Science of the Total Environment最新文献

{"title":"Top 10+1 indicators for assessing forest ecosystem conditions: A five-decade fragmentation analysis.","authors":"Bruna Almeida, Pedro Cabral, Catarina Fonseca, Artur Gil, Pierre Scemama","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177527","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Globally, land use change has consistently resulted in greater losses than gains in aboveground biomass (AGB). Forest fragmentation is a primary driver of biodiversity loss and the depletion of natural capital. Measuring landscape characteristics and analyzing changes in forest landscape patterns are essential for accounting for the contributions of forest ecosystems to the economy and human well-being. This study predicts national forest distribution for 2036 and 2054 using a Cellular Automata (CA) system and assesses ecosystem conditions through landscape metrics at the patch, class, and landscape levels. We calculated 130 metrics and applied a Variance Threshold method to remove features with low variance, testing different thresholds. The first filtered-out metrics were further analysed through Principal Component Analysis combined with a Feature Importance technique to select and rank the top 10 indicators: effective mesh size, splitting index, mean radius of gyration, largest patch index, mean core area, core area percentage, Simpson's evenness index, mutual information, Simpson's diversity index, and mean contiguity index. The eleventh selected indicator is the AGB density, a structural measurement for ecosystem condition and a proxy for forest carbon storage and sequestration assessments. From 2000 to 2018, the national AGB forest carbon stock decreased from 131.5 to 91.3 Megatons (Mt) with expected values for 2036 and 2054 being 71.8 and 55.3 Mt., respectively. Landscape measurements quantitatively describe forest dynamics, providing insights into the structure, configuration, and changes characterizing landscape evolution. This research underscores the capability of CA models to map large-scale forest resources and predict future development scenarios, offering useful information for conservation and environmental management decisions. Additionally, it provides measurements to support Ecosystem Accounting by assessing forest extent and indicators of its conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":" ","pages":"177527"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142646717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trace element contaminants and endocrine status of European brown bears assessed using blood as a matrix.","authors":"Maja Lazarus, Agnieszka Sergiel, Maja Ferenčaković, Ankica Sekovanić, Slaven Reljić, Lana Pađen, David M Janz, Ena Oster, Tomasz Zwijacz-Kozica, Filip Zięba, Nuria Selva, Đuro Huber","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177486","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177486","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bioaccumulation of trace element contaminants with endocrine disruptive (ED) potential has been noted in European brown bears, though evidence of their effects is lacking. Generalized linear models were employed to assess circulating levels of reproductive, stress, and thyroid hormones in relation to arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and thallium (Tl) in 53 free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) from two European populations (Carpathian and Dinara-Pindos). Other potential drivers of hormone variation, such as essential elements, ecological factors, physiological variables, and capture methods, were included as predictors. The models demonstrated a positive association between cortisol and Cd, and a negative association with Tl. In addition, Tl and Pb were identified as key factors in explaining variation in thyroid hormones (free triiodothyronine, fT3 and free thyroxine, fT4). Trap type was significant in explaining variation in fT3 concentrations, while sex was an important predictor of progesterone levels. The essential elements, cobalt (Co) and copper (Cu) accounted for 41 % of testosterone variation, while Cu and selenium (Se) were negatively associated with fT4. Other notable predictors of investigated hormone variation included body condition index (important for cortisol), age (for fT4), year (for fT3), capture day (for fT4 and fT4:fT3 ratio) and population (fT4:fT3 ratio). This study evidenced trace elements as important factors to consider when studying hormonal variation in terrestrial wildlife (Tl for cortisol and fT3, Cd for cortisol, Cu for testosterone and fT4, Co for testosterone, Pb and Se for fT4). To gain a more definitive understanding of the effects of exposure to element contaminants on endocrine status, it is recommended to include more sensitive and specific endocrine disruption-related endpoints in a larger sample size. Doing so will further enhance our understanding of the potential adverse endocrine effects of environmental pollutants on these bear populations and other large mammalian wildlife species.</p>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":" ","pages":"177486"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142646718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contribution of chemical toxicity to the overall toxicity of microplastic particles: A review.","authors":"Jana Boháčková, Tomáš Cajthaml","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177611","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanoplastics and microplastics are of growing research interest due to their persistence in the environment and potential harm to organisms through physical damage, such as abrasions or blockages, and chemical harm from leached additives and contaminants. Despite extensive research, a clear distinction between the physical and chemical toxicity of plastic particles has been lacking. This study addresses this gap by reviewing studies examining both toxicity types, focusing on environmentally relevant leachates. The chemicals used in plastics manufacturing, which number over 16,000, include additives, processing aids, and monomers, many of which pose potential hazards due to their toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation. Studies typically use extraction or leaching methods to assess chemical toxicity, with leaching more closely mimicking environmental conditions. Factors influencing leaching include plastic type, particle size, and environmental conditions. A systematic literature search identified 35 relevant studies that assessed the toxicity of plastic particle suspensions and their leachates. Analysis revealed that, in 52 % of the cases, both the suspension and leachate had toxic effects, while in 35 % of the cases, toxicity was attributed to the suspension alone. At 13 %, only the leachate was toxic. This suggests that leachates contribute significantly to overall toxicity. However, the results vary widely depending on the experimental conditions and plastic type, highlighting the complexity of microplastic toxicity. The preparation methods used for leachates significantly influence toxicity results. Factors such as leaching time, particle size, and separation techniques affect the concentration and presence of toxic chemicals. Additionally, washed particles-those subjected to procedures for removing leachable chemicals-often showed reduced toxicity, although the results varied. This underscores the need for standardized methods to compare studies better and understand the relative contributions of physical and chemical toxicity to microplastic pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":" ","pages":"177611"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142666293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controls on microbially-induced carbonate precipitation in geologic porous media.","authors":"Shunxiang Xia, Wen Song","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microbially-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) provides a natural biomineralization approach to secure the geologic storage of gases (e.g., carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane). Cracks in embrittled wellbore cement, for example, provide a pathway for atmospheric gas leakage, while permeability heterogeneities in the storage reservoir leads to fingering effects that diminish the storage capacity. The design of MICP processes, however, remains a challenge due to limited understanding of the coupled nonlinear reaction kinetics and multiphase transport involved. Specifically, previous attempts at MICP through porous media have been encumbered by carbonate precipitation localized to the first ∼ cm of the bulk injection surface. In this study, we investigate the reactive transport controls on MICP necessary to enable deep MICP penetration into the formation. We use a micromodel with pore geometry and geochemistry representative of real geologic media to image direct pore- and pore-ensemble-level mineral, fluid, and microbial distributions. An approach to adsorb microbes uniformly across the micromodel, rather than local accumulation near the inlet, is developed that enables deep MICP penetration into the porous medium. A sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the impact of injection conditions (e.g., rates, concentrations) required to maximize CaCO₃ precipitation away from the injection site. With multiple cycles of MICP, a ∼ 78 % reduction in permeability was achieved with ∼8 % carbonate pore volume occupation. Overall, this study establishes the possibility of MICP as an effective and controllable method to enhance the security of gas storage in geologic media.</p>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":" ","pages":"177647"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142680128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution and ecological risks of pharmaceuticals and personal care products with different anthropogenic pressures in typical watersheds in China.","authors":"Liwei Zhang, Xujia Zhang, Chang Liu, Dalong Ma, Hanxi Wang, Peng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177573","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to global population growth and increased healthcare accessibility, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are closely linked with human activities and have become new pollutants alongside some legacy priority pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Although PPCPs have been detected in numerous river basins in recent years, a few researches have been carried out on their association with human activities. In this paper, the concentrations of PPCPs and toxicological data were compiled for over 25 representative watersheds in China in the past two decades from various sources, including PubMed, Elsevier and Springer. Comprehensive analysis of the occurrence, spatial distribution, sources and ecological risk assessment was carried out for the 30 most frequently detected PPCPs in water environments. Multivariate statistical methods, including hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and redundancy analysis (RDA), were employed to classify PPCPs and assess their relationship with human activities. The results indicated that the concentrations of PPCPs in rivers varied significantly across studied regions, ranging from non-detect to 21,885 ng/L. Many detected compounds in PPCPs were antibiotics and their occurrence was closely linked with the economic development, effectiveness of medicines and geographical location. Household emissions were identified as the primary contributor to the occurrence of PPCPs in river basins. A strong correlation has been observed between PPCPs level and socio-economic indicators from multivariate statistical analysis. Ecological risk assessment revealed that caffeine (CAF), ibuprofen (IBU) and anhydroerythromycin (ERY) pose the greatest threat to aquatic life, particularly in the Northern China. The data compiled in this study provide insights into the impacts of PPCPs and the relationship of their ecological risks with various human activities, particularly in the typical Chinese river basins. Our results are valuable for the effective management PPCPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":" ","pages":"177573"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142680189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cadmium distribution and availability in different particle-size aggregates of post-harvest paddy soil amended with bio-based materials.","authors":"Huilong Luo, Juan Chen, Bin Yang, Yake Li, Panpan Wang, Jingjing Yu, Bei Yuan, Yunhui Zhang, Jie Ren, Ping Du, Fasheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177739","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177739","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research on the use of organic materials as soil amendments for the remediation of Cd-contaminated agricultural land exists. However, the mechanisms based on which organic materials affect the distribution and availability of Cd in soil aggregates remain unclear. Here, Cd-contaminated paddy soil and different bio-based materials were used for rice pot experiments. Rhizosphere soils were separated into six particle sizes. Cd fractions were analyzed with BCR sequential extraction and specific functional groups associated with Cd were characterized using XPS. We found that bio-based materials promoted the formation of large aggregates to different extents. Cd tended to be enriched in fine- and coarse-grained soil particles, which is mainly related to the soil organic matter. Bio-based materials reduced the relative content of the weak-acid extractable fraction and increased the relative content of the reducible fraction, resulting in soil Cd immobilization. Soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) was the key factor affecting the distribution and availability of Cd in soil aggregates and different organic matter and Cd-binding functional groups in aggregates altered the Cd availability in soil. The results provide insight and guidance for understanding the cadmium immobilization mechanism and screening appropriate materials in the remediation of agricultural land.</p>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"957 ","pages":"177739"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142754593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chloride and sodium budgets of a shallow freshwater lake - Current status and the impact of climate change.","authors":"Vera Istvánovics, Márk Honti, Adrienne Clement, Gabriella Kravinszkaja, Mihály Pósfai, Péter Torma","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177616","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The large, shallow Lake Balaton (Hungary) has experienced rapid salinization since the 1970s. This study investigated the causes of salinization and aimed at predicting the effects of climate change. Monthly mass balance models for chloride and sodium were calibrated using water balance and water quality monitoring data (1976-2022) to analyze the effects of climate change (2022-2100) through ensemble modeling under the IPCC RCP 4.5 scenario. Current (2016-2020) emission inventories were developed for both chloride and sodium. The long-term (1921-2022) emission inventory of chloride was used to build a simplified chloride balance model for the catchment. Historical salinization occurred with almost constant external loading, in parallel with the increasing water residence times. According to the mass balance model, 18-28 % of the cumulative chloride and sodium loads has been accumulated in lake sediments, potentially slowing recovery of the lake from salinization. Climate change was predicted to aggravate salinization by further reducing the water balance surplus. Even the extremely high chloride concentrations of the future will remain well below the drinking water limit, but they may adversely affect the aquatic ecosystem. Both agriculture and road deicing contributed about one-third of current chloride emissions. Wastewater accounted for <20 % due to significant wastewater diversion to adjacent catchments. The rapid intensification of Hungarian agriculture from the mid-1960s, followed by a sudden economic collapse in 1990, resulted in a large emission peak of chloride in the 1970-80s, providing a unique opportunity to estimate the long-term retention of chloride in the catchment. We estimated that 30 % of the chloride emitted since 1921 may still be present in groundwater/soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"957 ","pages":"177616"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142754594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interannual variations in grassland carbon fluxes and attribution of influencing factors in Qilian Mountains, China.","authors":"Qingqing Hou, Kaikai Ma, Xiaojun Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177786","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177786","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clarifying the driving factors of grassland carbon sequestration is essential for understanding its role in the regional carbon balance. However, there is a lack of studies on the upscaling of carbon flux in the Qilian Mountains (QLMs) and the driving factors of its interannual variation (IAV). Based on long-term eddy covariance observations in the QLMs, this study estimated the net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE), gross primary productivity (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (ER) of the QLMs grassland using four machine learning methods (random forest regression (RF), extremely randomized tree regression (ETR), support vector regression (SVR), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost)) to obtain the optimal estimation model. Subsequently, the spatiotemporal variations of GPP, ER, and NEE in the QLMs grasslands were conducted in a comprehensive analysis. The factors influencing the IAV of carbon flux, the contribution of monthly NEE to NEE IAV, and the contribution of different grassland types of NEE to NEE IAV were explored. Our findings revealed that the accuracy and resolution of the grassland carbon flux estimated by the RF method in this study are higher than those of global products. The grassland exhibited a weak carbon sink from 2000 to 2022, with an average NEE of -26.46 ± 6.80 g Cm^-2 yr^-1, and it acted as a carbon sink from May to September. The spatial distribution pattern of carbon sequestration was \"low in the northwest and high in the southeast\". LAI was the key driving factors of IAV for GPP and ER, while NEE IAV was primarily influenced by precipitation and temperature. Climate and vegetation factors primarily regulated NEE IAV by affecting the GPP and ER of plants, and NEE IAV was primarily driven by GPP. Furthermore, NEE in alpine meadows and alpine steppes dominated the NEE IAV of the entire grassland, and summer NEE contributed the most to the NEE IAV. The results will help us to better understand the carbon cycling mechanism in grassland ecosystems and provide new data support and a theoretical foundation for regional carbon cycling research.</p>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"957 ","pages":"177786"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142764978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing potential mechanisms of native and non-native snail coexistence through fecal microbiomes and dietary compositions.","authors":"Wei Xu, Yawen Bai, Tangjun Xu, Yukun Chen, Jiachen Wang, Tengteng Li, Zeyang Liu, Hongyi Liu, Honghua Ruan","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177774","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177774","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding how animals coexist within an ecosystem is essential for the conservation of biodiversity. In China, large populations of a non-native snail Rumina decollata (a highly invasive species reported by various other countries) coexist with two native snail species (Acusta ravida and Euphaedusa aculus). However, the potential mechanisms that facilitate this non-native and native snail coexistence remain uncertain. Here, we analyzed the fecal microbiomes and dietary compositions of R. decollata, A. ravida, and E. aculus to elucidate the mechanisms that drive the cohabitation of non-native and native species in Nanjing, China. It was found that the composition of the E. aculus fecal microbiome was similar to that of R. decollata, while it was significantly different from that of A. ravida. Furthermore, R. decollata preyed on E. aculus and had similar plant food compositions like A. ravida. These results indicated that the fecal microbiomes of snails may be adaptable to variable environmental conditions, while being minimally influenced by host genetics. R. decollata integrated a portion of the fecal microbes of E. aculus by preying on them. Our findings highlighted that the coexistence of R. decollata with native snails may have been due to abundant environmental resources, which negated the emergence of strong competition. However, the specific dietary changes of R. decollata and their propagation still need to be continuously monitored to better understand the long-term effects of R. decollata on ecosystems. This research provides a new understanding toward the prevention of invasive species and biodiversity conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"957 ","pages":"177774"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142754431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and alternatives with subclinical hypothyroidism in children: A cross-sectional study in China.","authors":"Luyang He, Xinhan Zhang, Peiwei Xu, Jinghao Sheng, Xiaoming Lou, Zhijian Chen, Lizhi Wu, Jie Xiang, Ping Cheng, Dandan Xu, Yuan Chen, Guangdi Chen, Xiaofeng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177809","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is growing experimental and epidemiological evidence linking perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure to thyroid dysfunction; however, the association between PFAS and their alternatives to subclinical hypothyroidism in children remains to be elucidated. This study investigated the association between 30 PFASs and thyroid function using serum samples from 194 children (aged 3-17 years) who participated in the Zhejiang Human Biomonitoring Program. Various thyroid function indicators, including free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine (FT4), and thyrotropin, were tested, and subclinical hypothyroidism was diagnosed. Linear regression was employed to examine the associations between individual PFASs and thyroid hormone levels, and logistic regression was applied to assess their associations with subclinical hypothyroidism. The quantile g-computation (qgcomp) method was used to examine the combined and individual effects of PFAS mixtures on thyroid function. Both PFASs and their alternatives were associated with altered thyroid hormone levels and subclinical hypothyroidism. A higher level of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHpA) was associated with decreased FT4 with a reduction of -0.028 pmol/L (95 % confidence interval [95 % CI]: -0.047, -0.008) per unit increase as well as increased odds of subclinical hypothyroidism (odds ratio [OR] = 1.95; 95 % CI: 1.11, 3.53). Moreover, a higher PFAS mixture was associated with elevated odds of subclinical hypothyroidism (OR = 3.72; 95 % CI: 1.08, 12.85), in which PFHpA, in conjunction with 6:2 chlorinated perfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid, accounted for the greatest proportion of the variance. These findings augment our understanding of the adverse effects of PFASs and their alternatives on thyroid homeostasis, underscoring the need for further epidemiological research.</p>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"957 ","pages":"177809"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142765221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}