Herald of an Archivist最新文献

{"title":"Overview of the B. A. Smyslowsky’s Personal Provenance Archival Fond from the National Archive of the Principality of Liechtenstein—Holmston-Smyslowsky, Arthur Graf von. 1831-1988","authors":"Andrey V. Popov","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2023-3-876-891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-3-876-891","url":null,"abstract":"This is a traditional archival review of the personal provenance fond of Boris Alekseevich Smyslovsky, deposited in the National Archive of the Principality of Liechtenstein (Liechten stein Landesarchiv). The object of the study is formation of Boris Alekseevich Smyslovsky’s personal provenance fond and its information capacity. The article attempts to reconstruct the biography of B. A. Smyslovsky; to clarify the circumstances of acquisition of B. A. Smyslovsky’ documents by the archive of the Principality of Liechtenstein; to identify major document groups and their value to researchers. Boris Alekseevich Smyslovsky was born into a noble family of Lieutenant Colonel Alexei Smyslovsky on November 21, 1897 in the village of Terioki near St. Petersburg. He was a First World War and Civil War veteran. After the end of the Civil War, he lived in emigration in Poland. After German invasion in Poland, he worked at the headquarters of the German military intelligence in Warsaw “Abvernebenstelle-Warsaw.” In the days of the Great Patriotic War, he ran reconnaissance and sabotage units of the German army. In 1945, he was interned in the Principality of Liechtenstein with the remnants of his units. He was able to avoid repatriation and leave for Argentina. In September 1948, he created and headed the “Field-Marshal A.V. Suvorov Union of Russian Former War Veterans” in Argentina. He was a counter terrorism security advisor to the President of Argentina Juan Domingo Peron. Since 1966, he lived in Germany, collaborated with the foreign intelligence service of Germany, and held the position of adviser to the General Staff of the Bundeswehr. In 1973, B. A. Smyslovsky retired. In 1975, he moved to Liechtenstein with his wife. He died there on September 5, 1988. After his death, his documents were handed over to the National Archive of the Principality of Liechtenstein by his wife Irina Nikolaevna Holmston-Smyslovskaya (Kochanovich). In total, there are 90 files in the fond, including biographical documents; creative materials (books and articles by B. A. Smyslovsky); correspondence; documents collected by B. A. Smyslovsky; photographs; printed materials (books and periodicals). B. A. Smyslovsky’s personal provenance fond, deposited in the National Archive of the Principality of Liechtenstein, is of great interest to historians of the Second World War and history of post-war displaced persons. The author contends that these documents have not been sufficiently studied by the Russian researchers. This very article is an attempt to inform of the documents of the the B.A. Smyslovsky fond.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136207737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consecration of the Trinity Church in the Village of Konobeyevo, Bronnitsky Uezd: Revisiting the Problem of Subordination of Local Clergy in the Early 20th Century","authors":"Vyacheslav N. Novak","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2022-1-201-213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-1-201-213","url":null,"abstract":"The article and the published document highlight a local episode from the history of church life of the Moscow region — consecration of the newly-built church (March 24, 1913). A brief outline of the history of the village of Konobeyevo of the Bronnitsy uezd of the Moscow gubernia (now, Voskresensk district of the Moscow region) is given and its specific features are revealed, which include its location in the vicinity of the busy railway line of the Kazan direction, as well as presence of two stone churches of the same dedication in the parish complex. The sources recording the consecration of the new Trinity Church are also analyzed: a paragraph in the diocesan Moskovskie tserkovnye vedomosti, as well as the newly revealed archival file stored in the Central State Archive of Moscow (fond of the office of the bishop of Dmitrov, Moscow vicar). The latter consists of four documents (in chronological sequence): (1) the priest's message to his dean about the proposed consecration of the church; (2) his notification of consecrating; (3) dean's report to bishop Tryphon on his lack of knowledge concerning permission to consecrate this church and, as a result, his absence at the event with bishop’s resolution ordering the parish priest to explain of his reasons for failing to notify his dean of the upcoming consecration. The most recent document in the analyzed collection is (4) the dean’s rereport to bishop Tryphon concerning the priest’s misnotification about the upcoming event. The chronological framework is March 20 to May 1, 1913. The documents contain no information on disciplinary actions against the parish priest who treated his dean with insufficient respect. This local church history episode is interesting in several ways: first, it indicates the official periodicals’ practice of silencing conflicts, and second, it suggests that in the early 20th century dean’s participation in consecration of a newly built church on his entrusted territory was a generally accepted norm. Finally, the revealed documents show that in the last years of the Russian Empire the clergy had no clear idea of the dean’s status; he could be considered primus inter pares among priests of particular locality or their head. This work includes a brief analytical article, as well as publication of the discovered archival file.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69375590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On Publication of the Documents Collection “On the Basis of Self-Determination… To the 100th Anniversary of Statehood of Udmurtia”","authors":"V. Vorontsov","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2022-1-297-304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-1-297-304","url":null,"abstract":"The article reviews the documents collection “On the principles of statehood,” prepared by the archivists of Udmurtia in 2020 and dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the statehood of the Udmurt people. The review shows that for regional historiography, this publication is almost the first experience of publishing of documents by type. It publishes minutes of the first national-cultural organizations and Udmurt congresses, general meetings and gatherings of citizens, Soviet and party bodies of 1917–21, which highlight the history of preparation and creation of the Udmurt Autonomous Oblast. The structure of the collection is described, and the documents included are characterized. In addition to documents from the Udmurt archives, the collection also includes documents from federal archives and those of neighboring regions. The first section includes documents of the Udmurt national movement of 1917 – the first half of 1918. The second section contains documents on the initial stage of the self-determination process of the Udmurt people covering the period from June 1918 to August 1920. The third section includes documents on formation of the Votyak Autonomous Oblast (VAO) from preparation and adoption of the decree on November 4, 1920 to the First Congress of Soviets of the VAO. It should be noted, that photo documents included in the collection complement the text nicely. It is concluded that the documents in the new edition sufficiently cover the realization of the right of the Udmurt people to self-determination. The review appreciates the scientific and reference apparatus of the collection. A detailed introductory article contributes to a deeper understanding of the sources. Extensive notes prepared by the compilers help navigating the documents and supplement their content, expanding the regional context and integrating it into the Russian historical process. The appendices are analyzed. They include lists of participants of the congresses and biographical data on the most active figures of the national-state construction. It is concluded that the reviewed collection adequately replenishes the source base on the early Soviet history of the region. It contributes to intensification of the study of the history of national politics and national-state construction in the first years of Soviet power and can also be used in the educational process in the educational institutions of Udmurtia.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69376417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the History of Studying F. B. von Lutke Papers from the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts","authors":"Evgeny G. Pivovarov, A. Skrydlov","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2022-2-331-344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-2-331-344","url":null,"abstract":"The article reviews the history of studying Admiral F. B. von Lutke’s manuscript legacy. An outstanding navigator, statesman and scientist, founder and first vice-chairman of the Russian Geographical Society, president of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, he was a key figure in the intellectual life of Russia. Lutke’s archive contains valuable materials on social history of science in general, as well as on certain branches of knowledge. His papers are scattered over various St. Petersburg and Moscow archives, thus remaining little studied. Using methods of systems analysis, retrospective and comparative approaches, the authors summarize the experience of studying Lutke’s papers stored in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA). They have examined published research, as well as manuscript of dissertation of the Admiral’s descendant, N. F. Lutke. It is concluded that most documents remained unintroduced into scientific use. However, attempts to investigate and publish Lutke’s papers were undertaken by Soviet historians of science after World War II. St. Petersburg Branch of the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences and Technology holds a unique manuscript “F. P. Lutke – Vice-Chairman of the Russian Geographical Society, 1845–74: Collected Letters and Materials” compiled and prepared for publication under A. I. Andreev. It contains 140 documents from the Central State Archive of Ancient Acts: letters from K. E. von Baer, A. V. Golovnin, E. I. Lamansky, R. F. F. von der Osten-Sacken, O. W. Struve, A. T. Kupffer and others addressed to Lutke; correspondence of Konstantin Nikolayevich; references, notes and projects of L. V. Dubbelt, etc. The authors reconstruct the process of the almanac preparation. Its publication was to coincide with two memorable dates: the 100th anniversary of the Russian Geographical Society and Lutke’s 150th anniversary. A review of V. R. Svirskaya (Leikina) reveals that the book remained unpublished for ideological reasons. The authors compare documents from Andreev’s collection with sources used in subsequent works devoted to Lutke. They conclude that most documents found in mid-1940s remain unstudied. Publication of the most valuable materials from F. V. Lutke’s fond in the RGADA is an important scientific task.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69378510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cogs in a Big Machine: To Publication of the Reference Book “Apparatus of the Central Committee of the AUCP (B): Its Structure, Functions, and Cadres. July 10, 1948 – October 5, 1952”","authors":"V. Izmozik","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2022-3-950-959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-3-950-959","url":null,"abstract":"This review is devoted to examination of the reference book “Apparatus of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks: Its Structure, Functions, and Cadres. July 10, 1948 – October 5, 1952.” Throughout the entire period of the USSR’s existence, it was impossible to study this subject scholarly. Researchers were only aware of the most important figures within party, state, and economic institutions. A great number of people, who prepared policy documents and were daily monitoring their implementation, remained hidden behind the institutions’ signboards. By mid-1920s the USSR was a “party-state” and the apparatus of the Central Committee of the RCP (B)—AUCP (B)—CPSU became essentially its highest institution. Therefore, it is important to study the organization of its activities and the history of functioning and development of its departments. The authors of the reference book have studied the Central Committee apparatus as a notion, as well as its structure, functions, personnel, and periodic restructuring (in 1946, 1948, 1949, 1952) in order to understand the role of the Central Committee apparatus in the political system at its different levels. The first part of the reference book, “The Structure and Staffing of the Central Committee Apparatus” (pp. 41–183), contains detailed information on the staffing and structure of all departments of the Central Committee apparatus, outlining 25 departments and standing commissions, naming their leaders and employees. It should be noted that this is the first time that the structure and leadership of the Technical Secretariat of the Organizational Bureau (Orgburo), Special Sector, Central Committee Administrative Directorate, Party Control Commission, and Central Audit Commission have been detailed. The second part, “Biographical Index of Leading Officials of the Central Committee” (pp. 184–617), contains 577 biographies of all heads of structural divisions of the Central Committee (heads of departments and their deputies, heads of sectors and their deputies, assistants to the Central Committee secretaries). The third part, “Central Committee Apparatus Personnel Summaries for 1948–52,” gives a complete picture of positions and staffing dynamics of the Central Committee apparatus from July 1948 to October 1952 (pp. 618–737). These documents are also being published for the first time. The fourth part, “Documents. Regulations for Departments” (pp. 738–762), contains all relevant Central Committee resolutions (including those from the so-called “Special Folders”) and several memoranda from department heads (Department of Foreign Relations, Department of Personnel of Diplomatic and Foreign Trade Bodies, Foreign Policy Commission of the Central Committee) on powers and functions of the Central Committee departments in 1948–52 (25 documents in total). As a result, this collection provides readers with a multifaceted picture of this important institution and its divisions (departments) i","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69383015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soviet Youth and Trotskyism in the Days of the “Great Terror” of the 1930s in the USSR: Based on Archival Sources","authors":"A. Viazinkin, K. A. Yakimov","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2022-4-1185-1197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-4-1185-1197","url":null,"abstract":"The use of the negative image of L. D. Trotsky in the Soviet propaganda during the Great Terror of the 1930s in the USSR had a significant impact on the formation of political consciousness of the Soviet youth. The article analyzes archival historical sources that reflect the complex nature of mutual relations between Soviet propaganda, repressive machine, Soviet youth, and propaganda figure of L. D. Trotsky in the days of the Great Terror. Despite the abundance of historical works devoted to the phenomenon of Soviet youth in the 1930s, the problem of attitude of the younger generation to Trotskyism remains little studied. Thus, the study is to fill the gap in scientific knowledge. It is based on principles of historicism and objectivity and uses historical, comparative, deductive, and retrospective methods. The reaction of the Soviet youth to the anti-Trotskyist rhetoric of Soviet propaganda and repression against those who were denounced as “Trotskyists” is reflected in a number of personal provenance sources (diaries, appeals), as well as in protocols and transcripts of the Komsomol conferences preserved in the fonds of the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History (RGASPI), the State Archive of Socio-Political History of the Tambov Region (GASPITO), and the State Archive of Socio-Political History of the Voronezh Region (GAOPIVO), which indicates the representativeness of the source base. Most documents are being introduced into scientific use by the authors. The authors conclude that the party and Komsomol control over the moods of the younger generation, which strengthened in the period of mass political repression, could not turn it into a monolithic and completely devoted social group. The Soviet leadership demanding from young people a hostile attitude towards Trotskyism often engendered bewilderment and resistance. The reason for accusing them of Trotskyism was mostly young people’s doubt in the possibility of building communism in one country. However, even Komsomol members were often puzzled by such accusations, having quite superficial notions on Trotskyism. The analysis of the sources suggests that the figure of Trotsky, proclaimed by the official propaganda the “enemy of the people,” still had significant authority for the youth. Among the young people, many doubted the legality of charges against Trotsky and were not afraid to talk about political merits of the convicted “leader.” Some linked their hopes for a brighter future with the name of Trotsky, never doubting his return to the Soviet Union in order to lead the state. Many saw in Trotsky a semi-legendary figure, a genuine revolutionary, whose merits to the common cause of revolution and socialist construction could not be overestimated. The historical analysis lays the foundation for a new scientific view on characteristic features of political thinking of the Soviet youth during the Great Terror.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69383793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classification of documents as a theoretical problem in office work and in the archive","authors":"Nataliya G. Surovtseva","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2022-3-756-771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-3-756-771","url":null,"abstract":"For archival and documentary studies, classification issues are of key importance for the development of the methodology of scientific research, the results of which should be applied in practice. The issues of document classification were raised by scientists and specialists in the field of working with documents throughout the Soviet period. K.G. Mityaev paid a lot of attention to the problem of document classification. He was the first to draw attention to the fact that it is necessary to achieve conjugation in the classification of documents in office work and archive. In archival science and archival work, the question of the classification of documents has traditionally been associated with the development of lists of documents with an indication of storage periods. The purpose of the selection of documents for archival storage determined the approach to the classification of documents as the formation of complexes of document systems and subsystems formed as a result of documenting various areas of society. In document science, the problem of document classification resulted in the development of the concept of \"document type\" and the construction of a specific classification scheme. The problem of classification was actualized in connection with the development of unified documentation systems and raised in the scientific research of A.N. Sokova on document systematics. Her attempt to deepen the classification scheme to the level of a document was unsuccessful and in document science the concept of \"document type\" was fixed in the meaning of the classification unit of documents with a common self-designation, functional purpose and design features. Modern possibilities of using information technologies in working with documents allow us to take a different look at solving the problem of document classification. It is necessary to abandon the idea of constructing a universal hierarchical classification, which is a flat, linear model. It is necessary to create an integral classification structure, which is based on numerous internal relationships between meanings. The model of such an integral classification is the database of the information system. The classification scheme of the database is based on specific measurements (details, attributes, indicators), the meanings of which are determined using the reference book. At the same time, the composition of classification measurements for all documents in one information system will be the same, but the values of these measurements for each document will be different. Practical possibilities for classifying documents are associated with the need to solve a number of theoretical problems. It is necessary to determine the composition of measurements for constructing a classification scheme and to establish those that are uniform for information systems in management and in the archive.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69444680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Military Construction in Army Orders: The Experience of the Southern White Army in Summer 1919","authors":"A. Posadsky","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2022-3-688-703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-3-688-703","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines military construction in the Russian Army of Admiral A.V. Kolchak. It focuses on the Southern Army, which emerged after reformation of the Orenburg Independent Army, the Southern Army Group, and units of the Orenburg military district in the end of May 1919. Soviet and modern historiography highlights the defense of Orenburg by the Red Army and the victory of the Reds over the Southern Army in the battles of late August – September 1919. The events of summer 1919, the Southern Army being an integrated combined arms force, remain poorly studied. Prior and later, the Cossack element and Cossack leadership prevailed. Therefore, it seems important to consider the efforts of the White command to create a combined arms army. An array of army orders is engaged to characterize the military construction of army headquarters from late May to August 1919. They permit to evaluate the system of time and organizational priorities of the army headquarters and its commander in military construction. Besides orders, the study uses memoirs of generals and senior officers who served in the Southern Army. General historical methods are used in the analysis. The research is to assess the progress and effectiveness of the efforts of the army level White command in military construction in a relatively quiet sector of the front. Commander P. A. Belov engaged in military organizational activities, introducing formations and re-formations of units and forces. The troops were brought in line with authorized staff. Artillery, sanitary service, reserve units, rear administration were regulated. The article shows that General P. A. Belov carried out routine work on military construction energetically and intelligently. However, outside stereotypical events, he demonstrated unsuccessful decisions. Thus, important and risky mission of mastering Turkestan was entrusted to a new force of recently formed reserve units. As a result, large and well-organized army was defeated and disintegrated in the battles in late August – mid-September 1919. General P.A. Belov, an experienced officer, was active in routine tasks, but unable to choose priorities under the conditions of the Civil War. His inability to distinguish essential and non-essential and to distribute forces correctly sabotaged his efforts to create a combined arms army. This was characteristic of the Whites in the Civil War, which makes this research scientifically significant and opens prospects for comparative historical research.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69444886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"At the Head of the Black Banner Army: Marusya Nikiforova in 1917–18","authors":"O. Morozova","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2022-1-164-185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-1-164-185","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the author’s search for and systematization of miscellaneous materials on campaign record of the Marusya Nikiforova’ unit on the territories of the Kherson and Yekateroslav gubernias and the Province of the Don Cossack Host. The name of Maria Grigorievna Nikiforova is inextricably linked with the history of Russian anarchism; her activities still serve as an illustration of the events of the Civil War in Russia. The article uses information from memoirs of the participants in revolutionary events written in the 1920s. It establishes main points in detachment’s movement through the cities and towns of the South of Russia from autumn 1917 to summer 1918. The collected materials show that the detachment size ranged from 100 to 500 people, fluctuating under the influence of military circumstances. The popularity of M. Nikiforova was served by her own actions aiming to make her name known. The anarchist deliberately brought about a bloody phase of social conflict, establishing the practice of requisitions and “unmotivated” executions. In September–October 1917, she contributed to radicalization of another anarchist, N. I. Makhno. Her detachment was formed in November 1917 in Aleksandrovsk, Yekaterinoslav gubernia. In December 1917, it took part in battles with the Haidamaks. In February 1918, during the demobilization of the old army, Marusya’s detachment moved to strengthen the front. In Yelisavetgrad, Kherson gubernia, Nikiforova proceeded with requisitions, provoking street battles with the city's Red Guard and self-defense units. Her allies were reserve detachment of the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets under the command of A. M. Belenkevich and the Red Guard detachment of Yekaterinoslav workers. She retreated under the Austro-German troops’ pressure together with the Bolshevik—Left SRs—anarchist detachments following the railway line of Yelisavetgrad—Krivoy Rog (Dolgintsevo)—Melitopol—Taganrog—Novocherkassk. Clashes with enemy units were unfortunate for Nikiforova. Her detachment was losing numbers and military equipment. Combat successes were insignificant. Marusya’s detachment arrived at Tsaritsyn, bleeding and exhausted. It did not participate in the robbery of the “golden” echelon of the Don Council of People's Commissars. Unlike commanders of other detachments, who retreated from the territory of Ukraine, Maria Nikiforova did not fight as part of the Red Army. Nikiforova’s name became an element of mass consciousness in the days of the revolution. The legendary veil encourages exaggeration of her role in the military events. She had a direct, albeit short-term, impact on expanding of the boundaries of the “permissible” in an internal armed conflict in Russia.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69375479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Participation of the Control Commissions of the RCP (B) under the People's Commissariat of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection in the Formation of Command-and-Control System in the USSR: 1923–24","authors":"I. Anfertiev","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2022-1-257-272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-1-257-272","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the process of radical improvement of Soviet state apparatus outlined by the Central Committee of the RCP (B) and launched in connection with the illness and death of V.I. Lenin in 1923–24. The personnel (and personnel reserve) problem was aggravated by bitter struggles for inheritance and leadership over the party and Soviet state within the Central Committee of the RCP (B). In Soviet historiography, this problem was hushed up; in modern historiography it remains insufficiently studied. To fill in the historiographic gaps, the author uses method of source study. It has been revealed that in the studied period, Soviet civil servants, who occupied their high positions on the basis of pre-revolutionary (underground) party experience, did not meet the qualification criteria; many of them cared about their own well-being to the detriment of the case entrusted them by the party, embezzled, encouraged protectionism, had mistresses, and were surrounded by bureaucrats and personalities with a dubious past and present. Administrative measures adopted in 1923–24 to reduce the state apparatus of the People's Commissariats by 12–40 percent did not produce the desired result: the payroll not only failed to decrease, it actually grew by 100 percent due to so-called special rates of payment for management personnel and specialists. As a palliative measure, the 13th Party Congress planned to strengthen the Central Control Commission of the RCP (B) and the People's Commissariat of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection. In 1923– 24, members of regional party boards and personnel of the People's Commissariat of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection conducted important surveys of the Soviet bodies and institutions. Mass checks were run simultaneously in Soviet and party agencies. Party leaders and civil servants were checked by “troikas” of party and state auditors for adequacy to their posts; conflicts between party leaders and non-party employees were revealed, as well as facts of corruption, opposition, petty-bourgeois bias, drunkenness, domestic corruption, etc. Imposed punishments, however, were to take into account the low cultural level of managers from former workers and peasants or representatives of national republics. Following the inspections, the regional party boards were recommended “to keep an eye on” managers, while treating their shortcomings with understanding. It has been revealed that according to the plans of the Central Committee of the RCP (B), party collegiums of control commissions were not to turn into purely judicial bodies considering cases of misconduct, they were to prevent the negative phenomena. Introduction of massive control over leading personnel accelerated the formation of the command-and-control system in Soviet Russia, with all its advantages and disadvantages.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69375491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}