Science of the Total Environment最新文献

{"title":"Comparative life cycle assessment of industrial and artisanal spirulina production systems.","authors":"Valentina Vannini, Wouter M J Achten","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conventional food production, particularly animal protein, exerts considerable pressure on the environment. As part of the protein transition and global efforts towards sustainable agricultural practices, it is relevant to study low-impact protein alternatives and compare their environmental profiles with those of conventional animal sources. This study examined spirulina, a protein-rich edible cyanobacterium. It compared the environmental impacts of four spirulina production systems (industrial, geothermal, artisanal and permacultural), with those of beef, poultry and eggs. The assessment used Life Cycle Assessment methodology, with a cradle-to-consumer scope and a functional unit of 1 kg of protein content. The results showed that spirulina production, whatever the production system, has significantly lower environmental impacts than beef production, with up to 98 % lower greenhouse gas emissions (4.56 vs. 187.17 kg CO₂-eq) and over 99 % lower land use (0.25 vs. 116.95 m²a crop eq). These benefits were less marked in comparison with poultry and eggs. Of the spirulina systems studied, the permacultural system performed best on five out of eight environmental indicators - including global warming, land use, and human toxicity - followed by the artisanal system, the geothermal system and, finally, the industrial system. Compared to the industrial system baseline, global warming impacts were reduced by 56-82 %, land use by 26-73 %, and human toxicity by up to 77 %, depending on the spirulina system. These results highlight the potential of spirulina as a promising alternative for the protein transition and the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices, particularly if produced in a permacultural way.</p>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"997 ","pages":"180184"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144811517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lessons learned from upstream wastewater sampling in response to poliovirus in New York State.","authors":"Alejandro Godinez, Mohammed Alazawi, Milagros Neyra, Brianna Hanson, Dana Neigel, Kirsten St George, Dan Lang, David A Larsen","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emerging infectious diseases present a serious challenge for local health departments, and wastewater testing for pathogen surveillance is one approach to improve response preparedness. Sample collection is routinely conducted at wastewater treatment plants, and samples from wastewater treatment plants can conveniently be used for infectious disease surveillance. The sensitivity of wastewater surveillance for detecting emerging pathogens, however, is lower in high-population areas. In response to a paralytic polio case in Rockland County, the New York State wastewater surveillance network implemented wastewater surveillance in the immediate and neighboring counties, and additional wastewater surveillance at sampling points upstream from the wastewater treatment plants where positive samples were detected. The purpose of this paper is to describe the lessons learned from the rapid emergency deployment of upstream sampling in response to the poliovirus outbreak. Sampling upstream from the treatment plants at manholes in the system reduced the total sampled population in the primary treatment plant serving Rockland County from roughly 201,000 to sub-area populations ranging from roughly 3100 to 78,300, enabling more precise identification of where polio transmission was occurring. Detections across several of these upstream areas confirmed that poliovirus was not isolated to a single individual case or limited to a specific community. Maintaining upstream sampling was challenged by a lack of dedicated staff and funding. Implementation of upstream sampling highlighted the importance of preparation, including underlying data of the sewer infrastructure, coordination between government agencies, and readiness with sampling equipment. As the threat of emerging infectious diseases increases, due in part to increased vaccine hesitancy, well-planned upstream wastewater sampling strategies by health departments should be considered as additional outbreak response tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"997 ","pages":"180216"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144811522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oligomeric amide formation in secondary organic aerosol from the photooxidation of aromatics in the presence of ammonia.","authors":"Pham Duy Quang Dao, Seong Weon Lee, Ahsan Ali, Geondo Park, Sunghwan Kim, Chan Sik Cho, Ho-Jin Lim","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to enhance our understanding of the chemical composition and potential formation pathways of oligomeric amides in relation to the photooxidation of aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in atmospheric aerosol. Aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., toluene, m-xylene, and ethylbenzene) undergo complex photooxidation processes that interact with NH₃, leading to the formation of complex N-containing organic compounds. In this study, we successfully synthesized and characterized several oligomer amides, which were employed as standards to detect N-containing secondary organic aerosol (SOA) generated in a smog chamber under simulated atmospheric conditions. The results revealed the presence of oligomeric amides in the SOA, indicating their formation during the photooxidation process in the presence of NH₃ and providing significant insights related to the chemical formation pathway of SOA.</p>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"997 ","pages":"180203"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144811588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rare earth elements in a highly industrialized South Asian estuary: Enrichment patterns, geochemical behaviors, contamination status and multi-index risk evaluation.","authors":"Sanjida Jahan Farjana, Bhakta Supratim Sarker, Md Kamal Hossain, Khadijatul Kubra Riya, Md Azizur Rahman, Abdullah Al Jubaer, Takaomi Arai, Jimmy Yu, Norhayati Ngah, Mohammad Belal Hossain","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180628","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rare earth elements (REEs) are emerging contaminants of growing concern due to their recent industrial applications and persistence in aquatic environments. Despite increasing global attention, knowledge of their prevalence and potential risks in South Asian estuaries remains limited. This study aims to fill this gap by providing the first comprehensive assessment of REE enrichment pattern, geochemical behavior, contamination and associated ecological risks in the industrialized Karnaphuli River estuary, Bangladesh. A total of 17 REEs were quantified in sediment samples using ICP-MS, with concentrations normalized to global references, NASC, PAAS, and chondrite. The results showed spatial variability across the estuary, with predominantly lithogenic REE signatures and total concentrations (∑REE) ranging from 38.22 to 55.13 mg/kg. Light REEs (∑LREE ≈ 41.04 mg/kg) exceeded heavy REEs (∑HREE ≈ 5.23 mg/kg), with enrichment toward the lower estuary likely driven by fine-particle sorting and estuarine mixing in the Karnaphuli Estuary. Although REE levels were generally below global shale references (NASC, PAAS), elevated concentrations of Y (5.86 mg/kg), La (18.45 mg/kg), and Gd (3.92 mg/kg) above UCC values suggest potential localized contamination. Fractionation ratios (e.g., LaN/YbN = 12.38) and negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* < 1) indicated felsic parent rock input and oxic conditions. Geochemical indices such as enrichment factor (EF < 1.5) and geoaccumulation index (I_geo < 0) confirmed minimal anthropogenic enrichment. The potential ecological risk index (PERI) values for all REEs remained well below the low-risk threshold (PERI < 40), with the highest individual risk observed for Gd (5.96) and Th (10.3). Despite low current risk, elevated pollution load index (PLI) values for Ce (1.70), Tm (1.72), and La (1.68) suggest early signs of cumulative pollution, particularly from industrial sources. These findings emphasize the importance of continuous monitoring and advocate for the inclusion of REEs in estuarine pollution management frameworks, especially in rapidly urbanizing regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"1002 ","pages":"180628"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145211362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methomyl-induced developmental and cardiovascular toxicity in zebrafish via immune response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.","authors":"Hojun Lee, Taeyeon Hong, Junho Park, Junhun Kweon, Shinhye Kim, Gwonhwa Song, Wooyoung Jeong, Whasun Lim","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Methomyl, a widely used carbamate pesticide, is frequently detected in aquatic ecosystems, due to its high water solubility and long environmental half-life. Although carbamate pesticides have been implicated in cardiovascular toxicity, the specific effects of methomyl on cardiovascular development remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the environmental and developmental effects of methomyl using Danio rerio (zebrafish) as an in vivo model. Methomyl exposure lowered cell viability and morphological abnormalities. Impaired cardiac development and disrupted vascular formation in zebrafish were confirmed using cmlc2:dsRed and fli1a:EGFP transgenic models. Furthermore, blood flow defects and erythrocyte accumulation were observed in gata1:dsRed transgenic model, suggesting compromised circulation. In addition, mpeg1:EGFP model revealed that methomyl activates the innate immune response in zebrafish. Molecular analyses revealed that methomyl exposure altered the expression of key genes involved in cardiac development, angiogenesis, and erythropoiesis, implicating oxidative stress and immune activation as potential underlying mechanisms. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used as an in vitro model. We found that methomyl exhibited vascular toxicity in HUVECs, further supporting its role as a cardiovascular disruptor. These findings provide novel insights into the environmental and toxicological effects of methomyl and highlight its potential risk of accumulation in aquatic systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"997 ","pages":"180215"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144797877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ecology of cyanobacteria and their synergism with bacterioplankton in benthic mats under nutrient limitations in the Virgin River in Zion's National Park.","authors":"Abeer Sohrab, Shadman Kaiser, Bishav Bhattarai, Rosalina Stancheva, Ramesh Goel","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) are essential nutrients which support cyanobacterial growth in lakes (as suspended cells or flocs) and flowing waters (as benthic mats). However, some toxic cyanobacteria can thrive even under depleted nutrient conditions. In this study, we investigated benthic toxic cyanobacterial mats in the Virgin River, Zion National Park, at two sites where visible benthic mats were observed at three different times. Our study focused on phosphorus and nitrogen cycling within these mats. The reactive P was below detection limits (<0.05 mg/L as P). Likewise, the dissolved inorganic N varied from below the detection limit to 0.06 mg/L as N. The relative abundance (based on total sequenced reads) of cyanobacteria ranged from 16.87 % to 50.02 % for samples from the Visitor's Center site and 10.34 % to 32.68 % for samples from the North Creek site with the presence of genera Microcoleus, Pseudoanabaena, Oscillatoria, Microcystis, and Cyanobium. The Visitors Center and North Creek sites shared several key heterotrophic bacteria, with Sandarakinorhabdus, Planctomyces, Brevundimonas, Thiomonas, and Pseudomonas being the most prominent ones. Notably, a toxic Microcoleus strain was identified in the nutrient-limited conditions of the Virgin River. This strain harbored an anatoxin-a biosynthesis gene cluster but lacked the anaK gene, suggesting limited toxin variability. We investigated the role of heterotrophic bacteria in nutrient cycling and their interactions with cyanobacterial populations within benthic mats of the Virgin River. Microcoleus and other cyanobacteria employed the Pho regulon, expressing genes such as pstS and alkaline phosphatase, to efficiently acquire organic phosphorus in low-nutrient environments. Nitrogen cycling also played a crucial role, with coexisting heterotrophic bacteria contributing to nitrogen fixation (nif gene) and assimilation, as well as denitrification (nosZ, nir, and nar genes). This research signifies the importance of integrated molecular approaches in unraveling nutrient cycling dynamics and toxin production mechanisms in benthic cyanobacterial mats. These insights are critical for understanding harmful cyanobacterial benthic blooms in freshwater ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"997 ","pages":"180194"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144803179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainability assessment of local and crossbred chickens under low-input diets using life cycle analysis.","authors":"Almudena Huerta, Marco Berton, Anton Pascual, Fabrizio Pirrone, Gerolamo Xiccato, Enrico Sturaro, Cesare Castellini, Francesco Bordignon, Angela Trocino, Marco Birolo","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study assessed growth performance, diet digestibility, and environmental impacts in broiler chickens from different genotypes: commercial hybrids (Ross 308), two Italian local breeds (Bionda Piemontese, BP and Robusta Maculata, RM), and their crosses with Sasso T44 hens (BP×SA, RM×SA), fed either a standard (ST) or low-input (LI) diet. A total of 442 one-day-old chicks (102 Ross 308, 76 BP, 72 RM, 97 BP × SA, and 94 RM × SA) were allocated to 40 pens, with two replicates per group and monitored until the end of the rearing period (47 days for Ross 308, 105 days for local breeds and crosses). Life Cycle Assessment was conducted using 1 kg of live weight and 1 kg of ready-to-cook carcass as functional units. Ross 308 exhibited the highest final weight, daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio, followed by crosses and local breeds. The LI diet resulted in reduced final weight (-13 %) and increased feed conversion ratio (+8 %) compared to ST diet, with commercial hybrids showed the greatest reduction in performance. The LI diet also reduced digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy. Feed production was the dominant contributor to environmental impacts. Genotype influenced all impact categories, with Ross 308 showing the lowest values, while BP × SA and BP exhibited the highest ones. The LI diet reduced global warming potential with land use change (-46 %) but increased land occupation (+22 %) and water use (+26 %). In conclusion, a multifaceted approach is necessary for sustainable poultry production, balancing high yields to reduce environmental impact and adaptive traits that contribute to system resilience.</p>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"997 ","pages":"180196"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144797802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal dependence of heavy precipitation on soil moisture anomalies in the Yangtze River Basin, China.","authors":"Na Yang, Yiling Yue, Hang Yu, Li Zhang, Jun Yin, Junjie Gao, Yehui Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Against the background of global warming, the drivers of heavy precipitation (HP) and flooding have become markedly more complex. Soil moisture (SM) not only contributes to flood generation but also influences the occurrence of HP through land-atmosphere feedback, underscoring its central role in predicting extreme events. In this study, precipitation intensity and frequency conditioned on antecedent SM states were quantitatively assessed utilizing a novel SM memory-based statistical framework. The results reveal that elevated antecedent SM conditions are strongly associated with intensified precipitation events in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB). Spatial analysis demonstrates that anomalies (SMA) in inland regions exert statistically significant preconditioning effect on HP. However, the triggering role of SMAs appears more dominant, with approximately 80 % of basin-wide HP events triggered by preceding SMAs. Notably, the triggering effect of SMA on HP has remained relatively stable at the decadal scale since the 1960s. However, their preconditioning effect has exhibited a weakening trend in recent years, likely linked to the declining in the frequency of SMA events. Furthermore, projected future scenarios indicate a basin-wide decline in both preconditioning and triggering effects of SMA on HP. The primary impact zones are projected to shift from inland regions to the more humid middle and lower reaches of the basin. The dependence of future HP events on SM conditions will decrease, with particularly pronounced weakening in SM-limited northern regions. This study offers insights into the investigation of SM-Precipitation interactions and their implications for risk management.</p>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"997 ","pages":"180227"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144815493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monsoon driven interplay between phytoplankton size classes and trophic status in a tropical coastal lagoon.","authors":"Sambit Singh, Susmita Raulo, Tamoghna Acharyya, Anu Gopinath, Pradipta R Muduli, Deepak R Mishra, Gurdeep Rastogi","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tropical coastal lagoons influenced by monsoonal hydrology experience seasonal shifts in freshwater influx that significantly alter their trophic state. However, the response of phytoplankton size classes (PSC), Pico-, Nano-, and Micro-phytoplankton to such variability remains poorly understood. This study investigates the relationship between PSC distribution and the Trophic Level Index (TLI) in the Chilika Lagoon, India, using comprehensive monthly data from 2018 to 2019 across a salinity continuum. Phytoplankton size classes were characterized using HPLC aided pigment chemotaxonomy, which enabled the reliable detection of Nano- and Pico-phytoplankton often overlooked by conventional microscopy. The lagoon shifted from eutrophic (TLI = 4.61) in 2018 to mesotrophic (TLI = 3.98) in 2019, driven by reduced nutrient concentrations and increased turbidity. Across all seasons and sectors, Pico-phytoplankton dominated (66-76 %), even under eutrophic conditions, indicating their adaptive advantage under fluctuating nutrient and light regimes. Micro-phytoplankton showed seasonal increases, particularly during the monsoon in 2019, likely driven by silicate availability and turbidity. Redundancy Analysis (RDA) revealed strong spatiotemporal associations of PSC with environmental variables, Pico-phytoplankton with salinity, transparency, and nutrients; Micro-phytoplankton with turbidity and total suspended matter. The trophodynamic implications suggest that Pico-phytoplankton dominance during pre- and post-monsoon seasons may support a microbial food web, while the increased presence of Micro-phytoplankton during the monsoon potentially indicates a shift toward a mixed trophic structure. Such seasonal variations in size structured phytoplankton communities are ecologically significant, as they influence energy transfer efficiency and, in turn, affect the overall productivity of Chilika Lagoon.</p>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"997 ","pages":"180198"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144803176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the climate impact of dairy farming: Incorporation of climate modelling and food-feed competition.","authors":"Yue Wang, Simon J Oosting, Yong Hou, Corina E van Middelaar","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180208","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dairy production is a major source of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially non‑carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Climate impact assessments of dairy farming need to account for differences between short- and long-lived GHGs, and for the net contribution of dairy production to human food supply. Based on survey data from 48 confined dairy farms in Henan, China, we found that in the production of one kg of human-edible protein (HEP) in milk and meat, an average of 18.1 kg CO₂, 1.16 kg methane (CH₄) and 0.03 kg nitrous oxide (N₂O) were emitted. Results from a reduced-complexity climate model showed that, under constant emission rates, the near-term warming caused by Henan dairy production was largely dominated by CH₄ emissions (from 84 % in Year 1 to 55 % in Year 100), while long-term warming was mostly dominated by CO₂ emissions (from 11 % in Year 1 to 56 % in Year 500). Reduction of CH₄ emissions on these dairy farms is essential in the coming years given the urgency to tackle climate change, but full decarbonization of CO₂ emissions along the dairy chain -including those from energy used during upstream processes such as feed production and processing -is vital to limit global warming in the long run. In addition, 1.5 kg of HEP in cattle feed was used to produce 1 kg of HEP in milk and meat. Using these 1.5 kg of HEP for human consumption directly would therefore save 0.5 kg of HEP, and prevent the emission of an additional 12.6 kg CO₂, 1.15 kg CH₄ and 0.02 kg N₂O. Results indicate the high cost of the dairy systems in terms of both climate change and food security, and could help to guide climate actions in the Chinese dairy sector while considering food security objectives.</p>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"997 ","pages":"180208"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144811516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}