Journal of Xenobiotics最新文献

{"title":"From Xenobiotic Exposure to Neuroinflammation: Mechanisms Linking Lipopolysaccharide Signaling to Depressive-like Behavior.","authors":"Alissa Maria de Oliveira Martins, Maxsyara Felismino da Silva Soares, Lucas Nóbrega de Oliveira, Nayana M M V Barbosa, André Luiz Leocádio de Souza Matos, Maria Clara Ferreira Gonçalves, Adriana M F de Oliveira-Golzio, Cícero Francisco Bezerra Felipe, Marcus T Scotti, Pablo R da Silva, Luciana Scotti","doi":"10.3390/jox16040129","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16040129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Depression is increasingly recognized as a multifactorial disorder involving immune, metabolic, and neurobiological disturbances that extend beyond classical monoaminergic hypotheses. Among xenobiotic-based experimental approaches, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has become a valuable tool for investigating how peripheral inflammatory stimuli are translated into central neurobiological dysfunction. This narrative review aimed to integrate current evidence regarding the mechanisms by which LPS-induced neuroimmune activation contributes to depression-related phenotypes and to discuss the translational relevance of these findings. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies addressing inflammatory signaling, oxidative imbalance, inflammasome activation, neurotransmitter dysfunction, and experimental modeling strategies. Current evidence suggests that LPS-induced neuroinflammation involves a dynamic interaction between peripheral immune signaling, mitochondrial dysfunction, redox imbalance, and glial activation, establishing self-amplifying mechanisms capable of sustaining chronic inflammatory states. Such alterations profoundly affect kynurenine metabolism, glutamatergic homeostasis, and reward-related neurotransmission, thereby contributing to synaptic dysfunction and behavioral impairment. Experimental findings obtained from animal, cellular, and computational platforms further support the emergence of integrated therapeutic strategies targeting multiple neuroimmune pathways. Collectively, these observations reinforce the concept that neuroinflammation represents a central biological interface linking xenobiotic exposure to depressive-like behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398186/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148580555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eggshell-Activated Carbon from Water Hyacinths for Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater: Isotherm and Kinetic Studies.","authors":"Claire Atumanye, Simon Bbumba, Hakimu Nsubuga, Ivan Kiganda, Timothy Omara, Justus Kwetegyeka","doi":"10.3390/jox16040126","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16040126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heavy metals (HMs) such as copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and zinc (Zn) from industrial activities are discharged into nearby water resources after treatment. In the present study, the potential of utilizing chemically activated carbon derived from water hyacinths as a sustainable and low-cost adsorbent for heavy metal removal from industrial wastewater from the Nakawa industrial area, Uganda was investigated. The measured physicochemical parameters of wastewater (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, chlorides and total hardness) varied significantly among the three sampled sites (<i>p</i> < 0.05), except for pH. Similarly, the concentration of the HMs in the samples (0.54 ± 0.04 mg L^-1 for Cr to 93.54 ± 0.07 mg L^-1 for Pb) varied significantly between sites (<i>p</i> < 0.05), exceeding the maximum permissible limits of Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu and Zn specified in the National Environment Standards for Discharge of Effluent into Water or Land. The water hyacinth biomass was activated using eggshell powder and phosphoric acid, followed by thermal treatment. Characterization using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy confirmed that there was improvement in its surface functionality and porosity post activation. Batch adsorption experiments indicated that optimal removal of the HMs was achieved at pH 4-5, contact time of 90 min, and 1.0 g of adsorbent. Maximum adsorption capacities of Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr and Zn were in the range of 1.04-8.36 mg g^-1. Under the optimized conditions, the eggshell-activated carbon derived from water hyacinths had removal efficiencies of 91.2 ± 9.1% (range: 71.3-100%). Adsorption occurred through both monolayer and multilayer coverage, as indicated by the experimental data which fitted well to the Freundlich isotherm (Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions) and Langmuir isotherm model (Cr³⁺ ions). These results support the potential of water hyacinth-derived activated carbon as an ecofriendly alternative for treating low concentrations of these HMs in industrial wastewater.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13397911/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148580482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Therapeutic Drug to Xenobiotic in Cancer Repurposing: Clozapine Mechanisms, Metabolic Liabilities, and Human-Relevant Translational Approaches.","authors":"Maria João Gouveia, Nuno Vale","doi":"10.3390/jox16040125","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16040125","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Drug repurposing represents a rational and resource-efficient strategy to expand the oncological armamentarium by leveraging the established pharmacology, clinical experience, and safety-monitoring frameworks of approved non-oncological agents. Clozapine (CZP), an atypical antipsychotic characterized by broad receptor pharmacology, complex biotransformation, and clinically relevant toxicological liabilities, has emerged as a candidate of interest following preclinical evidence of context-dependent anticancer activity across multiple tumor types. As such, CZP provides an informative case study at the interface between therapeutic drug action and xenobiotic behavior. This review provides a critical and integrated synthesis of the current evidence supporting the repurposing of CZP in oncology, with particular emphasis on the relationship between its molecular mechanisms, dose-exposure requirements, pharmacological complexity, and potential toxicity. Analysis of in vitro and in vivo studies across glioblastoma, non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma brain metastasis models indicates that CZP can impair tumor cell proliferation and survival through a form of mechanistic plasticity. Rather than acting through a single conserved pathway, CZP appears to disrupt shared upstream processes related to pro-survival signaling, cellular stress tolerance, and metabolic homeostasis, while engaging tumor-specific downstream responses, including autophagic cell death, mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, oxidative stress, and coordinated modulation of survival and angiogenic pathways. Despite this mechanistic rationale, translation remains substantially constrained, most notably by the order of magnitude gap between anticancer-effective concentrations in vitro and clinically achievable plasma exposures, requiring careful distinction between potentially useful anticancer pharmacology and nonspecific xenobiotic-induced cellular stress and clinically unacceptable toxicity. Key limitations include the discrepancy between anticancer-effective concentrations observed in vitro and exposures achievable during standard psychiatric dosing, the limited understanding of how CZP metabolism and metabolite formation may influence efficacy and toxicity, the absence of integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic and toxicokinetic modeling, and the lack of dedicated clinical trial evidence. To address these challenges, this review examines complementary translational strategies, including patient-derived organoids, co-culture systems, microphysiological platforms, pharmacokinetic and toxicological modeling, and computational digital twin frameworks. Together, these approaches may support a biologically informed and risk-aware evaluation of CZP, helping to identify responsive tumor contexts, anticipate exposure-related liabilities, and prioritize rational combination strategies. By integrating therapeutic potential with xenobiotic pharmacology and toxicology, this ","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13397985/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148580620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pregnancy Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Exploratory Comparative Levels in Blood Serum Samples from Different Regions in Antioquia, Colombia.","authors":"Jhon Fredy Narváez-Valderrama, Juan José García-Londoño, Juan David González-Calderón, Yileni Argoti-Ospina, Gabriel Jaime Maya, Jorge L Gallego, Ana Luisa Urrego, Carlos Daniel Ramos-Contreras","doi":"10.3390/jox16040124","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16040124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maternal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during pregnancy has been associated with adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes, including miscarriage, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, and spontaneous abortion. Exposure occurs through multiple pathways, including dietary intake and inhalation, which ultimately determine the final body burden. PAHs may reach relevant levels in the blood, representing the initial step in their internal distribution to the placenta, umbilical cord, and breast milk, thereby compromising maternal-fetal health. In this exploratory study, maternal blood samples were collected from pregnant women residing in different regions of Antioquia, Colombia. Serum was isolated from whole blood, subsequently extracted using freezing-assisted liquid-liquid extraction, purified by solid-phase extraction, and analyzed by GC-MS. Method performance showed PAH recoveries between 60 and 120%, limits of detection (LOD) ranging from 0.5 to 3.3 ng·mL^-1, and limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 1.4 to 9.9 ng·mL^-1. Airborne PAH concentrations were measured using a photoelectric aerosol sensor, and higher levels were observed in municipalities intersected by major highways, indicating a strong vehicular contribution, with an average concentration of 72.6 ± 39.2 ng·m^-3. Low and medium-molecular weight PAHs were detected in serum samples at an average concentration of 43.8 ± 8.8 ng·g^-1 of lipid (mean of ∑ individual congeners). In contrast, a high-molecular-weight PAH, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), was detected in one participant. Pyrene (PYR) and fluoranthene (FLU) were the predominant congeners, suggesting combustion-related sources, primarily vehicular emissions. Serum PAH levels showed a correlation with the frequency of consumption of canned fish and meat, but not with short-term airborne PAH measurements. These exploratory findings suggest that dietary intake is a primary pathway of bioaccumulation during acute exposure and plays a key role in determining the parental PAHs burden during pregnancy in polluted environments. However, additional data on parent PAHs and their metabolites are needed to provide a more comprehensive assessment of cumulative exposure arising from dietary sources and chronic inhalation of airborne PAHs.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398110/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148580636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental and Population Biomonitoring of Selenium in Eastern Croatia.","authors":"Zvonimir Užarević, Martina Šrajer Gajdošik, Elvira Kovač-Andrić, Lidija Kalinić, Mihaela Vranješ Delać, Dinko Puntarić, Eda Puntarić, Domagoj Vidosavljević, Mario Begović, Vlatka Gvozdić","doi":"10.3390/jox16040123","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16040123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Selenium is a trace element of vital importance for ecosystem functioning and human health mainly due to its antioxidant and protective properties. Since both selenium deficiency and excess can have harmful effects on living organisms, monitoring its distribution in biological systems and the environment is of significant scientific and public health interest. This study systematically assessed selenium concentrations in biological (urine, serum, and hair) and environmental (soil and dandelion) samples in eastern Croatia. Selenium concentrations were determined using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method. In biological samples, median selenium concentrations were from 15.02 to 37.15 μg·L^-1 in urine, from 80.76 to 114.05 μg·L^-1 in serum, and from 0.21 to 0.46 µg·g^-1 in hair. In environmental samples, median selenium concentrations varied depending on location, ranging from 0.32 to 0.51 mg·kg^-1 in soil and from 6.55 to 84.41 µg·kg^-1 in dandelion. PCA was applied to identify overall patterns and groupings among biological and environmental samples, showing that dandelion samples from urban locations exhibited the highest selenium concentrations, indicating the influences of urban environmental conditions on selenium accumulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398239/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148580615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Multi-Bioassay Assessment of Tetracycline Mixture Toxicity in Water and Soil Using Harmonized Dose-Response Modeling.","authors":"Chrysi A Papadimitriou, Christina Emmanouil, Amalia Moriki, Vasileios Bartzis","doi":"10.3390/jox16040122","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16040122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tetracyclines (TCs) are antibiotics widely used in human and veterinary medicine as well as in agricultural practices. They may be retained in soil or drift into freshwater, thereby exerting effects on non-target organisms and deteriorating ecological quality. In this study, tetracycline (T), oxytetracycline (OT), chlortetracycline (CT), and their binary and ternary mixtures were evaluated using a battery of bioassays including terrestrial plants, aquatic crustaceans, a ciliate protist and a bacterial species. Results showed a concentration-dependent effect for parameter immobilization in <i>Daphnia magna</i> and <i>Artemia salina</i>, seed germination in the terrestrial plants, and bioluminescence inhibition and growth inhibition in <i>Aliivibrio fischeri</i> and <i>Tetrahymena thermophila</i>, respectively. For <i>A. fischeri</i>, statistically significant interactions were observed between dose and exposure time. <i>A. salina</i> demonstrated greater sensitivity than <i>D. magna</i> in all cases. Both <i>A. salina</i> and <i>A. fischeri</i> showed increased toxicity to OT and the ternary mixture. Dicots presented greater sensitivity than the monocot species in all cases. In the combined exposures, there was a deviation from the concentration addition (CA) model, with possible synergism for CT + T and the ternary mixture for <i>A. fischeri</i>. The concurrent environmental exposure of non-target organisms to TCs should be investigated further.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13397924/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148580492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methylsulfonylmethane Attenuates Dexamethasone-Induced Hepatic Insulin Resistance in Rats: Associations with SGK1, p-AMPK/mTOR, Inflammatory and Angiogenic Markers.","authors":"Ahmad A Alresheedi, Omnia A Nour, Dalia H El-Kashef, Manar A Nader","doi":"10.3390/jox16040121","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16040121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Glucocorticoid therapy remains clinically indispensable, yet its long-term use is profoundly constrained by insulin resistance (IR), hepatic steatosis, and progressive metabolic dysfunction. Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), a naturally occurring sulfur-containing nutraceutical with established antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, has emerged as a promising metabolic modulator; however, its therapeutic relevance in glucocorticoid-induced hepatic IR has not previously been explored. <b>Methods:</b> Male Wistar rats received MSM (200 or 400 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 14 days, while dexamethasone (DEX) (8 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was administered during the final 7 days to induce severe metabolic dysfunction. <b>Results:</b> DEX provoked profound IR, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, hepatocellular injury, and steatotic degeneration accompanied by marked ultrastructural abnormalities. Remarkably, MSM conferred dose-dependent metabolic and hepatoprotective effects, significantly restoring glucose homeostasis, insulin responsiveness, lipid metabolism, and hepatic structural integrity. Mechanistically, MSM exerted a pleiotropic regulatory effect through suppression of the glucocorticoid-responsive kinase SGK1, restoration of AMPK/mTOR signaling balance, and normalization of insulin signaling pathways and metabolic transcriptional regulators. Furthermore, MSM effectively attenuated oxidative stress and inflammatory amplification consistent with modulation of the NLRP3/NF-κB/IL-6 axis. Importantly, the current work identifies angiogenic remodeling demonstrated by DEX-induced upregulation of VEGF and CD34, both of which were substantially suppressed by MSM treatment. <b>Conclusions:</b> This study provides novel evidence that MSM mitigates glucocorticoid-induced hepatic IR through coordinated modulation of glucocorticoid-responsive kinases, metabolic signaling networks, redox-inflammatory cascades, and pathological angiogenesis. Consequently, MSM may represent a promising candidate for further preclinical and clinical evaluation regarding its capacity to limit glucocorticoid-associated metabolic burdens.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13397917/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148580638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safranal Enhances the Efficacy of Praziquantel Against <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> Infection and Alleviates Liver Fibrosis, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Mice.","authors":"Azza Fahmy, Amany Mohammed Mohmmed Hegab, Hanan S Mossalem, Samah Sulaiman Abuzahrah, Saud Omar Alafghani, Alaaeldin Ahmed Hamza, Nouf Juaid, Amr Amin","doi":"10.3390/jox16040120","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16040120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although praziquantel (PZQ) is the main antischistosomal drug currently in use, concerns remain regarding incomplete reversal of schistosomiasis-induced pathology and the emergence of drug resistance. This study evaluates the combined effect of PZQ with safranal, a bioactive saffron constituent, on <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i>-induced pathology in mice. Male CD1 Swiss albino mice were exposed to 60 <i>S. mansoni</i> cercariae and, at week 9 post-infection, were treated with PZQ (500 mg/kg orally for two consecutive days), safranal (50 mg/kg/day), or both, for three weeks. The animals were sacrificed at week 11 post-infection. Worm and egg burdens, liver histopathology, fibrotic markers, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokines were assessed. Combined PZQ + safranal therapy significantly reduced adult worm counts and hepatic and intestinal egg loads compared to PZQ alone. All treatments decreased liver index (hepatomegaly), with the combination treatment providing the best intervention. Histological analyses revealed significantly reduced granuloma size and hepatic necrosis post-treatment, particularly in the combination group. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10) were significantly lowered in treated mice, most notably with the combination treatment. Oxidative stress was also markedly attenuated, and infected mice exhibited elevated malondialdehyde and depleted antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH). Interestingly, PZQ and/or safranal restored antioxidant status and reduced lipid peroxidation, with the combination being most effective. Furthermore, collagen deposition and expression of hepatic fibrotic markers α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), TGF-β1, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were most effectively suppressed by combined therapy. To conclude, safranal enhances PZQ's antischistosomal efficacy and confers additive protection against <i>Schistosoma</i>-induced liver fibrosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13397992/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148580591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Xenobiotic Hazards in Aircraft Cabin Air.","authors":"Jeremy J Ramsden","doi":"10.3390/jox16040119","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16040119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most airline passengers and crew assume that the air in the cabin is free from harmful or hazardous substances, as is mandated by airworthiness regulations. While fresh air entering the cabin is sterile (and if recirculated is usually efficiently filtered to remove microorganisms), if the fresh air is bled off the turbine compressors (as is the case in about 95% of airliners currently in service), it may be contaminated with traces of engine oil and ultrafine particles abraded from the turbine blades, and possibly traces of hydraulic fluid leaking from servo systems. Engine oil contains tricresyl phosphate (TCP) as an essential antiwear agent, but it is also a well-known neurotoxin, and it has been suggested that there may be no safe lower limit of exposure, not least because of considerable variation among individuals in sensitivity to tri-<i>ortho</i>-cresyl phosphate (T<i>o</i>CP) and other isomers with at least one <i>ortho</i> constituent. This paper reviews current knowledge about these hazards and discusses the medical and economic motivations for diminishing them. A calculation based on maintaining the life quality index shows that eliminating xenobiotic hazards in aircraft cabin air is likely to be affordable.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398208/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148580639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preventing Pesticide Toxicity Risk Through Self-Reported Practices in Children of Farming Communities: A Social Practice Theory Perspective.","authors":"Nuraeni Nuraeni, Herdis Herdiansyah, Fatmah Fatmah, Haruki Agustina, Rully Yusuf","doi":"10.3390/jox16030117","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16030117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study analyzes the determinants of self-reported behaviours and perceptions associated with pesticide toxicity risk in children using the Social Practice Theory framework, linking individual factors and agricultural practices to understand vulnerability and prevention opportunities. This research was conducted in Pattapang Village, Tinggimoncong District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. To examine the relationship between pesticide use patterns, social norms, competence, material, and individual aspects and the risk of sensitive toxicity in children, data were analyzed using structural equation modeling-partial least squares (SEM-PLS) with bootstrapping resampling. Pesticide use patterns had a significant negative effect on toxicity risk. Competence was the strongest predictor of pesticide use patterns, followed by materials and short-term goals. Personal values dominate personal norms and long-term goals, while social norms only influence personal norms. Self-efficacy, personal norms, and long-term goals showed no significant effects. The novelty of this research lies in the integration of a socio-ecological approach with individual psychological factors in a comprehensive structural model that explains the complex mechanisms of children's protective behavior formation from pesticide toxicity, identifying that personal values-not personal norms or self-efficacy-are the most effective leverage points for farmer behavior change interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13302243/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148319674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}