Precision Optics Manufacturing最新文献

{"title":"Non-ablative removal of sub surface damages in grinded optical glass substrates by controlled melting of thin surface layers using CO2-laser radiation","authors":"M. Jung, C. Trum, Beate Schmidbauer, E. Willenborg, R. Rascher","doi":"10.1117/12.2564801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2564801","url":null,"abstract":"The form generation of optical surfaces by grinding and mechanical polishing results in small sub surface damages in the form of micro cracks that conventionally have to be removed by further removal of the damaged surface layers. In order to reduce process time and material cost non-ablative methods for removal of micro cracks are desired. Utilising the low optical penetration depths of less than 10 μm for CO2-laser radiation in glass, the laser energy can be used to heat up and melt thin surface layers. Using a 1.5 kW CO2-laser, a quasi-line focus formed by a scanner unit and a constant feed speed, it is possible to close all micro cracks present in the rough grinded test surfaces (max. SSD-depth ~ 63 μm), while achieving a process time of less than 2 seconds for a Ø 30 mm N-BK7 lens, respectively 7.5 seconds for fused silica. With a Sa as low as 50 nm and low distortion from the original shape the surfaces can directly be conventionally polished, further reducing the process chain complexity.","PeriodicalId":422212,"journal":{"name":"Precision Optics Manufacturing","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114698799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The NPMM-200: large area high resolution for freeform surface measurement","authors":"Christian Schober, C. Pruss, A. Herkommer, W. Osten","doi":"10.1117/12.2564918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2564918","url":null,"abstract":"Nanometer resolution metrology is a significant topic in the development and production of complex shaped high precision optics. The Nanopositioning and Nanomeasuring Machine NPMM-200 at ITO is built for nanometer scale positioning in a large scale measurement volume of 200 mm x 200 mm x 25 mm. The concept of the machine is based on a high precision interferometrically controlled stage in a stable metrological frame made of glass-ceramic. In this frame, different types of sensors can be attached for measurement of surface topographies. In this contribution, we present the use of optical sensors, such as a fixed focus probe, for measuring of high precision aspheric and freeform optics with this new machine.","PeriodicalId":422212,"journal":{"name":"Precision Optics Manufacturing","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131104320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computer-aided beam path generation and assessment for Stevick-Paul telescopes","authors":"M. Wagner, G. Fütterer","doi":"10.1117/12.2564852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2564852","url":null,"abstract":"At Deggendorf Institute of Technology a student project is currently under way to build a Stevick-Paul telescope for astrophotography. An important step in the overall development procedure of each telescope is the design of a beam-path and ensuring its suitability under optical and engineering aspects. The students performed this process in a sequential manner by using several different computer programs (e.g. MATLAB, Zemax, Creo Parametric). To accelerate the beam path design process, a Python program to automate the major part of the design process with minimum human supervision was created. The input data of the python program consists of ranges of the desired characteristics of the Stevick-Paul telescope, such as focal lengths, primary mirror diameters and tilts etc., mirror thickness and mount geometries, as well as the specific type of camera. After setting the input, the program creates 2D cross-sections of beam paths according to the formulas of D. Stevick and may introduce a flat fold mirror to reduce the overall system size as well as improve the accessibility of the focus plane. The subsequent assessment routine checks against the susceptibility for stray light and performs a complex analysis of the available installation space to ensure sufficient mechanical tolerances. In this way, collisions between mirrors, mounts and cameras are avoided and obstructions of the beam path are prevented. At any stage, the program can produce graphical representations of the beam paths. In this paper the computer-aided design of a telescope beam path with a focal length of 2400 mm is demonstrated. During development of the software, a subset of folded Stevick-Paul telescopes, in which certain components are parallel, was found. This subset may be useful to simplify the alignment procedure. In conclusion, further refinement of the software is necessary, although the program is already a useful aid for certain aspects when creating a beam path design.","PeriodicalId":422212,"journal":{"name":"Precision Optics Manufacturing","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131040616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applications of cold atmospheric pressure plasmas in optics manufacturing","authors":"C. Gerhard","doi":"10.1117/12.2564862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2564862","url":null,"abstract":"Finishing of optical components is one of the main challenging tasks in optics manufacturing. This includes precision polishing, smoothing, and surface modification, e.g. for subsequent contact bonding. Recent developments have shown that the use of dielectric barrier discharge plasmas at atmospheric pressure allows for the conception and realization of novel approaches for such surface finishing. Since this type of plasma stands out due a low gas temperature, it is also referred to as “cold” plasma. It is thus suitable for the treatment of temperature-sensitive optical media. In this contribution, selected applications of such plasmas in optics manufacturing are presented. First, it is shown that precision polishing of different optical media can be achieved by the use of direct plasma discharges with an inert process gas. By the plasma-induced selective removal of roughness peaks, a notable decrease in surface roughness of the initial value was obtained. Second, plasma-induced cleaning of optics surfaces including the underlying plasma-physical and plasmachemical mechanisms is presented. Here, not only surface-adherent carbonaceous contaminations, but also residues from polishing agents and other operating materials can be removed. Such cleaning results in several advantageous effects as for example an increase in laser-induced damage threshold or a modification in free surface energy, leading to an improved adhesion of coatings and cements. Finally, plasma treatment is suitable for refractive index matching of glass surfaces by a plasma-induced modification of the chemical composition of the near-surface glass layer.","PeriodicalId":422212,"journal":{"name":"Precision Optics Manufacturing","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128447696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectrally controlled interferometry for high numerical aperture spherical cavity measurements","authors":"C. Salsbury, Donald A. Pearson, Artur Olszak","doi":"10.1117/12.2527151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2527151","url":null,"abstract":"High numerical aperture optical elements are relied on for the most demanding applications in optical imaging but pose a significant challenge for conventional metrology techniques. Laser Fizeau interferometers provide a flexible measurement platform for measuring spherical optics by offering a common path configuration to test spherical optics against a convex reference surface. However, in this configuration, traditional piezoelectric transducer (PZT) based phase shifters produce non-uniform phase shifts which vary across the aperture as the spherical reference surface is translated along the optical axis. While these errors are negligible for low numerical aperture optics, the phase shift errors quickly become significant for high numerical aperture optics. The phase shift nonuniformity results in fringe print through and phase ripple artifacts which limit overall accuracy of phase shifted interferometry (PSI) measurements. Spectrally controlled interferometry (SCI) is a method which produces localized, high contrast interference fringes in non-zero optical path length cavities through tailored control of the sources spectral distribution. In addition to fringe location, fringe phase is also controlled through spectrum manipulation without mechanical motion or compensation. As a consequence, the SCI method produces uniform, full-aperture phase shifts with a high degree of linearity regardless of numerical aperture; thus, phase shift errors associated with traditional PZTs can be eliminated. Furthermore, because SCI is a source driven method, it can easily be integrated with any Fizeau interferometer. In this paper, we present the fundamental background for SCI and the advantages of the method as they apply to the measurement of high numerical aperture spherical optics. Additionally, we compare PSI measurements between a traditional laser Fizeau interferometer with PZT based phase shifters and an SCI Fizeau interferometer. Existing methods to this problem are discussed and compared with the presented SCI method, as well.","PeriodicalId":422212,"journal":{"name":"Precision Optics Manufacturing","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114506984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultraprecise micromachining of retroreflective structures","authors":"N. Milliken, E. Bordatchev, O. R. Tutunea-Fatan","doi":"10.1117/12.2526434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2526434","url":null,"abstract":"To meet stringent automotive safety requirements, car taillights typically incorporate retroreflective elements. In addition to their retroreflective role, these structures are also used for lighting/aesthetic/styling purposes. The most common type of automotive retroreflector (RR) – also known as reflex reflector – is characterized by a corner-cube (CC) geometry that has been fabricated for more than 60 years through a conventional pin-bundling technology. While accurate, this manufacturing approach remains time-consuming, expensive and over-constraining in terms of the RR design. To address this, alternate RR fabrication pathways have been developed and this study outlines the capabilities of a novel approach including milestones, setbacks, advantages and disadvantages. Corner-cube geometry includes three mutually orthogonal facets that meet at a common vertex/apex. This configuration precludes the use of most material removal techniques involving rotational tools. To address this, an alternate RR shape called right triangular prism (RTP) was proposed. This geometry is amenable to diamond-based single point cutting approaches, but its optical performance proved to not be identical with that conventional CC RR. The successful fabrication of RTP RRs was demonstrated in acrylic and quality/functionality of the prototype were assessed through both metrological and optical means. Surface quality Ra of less than 20 nm was achieved through an adequate combination of multi-axis machine tool kinematics and ultraprecise single point tool geometry. This cutting technique worked well on non-ferrous, but not on ferrous materials. Nevertheless, an alternative strategy involving micromilling has been developed for cutting RTPs in ferrous substrates. The successful fabrication of tooling inserts has been completed such that injection molded replicas of RTP RRs will be produced in the future. It is expected that the development of cutting-based RR fabrication strategies along with the associate knowledge on the underlying cutting mechanics will enable a broader diversity of RR designs in the future.","PeriodicalId":422212,"journal":{"name":"Precision Optics Manufacturing","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117268431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Next generation of a linear chirped slope profile fabricated by plasma jet machining","authors":"H. Müller, G. Böhm, T. Arnold","doi":"10.1117/12.2526746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2526746","url":null,"abstract":"Plasma Jet Machining is an established process in ultra-precision surface manufacturing. Removal of several nanometers up to millimeters can be achieved using the atmospheric pressure reactive plasma jet as a non-mechanical tool. Surface form measuring techniques have to be improved equally, to further enhance the deterministic machining. Exact knowledge of the instrument transfer function is necessary to distinguish measurement artefacts and reliable measurement results. Precise sinusoidal surface structures prepared by plasma jet etching can be used as calibration elements to determine the instrument transfer function, e.g. slope-measuring devices like Nanometer Optical component measuring Machine (NOM). The steps for manufacturing such calibration elements including theoretical considerations, adjustment of the plasma jet parameters and implementations on different substrates are presented. Finally, a chirped sinusoidal structure on a singlecrystalline silicon slab is fabricated.","PeriodicalId":422212,"journal":{"name":"Precision Optics Manufacturing","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132491651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mid-spatial frequency errors in feed direction occurring in ADAPT polishing","authors":"S. Killinger, J. Liebl, R. Rascher","doi":"10.1117/12.2528114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2528114","url":null,"abstract":"Previous work shows the effectiveness of computer controlled polishing (CCP) with the ADAPT tool by Satisloh for correcting form errors in optics manufacturing. This method however has a risk of producing residual errors in the range of mid spatial frequency errors (MSFE). In order to prevent these errors the residual in feed direction is investigated as well as the behavior at different parameters.","PeriodicalId":422212,"journal":{"name":"Precision Optics Manufacturing","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123481986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-axis space coordinate system calibration method for composite line laser measuring systems using non-feature planes and multi-angle spheres","authors":"C. Xu, X. Wei, Zhongzhi Zhang, Xiaoping Zhou","doi":"10.1117/12.2526009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2526009","url":null,"abstract":"For Line-Laser sensor products that CCD images are unknown, we present a method for the calibration of Line-Laser sensor measurement system using multi-directional and non-featured planes, and a method for system calibration optimization using multi-angle standard spheres. By building a mathematical model, we convert the line laser sensor measurement data into CMM measurement points. According to the constraint relationships of planes or spheres, the point measured by the Line-Laser sensor and the CMM should conform to the same equation, then we can solve the calibration matrix of the line laser sensor and the coordinate measuring machine by nonlinear optimization. Both simulation analyses and real experiments were conducted. A line laser sensor was used to measure a frosted standard ball with a radius of 12.696 mm. The radius deviation measured by the line laser sensor system and the center deviation of the sphere comparing with the CMM were observed. The experimental results show that the radius deviation of the calibration laser sensor measurement system is less than 0.02mm, and the center distance deviation of the sphere is less than 0.02mm. This method utilizing non-featured planes simplifies the calibration equipment and can reduce the fitting error when using standard ball from multiple angles for calibration. This method is different from the method of calibrating the single direction of the laser sensor. It can simultaneously calibrate the rotation matrix and translation matrix of the two-dimensional line laser sensor to the coordinate measuring machine, and optimize the global optimal calibration parameters.","PeriodicalId":422212,"journal":{"name":"Precision Optics Manufacturing","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126177479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hacking an optics manufacturing machine: You don't see it coming?!","authors":"Robert Wildenauer, K. Leidl, M. Schramm","doi":"10.1117/12.2526691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2526691","url":null,"abstract":"With more and more industrial devices getting inter-connected the attack surface for cyber attacks is increasing steadily. In this paper the possible approach of an attacker who got access to the office network at the Institute for Precision Manufacturing and High-Frequency Technology (IPH) to attack one of the optic machines that reside in another network segment is presented. Based on known vulnerabilities from the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE), like the shellshock exploit or remote code execution with PsExec, for devices identified in the network, an attacker can bypass the firewall between the office network and the laboratory network and get full access to the HMI of the target machine.","PeriodicalId":422212,"journal":{"name":"Precision Optics Manufacturing","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125602015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}