Asian Journal of Transfusion Science最新文献

{"title":"Mapping red blood cell phenotypes in Malaysia: A tool to overcome transfusion challenges for providing phenotype blood.","authors":"Rozi Hanisa Musa, Nor Hafizah Ahmad, Gunaseelan Muniandi, Nor Nazahah Mahmud, Ahmad Arif Che Ismail, Mohammad Masrin Md Zahrin, Mohd Muhaimin Kambali, Nor Amiza Mat Amin, Sabariah Mohd Noor, Salman Mohd Sahid, Shahnaz Irwani Sabri, Siti Nadiah Abdul Kadir, Peng Yen Soo, Zanariah Kassim, Mohd Fahmi Aziz, Nafishah Ahmad, Wan Noor Falah Wan Yahaya, Noryati Abu Amin","doi":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_104_22","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_104_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As is widely known, blood group antigens are found in varying proportions in individuals of different races and geographical places. The aim of this study is to determine and compare the distribution of red blood cell (RBC) phenotypes in blood donors between the major ethnic groups in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak based on the Malaysian population.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 1213 voluntary blood donors were randomly recruited among those who donated in the National Blood Centre and 10 other different blood banks in state hospitals or their mobile blood donation sessions from January 2021 to December 2021. All donors were typed for blood group systems: ABO, Rh, Kidd, Duffy, MNS, and Kell by automated system using the Galileo Neo Analyser.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The comparison of the prevalence of the RBC phenotypes among the different ethnic groups as analyzed by Fisher's exact test, showed significant differences (<i>P</i> < 0.05) for Rh, Kidd, Duffy, MN, and Ss blood group antigen. The rare phenotypes: CCDEE (RZRZ) was found in three Malay, Jk (a-b-) in one Chinese, and two Murut, and SS in 8 donors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The mapping of RBC phenotypes among major ethnic groups in blood donors in Peninsular, Sabah, and Sarawak, Malaysia, can aid in strengthening the database for the Rare Blood Donor Registry based on the Malaysian population. This study's finding can also be used to expedite the provision of antigen-negative blood for the transfusion of patients with unexpected red cells antibodies. This will improve the quality and effectiveness of transfusion services in Malaysia.</p>","PeriodicalId":42296,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Transfusion Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"29-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364303/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144972852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The probability of allogeneic blood transfusion and its influencing factors in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty: A retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Mehran Mannani, Atefeh Vaezi, Mehdi Motififard, Amin Nemati","doi":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_140_22","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_140_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is associated with blood loss and allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT).</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>The present study aimed to determine the predicting factors for ABT in patients undergoing TKA.</p><p><strong>Setting and design: </strong>This was a retrospective cohort study, performed from 2003 to 2021 in Kashani hospital (a tertiary referral center) in Isfahan, Iran.</p><p><strong>Subjects and methods: </strong>Patients who underwent TKA during the period of the study were included in the study. Demographic data including age, sex, marital status, and place of living were extracted. Surgery-related factors, including the day of admission and surgery, indication for surgery, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists score, were recorded. Data about ABT during and after surgery, hemoglobin (Hb), creatinine (Cr), platelet (Plt) level before the surgery and past medical history including comorbidities and drug history were also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Statistical analysis used: </strong>Independent sample <i>t</i>-test and Chi-square were used for the comparison between study groups and logistic regression model on an as-needed basis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the study period, 889 patients underwent TKA and were included. Three hundred and seven (34.53%) patients received ABT. In the univariate analysis, factors including asthma, anemia, antihypertensive drug consumption, preoperative Hb and Plt, and Cr had a significant relation with transfusion. Among these factors, preoperative Hb and Plt level had a significant association with transfusion in the logistic regression analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We deduce that preoperative Hb and Plt can predict the probability of transfusion in patients undergoing TKA. We suggest routine blood preservation before the surgery in hospitals with a high rate of transfusion.</p>","PeriodicalId":42296,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Transfusion Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"94-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364072/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alloimmunization and consequential delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions in sickle cell disease patients: A case series.","authors":"Tahsim Anwar, Satya Prakash, Ansuman Sahu, Somnath Mukherjee, Debasish Mishra","doi":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_191_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_191_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alloimmunization is a significant complication of blood transfusion, especially in sickle cell patients, and may lead to a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction (DHTR). DHTR is defined as evident hemolysis and a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) 24 h to 28 days posttransfusion with either a positive eluate or a newly identified alloantibody in the plasma. Hyperhemolysis syndrome (HS) is a fatal form of DHTR in which the posttransfusion hemoglobin (Hb) level is less than the pretransfusion Hb level. In this case series, we have reported three cases of alloimmunized sickle cell disease patients with clinically significant DHTR. The second case is typical of HS. All three cases were DAT positive, alloimmunized with multiple alloantibodies, and had substantial hemolysis posttransfusion. In this series, we have provided an algorithmic approach to resolve such complex immunohematological problems and have highlighted some of the limitations of serology methods. High-dose corticosteroid and intravenous immunoglobulin prove to be an effective treatment for DHTR.</p>","PeriodicalId":42296,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Transfusion Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"167-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364064/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence and awareness about feco-oral transmission in blood donors at a single center in Puducherry.","authors":"Sunantha Pichai, Abhishekh Basavarajegowda, Rahul Dhodapkar","doi":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_147_21","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_147_21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Asymptomatic hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections have been found in blood donors. Posttransfusion hepatitis E has been reported and raises concern due to cases of HEV-related mortality in patients with underlying cirrhosis or immunocompromised patients. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of HEV-associated sociodemographic parameters, awareness about feco-oral transmitted diseases among healthy blood donors attending a tertiary care teaching hospital blood center.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional study done for 1 year from January 2019 to January 2020. Our study included a sample size of 920 blood donors attending for donation at a single center. All the samples were tested using HEV IgM kit with the antigen used for coating were four synthetic peptides with conservative epitopes of ORF2 and ORF3 in genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4. An open-ended questionnaire regarding awareness of the feco-oral transmission of diseases was administered; data regarding clinical, epidemiological, and demographic characteristics were collected from the donors by a structured data collection proforma. The responses were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our study results showed a seroprevalence of 1.41%. All the reactive donors were asymptomatic during our routine screening procedures. Most of the donors (457 donors), i.e., 49.7%, belonged to the lower middle class; the mean age of the study population was 28.6 years (standard deviation 8.9).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study reflects the burden of HEV in the local population, and this result can be considered a preliminary step in quantifying the risk of transfusion-transmitted HEV. Cost-effectiveness in implementing HEV screening as a part of routine TTI screening to be considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":42296,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Transfusion Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"65-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364066/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of asymptomatic macrothrombocytopenia in voluntary blood donors: A multicentric study.","authors":"Archana Buch, Yaminy Ingale, Tulika Chandra, Sudha Ranganathan, Sudipta Sekhar Das, Mallika Agarwal, Charusheela Gore, Madhura Gandhi","doi":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_89_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_89_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Macrothrombocytopenia is a combination of thrombocytopenia and giant platelets (PLTs). It can be found asymptomatically with several genetic polymorphisms/mutations. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of macrothrombocytopenia in blood donors and to identify its geographic variation.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in blood donors in the East, West, North, and South zones of India. Donors not eligible for blood donation were excluded. Blood was collected and analyzed by hematology analyzer. Samples with low PLT count (<1.5 lakhs/mm³) and mean PLT volume >11.5 fl were identified, and a peripheral blood smear was prepared, stained, and screened for giant PLTs. The data were analyzed using MS Excel (Microsoft 365), RStudio (Version: 2023.03.1 + 446), and IBM SPSS Statistics 27.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 2574 donors were screened at four centers of different geographic zones of India. The mean age was 34.81 ± 9.32 with male: female of 34.75:1. Overall macrothrombocytopenia was found in 102 (4%) with significant zonal variation: 88 (86.3%), 4 (3.9%) in East and South, respectively, and 5 (4.9%) each in West and North regions. The peripheral smears revealed giant PLTs in all cases of macrothrombocytopenia in the South and North, 76% and 80% in the East and West, respectively. The most common blood group showing macrothrombocytopenia was B positive 41 (40.2%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Macrothrombocytopenia shows significant zonal variation, with a maximum number of cases identified in the East zone of India. Screening and awareness of this condition are essential to counsel donors for bleeding tendencies.</p>","PeriodicalId":42296,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Transfusion Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"6-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364039/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"When less is more and more is less\" red cell alloimmunization in multitransfused patients attending a medical institution with a newly developed blood center in North India: A multifactorial study.","authors":"Ranjan Mukherjee, Gita Negi, Daljit Kaur, Uttam Kumar Nath, Yatendra Chaturvedi, Davood Bava","doi":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_194_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_194_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Multiple blood transfusions with one or more nonself, genetically mismatched donor red blood cells (RBCs) may result in the production of alloantibodies, complicating future transfusions and increasing patient morbidity. This could be averted if adequate prophylactic measures are implemented in the vulnerable group. Due to the paucity of data in our region, we planned this study to identify the alloimmunization pattern in relation to clinical and demographic patient factors.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A prospective observational study was carried out in a newly developed Medical Institution of National importance in Northern India, for 1 year. The red cell antibody screening and identification were done for 770 patients receiving two or more transfusions. The patient and transfusion-related factors were statistically compared between alloimmunized and nonalloimmunized cases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall seroprevalence of RBC alloimmunization among the multi-transfused patients was 4.02% (31/770). Thirty-six alloantibodies were identified in the 31 alloimmunized patients, which comprised 13 different alloantibody specificities. Most of them belonged to the Rh system (38.8%), followed by MNS (25%) and Lewis (27.7%) blood group systems. On Multivariate logistic regression analysis, the highest risk was found to be associated with recipients having more than three transfusions with an odds ratio of 8.4.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The highest alloimmunization risk was found in multi-transfused patients receiving more than three transfusions and with female gender. Rh blood group system was found to be predominating the alloantibody specificity pattern. This highlights the need for the provision of extended Rh (DCcEe) matched packed red cells for susceptible patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":42296,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Transfusion Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"42-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364077/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the influence of donor physiognomic factors on packed red cell unit quality: A retrospective analysis from a tertiary care transfusion center.","authors":"P Nagaraju, Shashank Ojha, Suryatapa Saha","doi":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_144_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_144_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Donor physiognomic characteristics play a critical role in determining the quality of packed red cell units (PRBCs), which directly impacts transfusion outcomes. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the influence of donor physiognomic factors on PRBC quality at a tertiary care transfusion center.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was conducted on 250 randomly selected blood donors from January 2015 to August 2018. Donor age, gender, weight, and predonation hemoglobin (PHB) levels were assessed, along with PRBC parameters including volume (350 ml vs. 450 ml), processing method, PRBC age, and percent hemolysis during storage. Subsequent evaluations included hematocrit, per unit total hemoglobin (UTHB), and red cell mass.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean weight among donors aged 18-28 years was 69.8 kg, compared to 74.46 kg in higher age groups. Lower PHB levels (12.5-13.0 g/dL) were associated with decreased UTHB. PRBCs prepared using the buffy coat method exhibited lower mean UTHB compared to other methods. A significant correlation (<i>P</i> = 0.01) was observed between PRBC age and hemolysis in all units.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Donor PHB significantly influences the quality of PRBCs prepared, with lower PHB levels correlating with decreased UTHB. PRBCs prepared using the buffy coat method showed inferior UTHB, and older PRBC units displayed higher red cell hemolysis. However, donor gender, age, and weight did not significantly affect PRBC quality in this study. Larger sample sizes are necessary to confirm these findings. These results highlight the importance of donor screening and selection to optimize PRBC quality and enhance transfusion therapy outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":42296,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Transfusion Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"36-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364073/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An overview of recent advances in the prevention of erythroblastosis fetalis.","authors":"Aishwarya Balasubramaniam, V Santhosh Kumar, S Priya","doi":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_50_22","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_50_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Erythroblastosis fetalis is one of the leading causes of death among newborns and fetuses in India. This condition is characterized by maternal immunoglobin G antibodies destroying the red blood cells (RBCs) of the neonate or fetus, resulting in potentially life-threatening consequences. When a mother with an Rh-positive blood group has a fetus with an Rh-negative blood group, the fetal RBCs trigger maternal antibodies against Rh-antigens. Anti-D antibodies are activated as a result of this process, which is known as isoimmunization. As a result of the antibody reaction, all of the erythrocytes are destroyed, resulting in hemolysis, bilirubin release, and anemia. Intravascular transfusions and intraperitoneal transfusions are examples of antenatal therapies that potentially avoid dangers to the fetus in the early stages of pregnancy. Phototherapy, exchange top-up transfusions, and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) injections are examples of postnatal therapies (IVIG). IVIG therapy is highly recommended since it has a low risk of adverse medication responses and a wide range of survival rates. To avoid isoimmunization, anti-Rh D therapies are indicated. Noninvasive identification of the fetal human platelet antigen 1 genotype using cell-free fetal DNA obtained from maternal blood is one example of progress. This is still in the early stages of research as preventive medicine, the platelet equivalent of Rho (D) Immune Globulin Human (RhoGAM). The erythroblastosis fetalis is highly preventable when it is diagnosed at its early stages. Regular screening of all the patients with ABO incompatibility is necessary to prevent the risks of erythroblastosis fetalis.</p>","PeriodicalId":42296,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Transfusion Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"121-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364061/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90955458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-trimoxazole-dependent autoagglutinin with anti-Sd^a specificity detected only by column agglutination technique.","authors":"Revathy K Nair, Akshay Batra, Mayuri Vekariya, Priya Radadiya, Sanmukh Ratilal Joshi","doi":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_112_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_112_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong><i>In vitro</i> serological reactions due to antibodies in the presence of certain chemicals are rare occurrences. Although such antibodies are often considered harmless, their innocuous nature requires verification. We investigated a pan-agglutinating antibody that reacted in the presence of BLISS used in the gel card device.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The gel cards used for serological compatibility tests were of commercial sources (Ortho Diagnostics, USA and Tulip Diagnostics, India), soluble antigens used for antibody neutralization tests were locally obtained, and certain antibiotics and dialysis bags were procured from the local market. Serological workup was carried out by standard methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A 13-year-old female cancer patient with a pan-reacting autoantibody showed mixed-field agglutination in serological tests. It reacted only on a gel card system that uses BLISS-containing antibiotic co-trimoxazole. Autoantibody was identified as anti-Sd^a by hemagglutination inhibition test using guinea pig urine.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The autoantibody with anti-Sd^a specificity was detected on the gel card only in the presence of the antibiotic co-trimoxazole in BLISS.</p>","PeriodicalId":42296,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Transfusion Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364041/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Documents to procure gamma irradiation chamber and license for operation in blood center.","authors":"Rakesh Kumar Luhar, Kishore Maheshwari, Ripal J Shah, V Harimoorthy","doi":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_208_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ajts.ajts_208_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Graft-versus-host disease is a critical posttransplant complication, particularly affecting individuals with compromised immune systems. Patients undergoing bone marrow transplants, neonates receiving intrauterine transfusions, and those recipients of blood from first-degree relatives are vulnerable to this condition. The significance of efficient lymphocyte inactivation has driven the widespread adoption of Gamma Irradiation Chambers (GICs) utilizing radiation sources such as Cesium-137 (Cs-137) or Cobalt-60 (Co-60). However, the effective operation of these chambers is contingent on navigating a complex regulatory landscape (Cs-137 or Co-60 is commonly used as the source of gamma rays. The usual dose is 25 Gray [Gy] to 35 Gy [1 Gy = 100 rads], this dosage inactivates 85%-95% of lymphocytes in the blood components without any adverse effect on other cellular components of the blood). GIC unit mainly houses either Co-60 or Cs-137as radiation sources (model no BI-2000, BI-5000 mfr. by Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology with typical radioactivity ranging from tens to hundreds of terabecquerel. These units are also used in research institutions, hospitals, blood center, etc. A review of legal, regulatory, and policy aspects of the operation of GIC in India regarding its issues, challenges, and opportunities. We aimed to prepare a standard guidance document for GIC for a smooth process of the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) licensing and equipment purchasing. The present article was written based on the experience of applying for GIC with AERB and recurrent support extended to colleagues in the fraternity. The documents prepared for licensing and various procedural steps involved in the same are included. Many documents and many days are required from procurement to the receipt of the license for operation GIC. At the same time, with very few user institutes and less number of experienced people in the country, it becomes difficult to find a proper method to approach the national government body. If blood center/radiological safety officer are properly trained as per the guidelines available, this can reduce man-days and facilitate the earliest operations.</p>","PeriodicalId":42296,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Transfusion Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"177-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364036/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}