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Ek […] wraitalaþo
IF 0.1
NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution Pub Date : 2020-04-29 DOI: 10.1075/nowele.00032.pou
S. Poulsen
{"title":"Ek […] wraitalaþo","authors":"S. Poulsen","doi":"10.1075/nowele.00032.pou","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00032.pou","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Scholars have previously interpreted the sequence wraitalaþo on the Trollhattan II Bracteate as wrait alaþō ‘I wrote the magical formula’, wrait ā laþō ‘I wrote laþu in(to)’ or wraita laþō ‘I wrote as an invitation’. The first and second interpretations are improbable for semantic, morphological and syntactic reasons. The third interpretation does not consider the linguistic consequences of the strong preterite 1sg ending being retained as -a in Proto-Norse (PN). I will argue that final -a was preserved in early PN after a stressed syllable, but was lost after an unstressed one. I will reconsider the group of PN inscriptions that attest strong preterite verbs. Finally, I will conclude that all definite evidence of the loss of -a belongs to a later period. One exception, however, is the much-debated inscription on the Reistad Stone, which lacks the syncope and has an original word-final -a in unnam(ʀ) wraita.","PeriodicalId":41411,"journal":{"name":"NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution","volume":"20 1","pages":"21-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78455847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reflexive pronouns in the Lindisfarne glosses 林迪斯法恩词典中的反身代词
IF 0.1
NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution Pub Date : 2019-12-10 DOI: 10.1075/nowele.00028.gel
E. Gelderen
{"title":"Reflexive pronouns in the Lindisfarne glosses","authors":"E. Gelderen","doi":"10.1075/nowele.00028.gel","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00028.gel","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Old English uses personal pronouns, demonstratives, and limited null subject for reference to previously mentioned nouns. It uses personal pronouns reflexively and pronouns modified by ‘self’ identical in form with an intensive. This use of a pronoun modified by self has been attributed to British Celtic influence. Other changes in the pronominal system have been attributed to Scandinavian influence, e.g. the introduction of the third person plural pronoun they. This paper looks at the use of the specially marked reflexives in the glosses to the Lindisfarne Gospels, a northern text where both British Celtic and Scandinavian influence may be relevant. It provides lists of all of the self-marked forms and shows, for instance, that Matthew and Mark have reflexives based on an accusative/dative pronoun followed by self and they don’t have this form as an intensifier. British Celtic of this period has an intensifier but has no special reflexives and has lost case endings, so the Lindisfarne language is unlike British Celtic. Luke and John have intensives and reflexives, with ‘self’ modifying case-marked pronouns, again unlike British Celtic. In addition to contributing to the debate on external origins, the paper adds to the authorship debate by comparing the use of reflexives in the different gospels.","PeriodicalId":41411,"journal":{"name":"NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution","volume":"53 1","pages":"220-244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80664027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
The Northumbrian Old English glosses 诺森伯兰古英语的gloses
IF 0.1
NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution Pub Date : 2019-12-10 DOI: 10.1075/nowele.72.2
E. Gelderen
{"title":"The Northumbrian Old English glosses","authors":"E. Gelderen","doi":"10.1075/nowele.72.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.72.2","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The articles in this volume contribute to our understanding of Northumbrian Old English of the 10th century, of\u0000 the nature of external influence, and of the authorship of the glosses. This introduction provides a background to these three\u0000 areas. Most of the introduction and contributions examine the Lindisfarne Glosses with some discussion of the Rushworth and Durham\u0000 Glosses. Section 2 shows that the Lindisfarne glossator often adds a (first and second\u0000 person) pronoun where the Latin has none but allows third person null subjects. Therefore, although the Latin original has obvious\u0000 influence, Old English grammar comes through. Section 3 reviews the loss of third person\u0000 -th verbal inflection in favor of -s, especially in Matthew. This reduction may be relevant\u0000 to the role of external (Scandinavian and British Celtic) influence and is also interesting when the language of the Lindisfarne\u0000 and Durham Glosses is compared. In Section 4, the use of overt pronouns, relatives, and\u0000 demonstratives shows an early use of th-pronouns, casting doubt on a Norse origin of they.\u0000 Section 5 looks at negation mainly from a northern versus southern perspective and Section 6 sums up. Section 7 previews the other\u0000 contributions and their major themes, namely possible external (Latin, Norse, or British Celtic) influence, the linguistic\u0000 differences among glossators, the spacing of ‘prefixes’ as evidence for grammaticalization, and the role of doublets.","PeriodicalId":41411,"journal":{"name":"NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80389838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The subjunctive in the Lindisfarne gloss 林迪斯法恩注释中的虚拟语气
IF 0.1
NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution Pub Date : 2019-12-10 DOI: 10.1075/nowele.00026.woo
Johanna L. Wood
{"title":"The subjunctive in the Lindisfarne gloss","authors":"Johanna L. Wood","doi":"10.1075/nowele.00026.woo","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00026.woo","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The use of the subjunctive mood in the Old English gloss to the Lindisfarne Gospels is investigated. All the examples of the Latin third person singular imperfect subjunctive, esset, are examined. There are three aims: to contribute to understanding the use of the subjunctive in the gloss of the Lindisfarne Gospels; to add to the authorship debate; to explore the question of how much Latin influences the glosses. Although, generally, indicative mood is expected in Old English adverbial temporal clauses, this clause type is often found in the subjunctive. The tendency is strongest in the Gospel of Luke. A few doublets of subjunctive and indicative occur, but only in the Gospels of Luke and John.","PeriodicalId":41411,"journal":{"name":"NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution","volume":"33 1","pages":"165-191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73381100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Verbal prefixes in Old Northumbrian 古诺森伯兰的动词前缀
IF 0.1
NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution Pub Date : 2019-12-10 DOI: 10.1075/nowele.00027.kru
William W. Kruger
{"title":"Verbal prefixes in Old Northumbrian","authors":"William W. Kruger","doi":"10.1075/nowele.00027.kru","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00027.kru","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In late Old English dialects, adverbial elements are frequently morphologically ambiguous (independent words, clitics, verbal prefixes, etc.), and an important facet of the proper treatment of these items is the quality of source-data in different texts. This paper examines the usage of three adverbial/prepositional elements in the Northumbrian Lindisfarne Glosses: eft ‘again, after’, ymb ‘around’, and ofer ‘over’. Skeat (1871–87), whose transcription of the original manuscript is the primary reference for research on the Glosses, frequently transcribes these items as prefixes, alongside other OE prefixes like ge-, a-, for-, and be-. However, Skeat also deviates from this pattern in many cases, leaving their proper analysis uncertain. Nevertheless, various works (e.g., Cook 1894; Bosworth 2011), have indeed taken these items to be prefixes. I follow Fernandez-Cuesta (2016) in revisiting the original Lindisfarne manuscript to determine the correct treatment of these items, concluding that eft and ofer should not be analyzed as prefixes in the manuscript, while ymb should have prefix status.","PeriodicalId":41411,"journal":{"name":"NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution","volume":"177 1","pages":"192-219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86808577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Verbal morphology in the Old English gloss to the Durham Collectar 《达勒姆文集》古英语注释中的词形
IF 0.1
NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution Pub Date : 2019-12-10 DOI: 10.1075/nowele.00025.fer
Julia Fernández Cuesta, C. Langmuir
{"title":"Verbal morphology in the Old English gloss to the Durham Collectar","authors":"Julia Fernández Cuesta, C. Langmuir","doi":"10.1075/nowele.00025.fer","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00025.fer","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article examines the verbal morphology of the Old English interlinear gloss to the Durham Collectar, attributed by almost universal consensus to Aldred of Chester-le-Street, whose earlier gloss to the Lindisfarne Gospels has recently been the object of scholarly attention (Cole 2014; Fernandez Cuesta & Pons-Sanz 2016, Gameson et al. 2017). This article analyses -s/-th variation in the present indicative and imperative forms in relation to their syntactic context, in particular subject type and subject-verb adjacency, in order to assess whether the Northern Subject Rule detected by Cole (2014) in Lindisfarne was also operative in Aldred’s later gloss. By means of a quantitative analysis, we find that the first constraint does not significantly affect -s/-ð variation in the gloss and that there is insufficient context for the second. Additionally, it is argued that adjacency is a problematic variable in this text-type. We also demonstrate that there is a higher percentage of second person singular -st and -ð in the Collectar than in Lindisfarne and discuss the possible influence of standard West Saxon on the later gloss.","PeriodicalId":41411,"journal":{"name":"NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution","volume":"19 3 1","pages":"134-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83675967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Reduction of unstressed vowels in Proto-Frisian and the Germanic ‘Auslautgesetze’ 原始弗里斯兰语和日耳曼语“Auslautgesetze”中非重读元音的略读
IF 0.1
NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution Pub Date : 2019-04-12 DOI: 10.1075/NOWELE.00021.VER
A. Versloot
{"title":"Reduction of unstressed vowels in Proto-Frisian and the Germanic ‘Auslautgesetze’","authors":"A. Versloot","doi":"10.1075/NOWELE.00021.VER","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/NOWELE.00021.VER","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The quantitative reduction and loss of Proto-Germanic vowels\u0000 during the transition from some form of Common North West Germanic to the\u0000 attested ‘Old’ languages, such as Old English and Old Frisian, is a complicated\u0000 process, interfering with morphological restructuring processes. Various\u0000 reconstructions have been presented, the most extensive one by Boutkan (1995). Scrutiny of the Runic\u0000 Frisian data, from the period ca. 500–800, shows that especially the apocope of\u0000 PWGmc *-a and of *-u < PGmc\u0000 *-ō should be positioned much later in the relative\u0000 chronology than envisaged by Boutkan. The order that can be derived from the\u0000 Runic Frisian data reflects a gradual loss of one mora, running in a cline from\u0000 the least salient to the most salient vowel, which provides a phonetic rationale\u0000 for the development. This gradual mora reduction can be dated to the period\u0000 between ca. 500 and 700. This absolute dating can have implications for\u0000 phonological processes in which root vowels interact with the quality or\u0000 quantity of the vowel in the following syllable.","PeriodicalId":41411,"journal":{"name":"NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution","volume":"2011 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86318268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Conditional sentences in the Old East Frisian Brokmonna Bref 古东弗里斯兰语Brokmonna简体语的条件句
IF 0.1
NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution Pub Date : 2019-04-12 DOI: 10.1075/NOWELE.00018.BRE
Roland K. Brennan
{"title":"Conditional sentences in the Old East Frisian Brokmonna Bref","authors":"Roland K. Brennan","doi":"10.1075/NOWELE.00018.BRE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/NOWELE.00018.BRE","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper offers a descriptive account of conditional sentences\u0000 in the Brokmonna Bref (Brookmen’s Charter), an\u0000 Old East Frisian regional law text of the thirteenth century. The text shows\u0000 peculiarities of compositional design, particularly the systematised employment\u0000 of verb-initial conditional sentences, attested to a lesser degree in other East\u0000 Frisian texts, and which a comparative perspective reveals as sporadic outside\u0000 Old Frisian. The descriptive approach provides a suitable opportunity to\u0000 revisit, from the syntactic side, questions of phraseological inheritance in the\u0000 language of Old Frisian law. In presenting data, this research takes initial\u0000 steps towards further study of Old Frisian syntax and its relationship to West\u0000 Germanic structures.","PeriodicalId":41411,"journal":{"name":"NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87241537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Review of Saussure, Ferdinand de & André Rousseau (2018) La grammaire du gotique. Deux cours inédits. 1. Cours de grammaire gotique (1890–1891). 2. Cours de grammaire gothique (1881–1882). Accompagnés d’autres articles de Saussure sur le gotique 回顾索绪尔，费迪南德·德和andre卢梭(2018)《哥特式语法》。两门新课程。1. 哥特式语法课程(1890 - 1891)。2. 哥特式语法课程(1881 - 1882)。还有索绪尔关于哥特式的其他文章
IF 0.1
NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution Pub Date : 2019-04-12 DOI: 10.1075/NOWELE.00023.ROB
Thérèse Robin
{"title":"Review of Saussure, Ferdinand de & André Rousseau (2018) La grammaire du gotique. Deux cours inédits. 1. Cours de grammaire gotique (1890–1891). 2. Cours de grammaire gothique (1881–1882). Accompagnés d’autres articles de Saussure sur le gotique","authors":"Thérèse Robin","doi":"10.1075/NOWELE.00023.ROB","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/NOWELE.00023.ROB","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews La grammaire du gotique. Deux cours inedits. 1. Cours de grammaire gotique (1890–1891). 2. Cours de grammaire gothique (1881–1882). Accompagnes d’autres articles de Saussure sur le gotique","PeriodicalId":41411,"journal":{"name":"NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81148075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Absolute chronology of early sound changes reflected in Pre-Old English runic inscriptions 反映在前古英语符文铭文中的早期声音变化的绝对年表
IF 0.1
NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1075/NOWELE.00020.WAX
Gaby Waxenberger
{"title":"Absolute chronology of early sound changes reflected in Pre-Old English runic inscriptions","authors":"Gaby Waxenberger","doi":"10.1075/NOWELE.00020.WAX","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/NOWELE.00020.WAX","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an absolute chronology of the early major sound changes reflected in the Pre-Old English (Pre-OE) runic inscriptions. These inscriptions were written in the Pre-fuþorc, which was still close to the Common Germanicfuþark(= Olderfuþark) of 24 characters but was extended and modified during the Pre-OE period (ca. AD 425–610/650). The Caistor-by-Norwich Brooch (ca. AD 610–650) marks the beginning of Old English (OE) because the new and modified runes –ᚩ o,ᚪa,ᛟœ,ᚨæ – with their new phonemic sound-values appear together for the first time. All the relevant sound-changes were completed by then. The Pre-OE and also the Pre-Old Frisian (Pre-OFris.) data reveal four phases of development. In my proposed chronology phases one and four are straightforward, while phases two and three are more complex, with two scenarios being possible.","PeriodicalId":41411,"journal":{"name":"NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87646053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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