Herald of an Archivist最新文献

{"title":"After Khrushchev: Activities of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU in October 1964 – June 1965 according to V.?N. Malin’s Notes","authors":"I. A. Permyakov, T. Dzhalilov, N. Pivovarov","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2022-1-137-153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-1-137-153","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes preliminary working notes of the meetings of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (СС CPSU) from October 1964 to June 1965, which were made by V. N. Malin, head of the General Department of the СС CPSU from 1954 to 1965. The purpose and objective of the study is to use unique historical sources from the fonds of the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (RGANI), which are being thus introduced into scientific use, to deduce the mechanisms of developing key decisions in the supreme political leadership of the USSR, while political system was transformed and power functions redistributed after the resignation of N. S. Khrushchev. Extensive historiography of various aspects of the history of the Soviet Union under L. I. Brezhnev notwithstanding, this topic has not yet received its proper coverage in national and foreign scholarship. Due to research specifics, the authors have used comprehensive methodological approach, based on a combination of source criticism, problem-chronological and system-structural methods, which permits, to some degree, to interpret the historical sources introduced into scientific use as convincingly as possible. Having analyzed issues considered at the meetings of the Presidium of the CC of the CPSU at the time, the authors come to a conclusion that the main range of topics did not change after October 1964: key problems of domestic and foreign policy remained in the focus of attention of the supreme political body of the USSR, while its approach to them did change. An important area of activity of the Presidium of the Central Committee was overcoming the N. S. Khrushchev legacy. This could have been formal issues related to the resignation of the former Soviet leader from his numerous posts, as well as fundamental problems of ideological nature. International relations were central in revision of N. S. Khrushchev's policy, resulting in a reconsideration of the Soviet foreign policy strategy and tactics. In late October 1964-1965, the Soviet leadership made efforts to normalize the relations with the ruling parties of Albania and the People's Republic of China (PRC), which had been “tested for durability” in the N. S. Khrushchev era. The preliminary working notes of the meetings of the Presidium of the Central Committee show that internal problems of the USSR were discussed by the Soviet leaders just as vividly and intensely as international ones. The main discussions revolved around two fundamental issues: situation in the agriculture and changes in the planning system in industry. Discussions of the need for agrarian reforms dominated late 1964 – early 1965, while discussion of reforming planning industrial production figured large since spring of 1965. The authors conclude that, when implementing their initiatives, the leaders of the Soviet Union, in many respects, were limited by the configuration of the political system developed over the previo","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69375854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Russian Revolutionary Terrorists’ and Militants’ Letters to Power in the Early 20th Century","authors":"O.N. Kvasov","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2022-2-509-521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-2-509-521","url":null,"abstract":"The research is devoted to analysis of an original and peculiar source, written appeals of revolutionary terrorists and militants to tsarist authorities and institutions. This type of documents is known in source studies as “letters to power” and has been subject of numerous studies and publications, mostly in form of collective peasants’ appeals to authorities at various crisis points in the Russian history of the early 20th century. However, appeals of revolutionary terrorists and militants to population and administration have not yet been subject to analysis and research due to their sparsity, location in local archives, and unwillingness of party committees and police to make them known to general public. Terrorists’ appeals to the authorities were essential to terrorism: this was their way to proclaim and make public their demands and reasons for violence. However, party committees always strongly resisted individual militants entering into communication, as they considered terrorist attacks as party activity, were wary of police provocations and concerned about secrecy. Therefore, we can assume that the militants’ appeals to the administration are indirect evidence of their autonomy or independence from parties and committees. Such appeals were mostly made in the following two instances: when militants actively participated in action and when they were hiding from police persecution for a long time. Appeals could be verbose or concise, addressed directly to the authorities, or to a certain official, or distributed via media, or left as a note on the crime scene. They mocked police for their incapability to arrest the author, emphasized disinterested or party nature of their combat activity, announced future crimes. Detailed letters often proclaimed that the author had to resort to criminal action due to errors of prior administration. The authors implicitly or explicitly indicated their willingness to end their struggle, if they were to be granted pardon, or if the persecution were to be ceased. Numerous appeals of militants and terrorists to the authorities strongly suggest that social and political crisis of the Russian society was quite deep; they are an important sign of systematically organized party terrorism, as well as a vivid source for studying social and psychological atmosphere in the crisis of the early 20th century in Russia.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69379539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Military Reality of the Early Days of the Great Patriotic War against the Background of the Fate of an Encircled Officer: The Case of Colonel M.G. Kirillov (1942)","authors":"Dmitry E. Komarov","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2022-2-522-533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-2-522-533","url":null,"abstract":"In the midst of severe defeats of the initial period of the war, many units and formations of the Red Army were surrounded. Both private and command corps who broke out of the encirclement, as well as those who were captured and escaped, were thoroughly checked. This measure seems reasonable and legitimate. The absolute majority, after passing this “filter,” were sent to the front, against others charges were brought under the laws of wartime. Among the latter was the commander of the 38th Rifle Division, Colonel Maxim Gavrilovich Kirillov, who was shot by court verdict in 1942. Commanding his division, M. G. Kirillov was surrounded in the Vyazma defensive operation (October 2-13, 1941) to the west of Vyazma. Several times, the colonel placed disparate groups under his under command, making unsuccessful attempts to break out. Later, he was captured by the enemy, escaped, commanded a partisan detachment. In March 1942 Kirillov was summoned to the “mainland,” accused of treason and shot; only in 1991, he was rehabilitated. The personality of Colonel Kirillov is much discussed in press and in the Internet. His personal tragedy is considered an example of illegal repressions against the servicemen who were surrounded and held captive. The facts provided in the article detail and clarify Kirillov's actions in the occupied territory. It is shown that charges against him were mostly proven and fell under current statutory provisions. Information on Kirillov is given against the background of mass repressions against senior Red Army officers at the beginning of the war. Investigative documents record some changes in the work of the punitive apparatus in contrast with the period of 1937–38. However, physical coercion and attempts to bring his action under the article 58 of the criminal code remained. The conclusions on Colonel Kirillov’s sentence are another evidence of tragical and inconsistent fate of the Soviet encircled servicemen and prisoners of war. The facts indicate a need for a thorough study of the fate of each serviceman who was surrounded or captured from the standpoint of military realities of the initial period of the Great Patriotic War.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69380053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Document on the Porto Franco Regime in the Crimea: 1798–99","authors":"A. Kravchuk","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2022-3-836-847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-3-836-847","url":null,"abstract":"The article publishes the “Statute of the Taurida Governorate” (April 23, 1798) prepared by the Prosecutor general Alexei Kurakin. At the time, he and members of the Expedition of State Economy and Guardianship of Foreign and Rural Economics under the Senate (1797–1803) were working on implementation of the Paul I’s decree on introduction of the porto franco regime in the Crimea for 30 years period (February 13, 1798). The decree was prepared on the basis of numerous projects sent to the consideration of the Expedition. Paul I studied the document and postponed it “until special consideration.” Alexey Kurakin's project is interesting because it provides a fresh look at the process of introduction of the porto franco regime on the peninsula and permits to revise some well-established theses on the policy of Paul I in the Novorossiya region and the Crimea. Historians often accuse the emperor of seeking to destroy the endeavours of Catherine II. However, archival documents challenge this thesis. Paul I sought to reduce excessive and often unjustified costs of the region’s development, made attempts to develop trade and reduce bureaucracy. The statute developed by Alexey Kurakin supplemented the decree on introduction of the porto franco regime. The Taurida Governorate was to govern the new region on a collegiate basis, headed by chief supervisor and trustee. The region was directly subordinate to the Expedition and the Senate. All institutions of power existing before the introduction of porto franco were subject to dissolution. Only Sevastopol and Kerch-Yenikale did not come under the command of chief supervisor and trustee, remaining under the military department. The Statute regulated work of the judicial system: uezd courts were dissolved, magistrates were created in their stead, elected from local inhabitants. These measures were to speed up legal proceedings, especially in commercial cases. Special attention was devoted to land conflicts on the peninsula. Alexey Kurakin proposed radical measures for solving them. He planned to relocate some categories of the Crimean Tatars population from disputed areas and, thus, to settle the conflict and begin distribution of land to foreigners. The project was not implemented due to cancellation of the porto franco regime on December 21, 1799. However, this document is a valuable source on the history of the Crimea of the period. It also allows us a better understanding of the principles of the internal policy of Paul I.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69380555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research School of Olga Mikhailovna Medushevskaya: The Moment of Truth in the Russian Humanitarian Knowledge","authors":"Irina V. Sabennikova","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2022-2-584-596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-2-584-596","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a typology of research schools from the point of view of their contribution to research, offering criteria for their definition and parameters of their impact on the scholarship. Definition of the “research school” concept is necessary for its sociological and scientific study, as well as for limiting its substance, which is often perceived too vaguely, and, as a result, reconstruction of research process is replaced with emotionally colored characteristics. All schools operating in the modern research space can be conditionally divided into three large groups: original, secondary (which develop the first), and nominal (created by administrative resource of academic supervisors to promote their interests and to ensure their status). This typology permits to determine real research potential of schools. It can be stated that research (original) schools are rare; various hybrid variants predominate, matching some criteria of original school. A genuine research school is the highest achievement of scientific thought and its long development; its turning point (sometimes defined as a new research paradigm) is a cornerstone for future achievements. These achievements are possible when they do not deny mechanically the contribution of previous research, but include implicitly its achievements, re-determining their place in the new system of scientific coordinates. This is the point of scientific progress — progression of human thought from less to more complete and evidence-based representation of reality. The research school of O. M. Medushevskaya is a unique example of a true humanitarian and historical school in Russia at turn of the 21st century that matches the exact definition of research school in its authentic meaning. This article is to prove of this thesis. The author proposes a system of seven criteria for assessing the potential of research schools. Systemic contribution of O. M. Medushevskaya and her school in progression of scientific ideas has been demonstrated according all these criteria in order to summarize its role in the transformation of modern humanitarian knowledge.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69380632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The History of Life and Scientific Activities of the Soviet Microbiologist Z. V. Ermolyeva in Documents from Federal Archives","authors":"A. V. Gorshenin","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2022-3-916-928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-3-916-928","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes unpublished sources stored in the Russian State Archive of Economics (RGAE), the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), and the Russian State Archive in Samara (RGA v Samare) to determine the representativeness of these documents in reconstruction of the scientific biography of the Soviet microbiologist Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermolieva (1898-1974). The coronavirus pandemic, which has engulfed all the humanity, has changed the vector of biomedical research subjects. In this regard, one of the important tasks of humanitarian researchers is to update historical knowledge about extreme periods. The task of studying the life and work of Soviet scientists who made a significant contribution to studying epidemic diseases and fighting them seems significant. Scarсity of publications devoted to the activities of Z. V. Ermolyeva means that an extensive layer of unpublished documents remains out of view of researchers. Source analysis, archival heuristics, and historical-comparative method permit to conduct research and to assess the informative value of different types of documents for comprehensive reconstruction of Z. V. Ermolyeva’s scientific fate. In the RGAE, a great number of documents is concentrated in the scientist’s personal fond, its analysis shows that official, scientific, and personal documents are stored there. In addition to text documents, there are photos of Zinaida Vissarionovna with her colleagues in various scientific institutions which are of great interest. Some official documents also provide personal information. In the GARF, documents on this topic are dispersed in different fonds. The fond of the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine, where Z. V. Ermolyeva worked, contains information on preparation of first Soviet penicillin and launch of its production. The fond of the People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR permits to follow the discussion of her scientific works at its Scientific Medical Council meetings. The documents of the Committee for the Assistance of Scientists under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR help to reconstruct elements of material support provided to Ermolyeva in the 1930s. Among the sources stored in the RGA in Samara, of interest are application documents for inventions, in which Zinaida Vissarionovna participated. They show the scientist as the author of inventions and scientific discoveries. The analysis demonstrates that conjunctive use of documents from federal archives showcase multifaceted activities of the well-known microbiologist.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69381945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historiographical Sources of the Russian Emigration: Revisiting the Characterization of the White Movement Leaders E. K. Miller and N. N. Yudenich: 1920–30s","authors":"I. Baklanova","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2022-4-1012-1024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-4-1012-1024","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents results of the analysis of historiographical sources of Russian emigration in order to identify various points of view on assessment of activities during the Civil War of the leaders of two of four largest enclaves of the White Movement: Lieutenant General E. K. Miller in the Northern enclave and Infantry General N. N. Yudenich in the North-Western one. The complex of works of Russian ?migr? authors, consisting mostly of memoirs and several research papers published in the 1920-30s, represent first attempts at a different (non-Soviet) portrayal of the confrontation of the early 20th century, for instance, an anti-Bolshevik view on the factors underlying the defeat of the White Cause. The leadership of the largest anti-Soviet enclaves was listed among these factors. Thus, consideration of publications of the leader of the Constitutional Democratic Party P. N. Milyukov, professional historian, graduate of the Moscow University scientific school; Major General P. A. Tomilov, Commander of the North-Western Army (before Yudenich); Lieutenant General A. A. Rodzianko; G. K. Gins, Russian legal scientist, member of the government of A. V. Kolchak; deputy of the I, III, and IV State Dumas N.N. Lviv, public figure and journalist, who reported on political issues at press conferences of N. N. Yudenich, G. L. Kirdetsov (Dvorzhetsky); and others permits to implement the principle of objectivity in historical research, but also to highlight the views of ?migr? authors on issues relating to the White Movement enclaves’ leaders implementing their authority. The article notes that the said historiographical sources indicate to such negative features in the activities of Generals Miller and Yudenich during the Civil War as indecision, passivity, inability (or, possibly, unwillingness) to rally anti-Bolshevik forces against the Soviets and to organize positive military administration work on the occupied territory, which hampered formation of strong White dictatorship in the regions. The analyzed sources argue that only White dictatorship during the Civil War could have effectively resisted the authoritarian power of the opposite camp, the dictatorship of the Red. However, in the works of ?migr? authors, there is also an opposing opinion, that cooperation was much needed between the military authorities and democratic civil authorities, for example, the government of the North. The article states that studying of this complex set of sources should take into account the peculiarities of their creation: authors’ personal attitudes to the events of the Civil War and its participants (sometimes biased), their lack of professional historical skills, narrowness of the source base. Thus, any further research should include comparative analysis of the data of historiographical sources of the Russian emigration and contributions of other historiographical trends.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69383221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The River Terminal in the Historic Architectural Complex of Nizhny Novgorod","authors":"A. A. Gordin, E. D. Gordina","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2022-4-1248-1261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-4-1248-1261","url":null,"abstract":"The authors focus on the evolution of architectural appearance of the Nizhny Novgorod River Terminal. The building on the spit of the Volga and Oka rivers attracts the attention of guests of the Volga region capital. The River Terminal is an adornment of the Nizhne-Volzhskaya embankment and one of the symbols of Nizhny Novgorod. The topic of the presented article is most relevant in connection with the recent 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod. Our goal is to consider the evolution of architectural appearance of the Nizhny Novgorod River Terminal and also the transformations of its composition in the context of historical development. The main source base of the article is technical documentation, which is stored in the State Archive of Special Documentation of the Nizhny Novgorod Region (GASDNO) and is being introduced into scientific use for the first time. The authors express their gratitude to O. A. Ukhlina, the chief methodologist of the department for the use of documents and information work of the GASDNO. Another valuable source is materials of the periodical press. Undoubtedly, the topic is interdisciplinary. Presently, scientific works consider the Nizhny Novgorod (Gorky) River Terminal mainly from a technical and architectural position. This circumstance determines the scientific novelty of the article. The chronological framework covers the 1930s-2000s. In the years of the first five-year plans, when the city of Gorky became a major industrial center of the country, its need for development of water transport and river infrastructure increased significantly. In the 1930s architect P. Saburov developed the first draft of the River Terminal building, which remained unrealized. During the Great Patriotic War and in the post-war period, there was no terminal in Gorky, and only after the end of the restoration period, in the 1950s, the task to carry out the design of the terminal was set anew. The team of the Leningrad Design Institute for River Transport headed by M.I. Churilin and L.S. Smirnova developed the new project, permitting the construction to begin in 1959. Externally, the station reminds a ship, as its main facades are elongated along the river and the street, and it rises along its central axis in stepped volumes. Since its opening in 1964, the River Terminal has received thousands of passengers per year and Gorky has become a major tourist center. In 1987, the River Terminal was seriously damaged by fire; in 2003 it was restored upon the project of V. Romanova.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69384630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Color Scheme of the Russian Titular Coats of Arms of the 17th – Early 18th Century","authors":"E. V. Pchelov","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2022-3-651-661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-3-651-661","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the analysis of the color scheme of the Russian titular coats of arms of the 17th – early 18th century. Until late 17th century, the color scheme of coats of arms did not matter, since the emblems of the titular objects themselves were depicted on seals, for which they were created. However, by the end of the 17th century, these emblems began to acquire increasingly heraldic appearance. An important stage on this path was creation of the “Titulyarnik” in 1672. In this book, the titular coats of arms were presented in color, but this colorization was not of heraldic nature. Only two coats of arms borrowed from Western European heraldry had a coat of arms coloring. Otherwise, the coats of arms of the “Titulyarnik” looked more like color illustrations than coats of arms in the truest sense of the word. The color of the coats of arms on the golden plate of Alexei Mikhailovich made by master Y. Frobos in 1675 was equally conditional. Here the color scheme of the coats of arms performed functions of symmetry in the overall pictorial composition. On the charters of the turn of the 18th century, titular coats of arms were drawn following the model of the “Titulyarnik.” However, at the turn 1710s, the colorization of the titular coats of arms appeared on the charters (although the previous tradition also persisted for some time). The description of coats of arms in color was first presented in Russian in “The Core of Russian History” written in mid-1710s in Sweden. The authorship of this book remains debatable. The description of the coats of arms from “The Core of Russian History” finds almost exact analogies in the images of coats of arms on charters starting from 1710, and also repeats the coloring from the corrected drawings of I.-G. Korb, published together with descriptions of the titular coats of arms in the German publications in 1708 and 1710. Apparently, the colorization of the titular coats of arms was associated with the provincial and military reforms of Peter the Great. It is significant that azur became the main heraldic color for the shields of the titular coats of arms. Gueles did not occupy a dominant position. In general, the color scheme of the coats of arms of the Peter the Great era may have been influenced by the creation of the color scheme of Russian flags. Later, the color scheme of a number of titular coats of arms changed significantly. Such changes, in particular, were recorded in the “Armorial of banners” (Znamyonnyi Gerbovnik) of 1729. They were associated with closer compliance with the formal rules of Western European heraldry. Thus, the colorization of Russian titular heraldry fell in the context of its gradual transformation from seals and emblems to coats of arms and largely determined this process.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69444724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Features of the Process of Formation of the Regional Organization of the RCP (B) of the Mari Autonomous Region in 1921–23: Archival Materials","authors":"Yuri N. Timkin","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2022-2-384-395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-2-384-395","url":null,"abstract":"The article draws on archival materials from the State Archive of the Mari El Republic and Central State Archive of the Kirov Region to study the emergence and development of the Mari regional organization of the RCP (B) in 1921–23. It is to analyze the process of formation of the Mari regional organization of the RCP (B) and to identify its specifics. The author sets himself two tasks: to clarify the features of the process of formation of the organization and the course of the intra-party conflict between “krasnokokshaytsy” and “kozmodemyantsy,” “local” and “appointees.” The novelty is determined by the fact that this is the first attempt since 1991 to analyze the process of formation of the Mari regional organization of the RCP (B). The research is written on archival material using principles of historicism and historical institutionalism. The Mari regional organization of the RCP (B) was formed in January 1921, shortly after the creation of the autonomous region. The first provisional bureau of the obkom and the revkom included the same people, producing a unified management system. This circumstance slowed down the formation of the party structures. The situation was aggravated by the fact that there were practically no industrial enterprises and corresponding infrastructure, and cultural level of the population was insufficient. The personnel shortage in the party and Soviet structures had its specifics: there were not enough trained Mari workers. However, circulars from the Central Committee demanded their engaging, as well as taking into account local specifics. In 1921–22, the situation in the party organizations worsened due to corrupting influence of the New Economic Policy, famine, and fires engulfing the region. Due to lack of educated, dedicated, and active communists, a huge responsibility fell on the local party elite from among the Mari intelligentsia. At the end of 1921, the “kozmodemyansky” conflict broke out, which nearly ended in armed clashes. The Central Committee intervened, sending party workers. Analysis of the process of formation of the Mari regional organization of the RCP (B) has shown that from its early days it faced great difficulties in its activities; in terms of social composition, it was a peasant organization. Ethno-cultural peculiarities of the region left an imprint on the relationships between the party members and caused conflicts. Overcoming them was hampered by arbitrariness of the “appointees,” as well as their resorting to repression and using contradictions between groups in their own interests.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69379394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}