":"Luís Silva, P. Pedreiras, Pedro Fonseca, L. Almeida","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2019.00017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2019.00017","url":null,"abstract":"Industry 4.0, Industrial Internet of Things, Cyber-Physical Production Systems and Smart Factories are closely related emerging concepts expected to drive significant improvements in industrial production systems, with gains in efficiency, cost and customer satisfaction. These concepts are intimately associated with highly distributed and cooperative architectures that rely, naturally, on the network infrastructure. However, traditional industrial communication technologies hardly provide the required level of integration, flexibility and performance. Seeking a solution to this mismatch, we assess two technologies that appeared recently in the industrial realm, namely IEEE 802.1 Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) and Software-Defined Networking (SDN). TSN and SDN are fundamentally different, thus having distinct strengths and weaknesses. This paper reviews their fundamental operation principles, evaluating them qualitatively against the specific requirements posed by Industry 4.0.","PeriodicalId":425290,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133721777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Untangling the Intricacies of Thread Synchronization in the PREEMPT_RT Linux Kernel","authors":"D. B. D. Oliveira, R. S. Oliveira, T. Cucinotta","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2019.00012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2019.00012","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes an automata-based model for describing and validating the behavior of threads in the Linux PREEMPT_RT kernel, on a single-core system. The automata model defines the events and how they influence the timeline of threads' execution, comprising the preemption control, interrupt handlers, interrupt control, scheduling and locking. This article also presents the extension of the Linux trace features that enable the trace of the kernel events used in the modeling. The model and the tracing tool are used, initially, to validate the model, but preliminary results were enough to point to two problems in the Linux kernel. Finally, the analysis of the events involved in the activation of the highest priority thread is presented in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions, describing the delays occurred in this operation in the same granularity used by kernel developers, showing how it is possible to take advantage of the model for analyzing the thread wake-up latency, without any need for watching the corresponding kernel code.","PeriodicalId":425290,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124857844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arne Boockmeyer, Jossekin Beilharz, Lukas Pirl, A. Polze
{"title":"Hatebefi: Hybrid Applications Testbed for Fault Injection","authors":"Arne Boockmeyer, Jossekin Beilharz, Lukas Pirl, A. Polze","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2019.00030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2019.00030","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid testbeds are popular for testing distributed software systems, like network protocols and distributed applications, since the beginning of the 2000s. Combining physical and virtual resources for testing these networked computer systems allows to leverage the advantages and mitigate the disadvantages of either one. However, hybrid testbeds introduce novel challenges, e.g. regarding plausibility, heterogeneity, and controllability. To counter these challenges, we introduce the Hybrid Applications Testbed for Fault Injection (Hatebefi) which combines two approaches: On the one hand, Hatebefi aims to increase the plausibility by integrating hybrid testbeds with domain-specific simulators (e.g. for traffic simulation). This integration also addresses the heterogeneity of contemporary distributed applications. On the other hand, our framework allows for efficient creation and execution of complex test scenarios with a high degree of controllability by offering an event-based execution model. To demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, we implemented a basic set of arbitrarily combinable events to cover the most common scenarios. Both features combined pave the way to test distributed software systems, like Internet of Things applications involving connected vehicles or smart cities.","PeriodicalId":425290,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126621592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"MATLAB/Simulink Benchmark Suite for ROS-based Self-driving Software Platform","authors":"Shota Tokunaga, Keita Miura, Takuya Azumi","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2019.00023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2019.00023","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, self-driving systems have been developed worldwide, and the technology has been making remarkable progress. One approach to the development of the autonomous vehicle is using ROS which is an open-source middleware framework used for developing robot applications. On the other hand, the popular approach in the automotive industry is using MATLAB/Simulink which is the software for modeling, simulating, and analyzing. MATLAB/Simulink has an interface connecting ROS and MATLAB/Simulink. However, it is not used much in the development of self-driving systems because there are not enough samples for the self-driving systems. Therefore, we provide a MATLAB/Simulink benchmark suite for a ROS-based self-driving system called Autoware. Autoware provides an abundant set of self-driving modules and enables to simulate and operate the autonomous vehicle. The provided benchmark is a set of MATLAB code and Simulink model samples. They assist to design the self-driving systems using MATLAB/Simulink.","PeriodicalId":425290,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"40 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114116627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ankita Samaddar, Zahra Rahiminasab, A. Easwaran, A. Banerjee, Xuerui Bai
{"title":"Linearization based Safety Verification of a Glucose Control Protocol","authors":"Ankita Samaddar, Zahra Rahiminasab, A. Easwaran, A. Banerjee, Xuerui Bai","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2019.00047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2019.00047","url":null,"abstract":"Medical cyber-physical systems in which multiple medical devices co-ordinate with each other and provide closed-loop control to the patient, have come into prominence in the recent past. One of the main challenges for such systems is guaranteeing their safety even in the presence of significant physiological variabilities among patients. Formal verification based on well-established models of patient physiology has emerged as a potential solution to this problem. However, such techniques face a significant hurdle in terms of scalability due to two main reasons; non-linearity in the physiological models, and large variations in the model parameters due to intra and inter-patient variabilities. In this work, we considered a case-study system of pre-operative and intra-operative care for diabetic patients based on a well-established insulin-infusion protocol. The system comprises a physiological model of the glucose-insulin regulatory system based on Dallaman's model integrated with a proportional-derivative controller that encodes the insulin-infusion protocol. Towards addressing the verification scalability problem, we present a solution for this case-study based on well-known model linearization techniques. We also calculated the error in linearization and incorporated the error into the linearized model. We have constructed both hybrid system model and the corresponding linearized model along with the error and have verified them using dReach and SAL verification tools, respectively. The non-linear model remained non-verifiable for a depth of 8 even after running the verification for more than 20 hours. However, the linearized model was found to be fully verifiable for all the cases and also 2x times faster than the non-linear model for a depth of 7. Therefore, safety of the nonlinear model can be verified with some approximation using the corresponding linearized model.","PeriodicalId":425290,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127227088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rafael Rocha, L. Ferreira, Cláudio Maia, P. Souto, P. Varga
{"title":"Improving the performance of a Publish-Subscribe message broker","authors":"Rafael Rocha, L. Ferreira, Cláudio Maia, P. Souto, P. Varga","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2019.00027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2019.00027","url":null,"abstract":"The Arrowhead Framework, a SOA-based framework for IoT applications, provides the Event Handler system: a publish/subscribe broker implemented with REST/HTTP(S). However, the existing implementation of the Event Handler suffers from message latency problems that are not acceptable for industrial applications. Thus, this paper describes the refactoring process of this system that enabled it to reach acceptable levels of latency.","PeriodicalId":425290,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128246911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}