Parasitologists United Journal最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of potential prophylactic and therapeutic effect of azoximer bromide (polyoxidonium) on experimental cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised mice","authors":"A. Atia, M. El Sobky, N. Harba, Rasha Elmehy, Dina Allam, Noha Abou Hussien","doi":"10.21608/puj.2021.102944.1140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/puj.2021.102944.1140","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Considering the broad burden of cryptosporidiosis, there is still a limited choice of curative treatments. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is the only anti-cryptosporidial agent currently available. Unfortunately, it showed low efficacy in children and AIDS patients. Accordingly, supplementation with immune-stimulation drugs is feasible. Objective: To demonstrate the prophylactic immunomodulating effect of the immunostimulant Azoximer Bromide (AZB) and evaluate its potential therapeutic efficacy when combined with NTZ, for treatment of cryptosporidiosis in experimentally immunosuppressed mice. Material and Methods: Ninety laboratory bred Swiss albino male mice were immunosuppressed and divided into three groups (30 mice each): control group (GI); prophylactic group, AZB treated then infected (GII); therapeutic group, oocysts infected then treated (GIII). Each group was divided equally into 3 sub-groups (10 mice each). Controls included: GIa, non-infected control negative; GIb, oocysts infected control positive; GIc, non-infected AZB treated drug control. Prophylactic subgroups included: GIIa, received AZB booster injection; GIIb, NTZ treated; GIIc, AZB+ NTZ treated. Therapeutic subgroups included: GIIIa, AZB treated; GIIIb, NTZ treated; GIIIc, AZB+NTZ treated. Oocysts shedding and the efficacy percentage of each drug were calculated. Other parameters used included histopathological examination and immunohistochemical assessment of small intestine and lung tissues, and serum analyses for biochemical, immunological and antioxidants evaluations. Results: The prophylactic effect of AZB alone and its therapeutic effect when combined with NTZ gave the best reduction rate of oocyst shedding with marked improvement in histopathological features, and significantly reduced hepatic enzymes. Additionally, AZB enhanced the mice immunogenicity with significant upregulation of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrotic factor (TNF)-α and interferon (INF)-γ; overexpression of CD3 protein in pulmonary tissue, and significant elevation of antioxidant activity. Conclusion: A powerful effect was achieved by AZB when administered with NTZ for treatment of experimental cryptosporidiosis with elicited high immune response of immunosuppressed mice. PARASITOLOGISTS UNITED JOURNAL 294 and plays an important role in both innate and adaptive immune responses[8]. In the acute phase of infection, Cryptosporidium spp. sporozoites induce the production of IL-12 by macrophages and dendritic cells[9] that acts synergistically with IL-18 and TNF-α to activate natural killer (NK) cells[10]. In addition, TNF-α prevents the establishment of Cryptosporidium spp. infection in enterocytes[11]. Besides, other proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6) released by multiple immunocompetent cells exert protective effect[12]. Adequate T helper cell responses are critical for hosts to orchestrate enough defensive mechanisms for infection control. This suggests a major role for host immune factors i","PeriodicalId":41408,"journal":{"name":"Parasitologists United Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42254334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptions on therapeutic modalities regarding the virulence and immunity of cutaneous leishmaniasis","authors":"E. E. El Saftawy, Ahmed B. Hamed, A. Sameh, R. Sarhan","doi":"10.21608/puj.2021.95583.1132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/puj.2021.95583.1132","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the wide variety of Leishmania spp. virulence, the present repertoire of drugs has limited effects, showing increased resistance. The effect depends on host immune factors which differ between immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients, and among various clinical forms of the disease. Recently, metallocomplexes have been increasingly shown to be potent delivery systems for conventional treatments. Additionally, lasers were suggested as an efficacious treatment tool due to their potentials in the clinical applications and resolution of the disease. This review suggests that the promising leishmanicidal activity of the metallocomplexes and laser treatment comprise a new hopeful alternative in the search for definitive cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cure. PARASITOLOGISTS UNITED JOURNAL 230 subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and their cytokines profiles[16] as well as the triggered production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in mouse macrophages[17]. Interestingly, co-treatment of infected macrophages with exogenous IFN-γ and TNF-α can considerably destroy the parasites and lead to SbV accumulation[16]. It is also organ-dependent, being more efficient in the liver than the spleen or bone marrow[18] due to the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug[19]. Side effects and drug resistance: Injection pain and systemic side effects have been recorded[20]. Sodium antimony gluconate despite being described with minor side effects at the therapeutic doses[6], has cumulative effects such as acute interstitial nephritis and cardiotoxicity during or after a long course of drug administration[20,21]. Dangerous cardiotoxicity features occur in 50% of the patients and include a concave ST segment, corrected QT interval prolongation followed by multiple ventricular ectopic foci, then ventricular tachycardia, torsade de pointes, ventricular fibrillation[15] and diminution in the height of T waves and T-wave inversion[22]. This was attributed to the high affinity for sulfhydryl groups that affect the calcium channels[23]. In accordance, it has been found to prolong the action potential of ventricular myocytes in guinea pigs at therapeutic doses with developed QT prolongation and life-threatening arrhythmias[24]. Higher doses of SbV were found to be associated with increased pancreatitis[25] especially in AIDS patients[26]. In New World CL, elevation of pancreatic and liver enzymes was also observed in a study at the dose of 20 mg/ kg/d for 20 d[27]. In Brazil, a higher frequency of skin reactions was observed in some patients with CL treated with meglumine antimoniate, due to the greater concentrations of total and trivalent antimony, lead, cadmium, arsenic and lower values of osmolarity and pH[28]. These effects can lead to cessation of treatment before attaining curative levels[29]. Additionally, the emergence of parasite resistance against SbIII was recorded in some areas suffering from VL e.g., India[30-32]. Drug resistance was suggeste","PeriodicalId":41408,"journal":{"name":"Parasitologists United Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42628505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of H. Pylori and/or Toxoplasma Gondii Infection on Recurrence of Gastritis and Gastric ulcer","authors":"Waleed E. Elawamy, Amany A Ghazy, Ahmed Haydara, A. Taha","doi":"10.21608/puj.2021.96310.1134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/puj.2021.96310.1134","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41408,"journal":{"name":"Parasitologists United Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46857731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Algorithms based on PCR-RFLP of nad1 gene for genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus from human and animal isolates in Egypt","authors":"Doaa Nassar, Ahmed Khalifa, H. Elwakil, H. E. Ezz Eldin, H. Abou-Seri","doi":"10.21608/puj.2021.94807.1131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/puj.2021.94807.1131","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) is a simple rapid method for genotyping of Echinococcus garnulosus sensu lato (E. granulosus s. l.) in developing countries. Construction of algorithms based on PCR-RFLP using two restriction enzymes would be useful to study the genetic diversity of the parasite and would help in differentiation between ambiguous genotypes. Objective: The goal of the present work was to develop algorithms based on RFLP of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (NADH) subunit 1 (nad1) sequences of reference genotypes of E. granulosus retrieved from GenBank for genotyping of human and animal isolates of E. granulosus in Egypt. Subjects and Methods: Retrieved nad1 sequences of reference genotypes were digested in silico individually with two restriction enzymes; Haemophilus influenza (HinfI) and Haemophilus aegyptius (HaeIII). The constructed PCR-RFLP algorithms were used for genotyping of 50 human and animal isolates (19 human, 23 camels and 8 pigs) analyzed by PCR-RFLP. To confirm the validity PCR-RFLP algorithms, samples corresponding to determined and undetermined genotypes as inferred from the algorithms were sequenced. Results: Utilizing PCR-RFLP and sequencing revealed that except for two cases (12.5%) which were typed as G1 among humans and one case as G5 in pigs (12.5%), G6 was the commonest genotype among human, camel and pig isolates collected. Conclusion: The algorithms based on PCR-RFLP of nad1 are valuable tools for genotyping of E. granulosus s. l. especially with HinfI RFLP algorithm. Sequencing is still needed to reveal the genotypes of undetermined or ambiguous isolates. E. granulosus genotyping Nasser et al., 279 and pig samples shared the same digestion pattern I, while pattern II appeared exclusively in two human cases (14.3%) out of the 14 typed[11]. However, the application of PCR-RFLP patterns is not broadly used as a result of heterogeneity of Echinococcus genome within different regions of the world. Consequently, designing and conducting a standardized pattern should be interpreted indigenously, to avoid unexpected mutations (such as nucleotide change/insertion or deletion) within the parasite genome[10]. Furthermore, a practical algorithm using more than one restriction enzyme should be constructed for interpretation of PCR-RFLP results[12]. In silico computer-based methods are rapid techniques widely used nowadays for genotyping of microorganisms, that are accurate and less costly[13]. They are facilitated by the great plethora of partial and complete sequences deposited in gene banks from wide geographical areas, as well as the availability of large numbers of analytical software. In silico PCRRFLP was used for genotyping of several parasites like T. vaginalis[14], and Leishmania spp.[15] Some in silico studies were developed for genotyping of Echinococcus spp., where gene sequences retrieved from GenBank were cut with specific restriction","PeriodicalId":41408,"journal":{"name":"Parasitologists United Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44235786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Anti-schistosomal Activity of Magnetite and Zero-valent Iron Nanoparticles on Schisosoma mansoni: AN in Vivo Study","authors":"Salwa S Younis, Radwa G Diab, Marwa Eltarahony, F. Arafa","doi":"10.21608/puj.2021.88219.1126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/puj.2021.88219.1126","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Depending mainly on Praziquantel (PZQ) for treatment of schistosomiasis poses a great challenge in terms of effectiveness and resistance. Nanoscale particles formed by metals as iron nanoparticles (INPs) have recently gained approval from the Food and Drug Administration for use as therapeutic agents. Therefore, INPs application as potential therapeutic agents against schistosomiasis may give promising results. Objective: The present study aimed at assessing the efficacy of INPs; iron oxide or magnetite INPs (MNPs) and zero-valent INPs (ZV-INPs) on S. mansoni using parasitological and histopathological parameters. Material and Methods: In the current study, MNPs and ZV-INPs were prepared by biogenic synthesis and were given to mice orally on the 42nd day post infection (dpi) with S. mansoni in a dose of 10 mg/kg for four consecutive doses. The therapeutic efficacy was assessed using parasitological (mortality rate, adult worm load as well as female fecundity) and histopathological parameters (tissue egg count in both liver and intestine) in comparison to untreated and PZQ treated control groups. Results: Results revealed that ZV-INPs have a significant effect in decreasing both tissue egg count and hepatic granulomata size. While the MNPs have a significant effect against the total and female worms burden, tissue egg counts, female fecundity, and number of liver granuloma. Conclusion: Herein, it was concluded that both types of INPs used in the study are potentially effective anti-schistosomal agents. PARASITOLOGISTS UNITED JOURNAL 270 viability in a dose-dependent manner. Third, the most important factor of NPs toxicity is their stability, both in vivo and during synthesis and storage[7-9]. Non-oxidized ZV-INPs are widely used in environmental research due to their ability to produce high-energy reactive oxygen species. The latter can overcome and degrade organic pollutants that are non-decomposable from the environment. In the field of medicine, the incorporation of ZV-INPs with silver targeting malignant cells, led to malignant cell apoptosis and autophagy[6]. On the other hand, magnetic NPs, especially iron oxide or MNPs, became of new interest for scientists due to the phenomenon of super-paramagnetism. They obey the Coulomb’s law of electrostatic force interaction[10], where they can be directed to active sites in vivo under the influence of an external electromagnetic field[11]. Hence, ferrimagnetic iron oxide NPs gain medical interest especially in the field of diagnostics. In the field of therapeutics, ferumoxytol is a newly modified product that is approved for treatment of anemia[12], and is considered as a promising drug in treatment of cancer due to its effect on macrophage polymerization[13]. In the field of infectious diseases, MNPs have shown promising potential for the delivery of certain bactericidal agents to highly restricted microenvironments[14]. This mainly depends on the phenomenon of magnetic fluid hyperthermi","PeriodicalId":41408,"journal":{"name":"Parasitologists United Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49325818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stressing a Tired Host: Cryptosporidium Species and Helicobacter Pylori Infections in Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Gastrointestinal Manifestations","authors":"I. Abdel-Shafi, H. Fadl, Naglaa M Elsayed, Naglaa S. M. El-Gebaly, M. Rehan","doi":"10.21608/puj.2021.92425.1130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/puj.2021.92425.1130","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cryptosporidium spp. and Helicobacter pylori are widespread gastrointestinal infections that appear to resist treatment in many cases. Cryptosporidiosis results in increased intestinal permeability while H. pylori causes atrophic changes in stomach, and both are opportunistic pathogens. The outcome of infection depends largely on the degree of the host immune status. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a growing health problem in Egypt, with detrimental consequences that can affect the immune system, the gastrointestinal tract, and virtually all body systems, exposing diabetic patients to higher susceptibility to infections and intensified morbidity. Objective: The present study was designed to determine the burden of Cryptosporidium spp. and H. pylori among diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic patients attending Kasr Al Ainy hospitals. Subjects and Methods: Stool samples, demographic and clinical data were collected from 80 patients, 40 diabetics and 40 non-diabetics, with gastrointestinal manifestations. Microscopic stool examination and coproimmunoassays for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and H. pylori were performed for all samples. Results: Cryptosporidium spp. infection was detected in 15% of diabetics; with a frequency of 7.4% and 30.8% in patients with controlled DM and uncontrolled DM, respectively, and in 5% of non-diabetics. While H. pylori was equally detected at a rate of 60% in non-diabetic and diabetic patients (51.9% and 76.9% in patients with controlled DM and uncontrolled DM, respectively). Microscopic examination of stools revealed Blastocystis in 25% of diabetics (22.2% in controlled DM versus 30.7% in uncontrolled DM) and in 5% of non-diabetic patients. Co-infection with Cryptosporidium and H. pylori occurred in 10% of diabetic cases (3.7% in controlled DM versus 23.1% in uncontrolled DM), and in 5% of non-diabetic patients. Conclusion: Diabetic patients had a higher infection rate of Cryptosporidium as well as Blastocystis in comparison to non-diabetics. Screening for intestinal parasites is needed to control the infection and reduce morbidity in diabetics. PARASITOLOGISTS UNITED JOURNAL 262 cryptosporidiosis is increasing, and the frequency of infection is likely to be one hundred-fold higher than the number of reported cases[14]. Parasite oocysts are transmitted primarily through the fecal oral route[15], and hence Cryptosporidium is responsible for several waterborne outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease[16-18]. The oocysts are highly infectious and are resistant to hard environmental conditions[19,20]. The severity, persistence, and outcome of infection depend largely on the host immune status[21]. A self-limited disease usually occurs in the immunocompetent individuals, the most common symptom being a watery diarrhoea, while in immunocompromised patients, prolonged diarrhoea can be life threatening[22]. Cryptosporidiosis pathogenesis may include increased intestinal permeability, chloride loss, altered gl","PeriodicalId":41408,"journal":{"name":"Parasitologists United Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46398591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nuclear Factor-kappa B Signaling Pathways and Parasitic Infections: An Overview","authors":"Samar M. Alhusseiny, Samar ElBeshbishi","doi":"10.21608/puj.2021.91389.1129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/puj.2021.91389.1129","url":null,"abstract":"Host nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factor plays a pivotal role in innate immunity and resistance to infection. It induces the expression of several genes that encode pro-inflammatory cytokines. It also participates in regulating the differentiation and survival of innate immune cells and lymphocytes. Infection of host cells with pathogens usually activates host NF-κB signaling pathways. The majority of parasites evolved diverse protective mechanisms against NF-κB activity to shield their continued existence. Herein, we present brief insights into NF-κB signaling pathways, activators and inhibitors, and the main subsequent events following protozoan and helminthic infections in vitro, as well as in vivo either in experimental models, or in humans. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of NF-κB activation and inhibition may be of great help as a therapeutic strategy against different parasitic infections. Abbreviations: DCs: Dendritic cells; ECs: Endothelial cells; ESPs: Excretory-secretory products; IKK: Inhibitor of nuclear factorkappa B kinase; IKKα: Inhibitor of NF-κB kinase-α; IKKβ: Inhibitor of NF-κB kinase-β; IL: Interleukin; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; IκB: Inhibitor of NF-κB; IκBα: Inhibitor of NF-κB-α; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; NO: nitric oxide; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α. Nuclear factor-κB and parasitic infections Alhusseiny and El-Beshbishi 219 with immune and inflammatory responses, whereas the latter is a secondary signaling pathway concerned with controling adaptive immunity, B cell function, and lymphoid organ development[1]. Activators of the classical pathway include lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), or interleukin (IL)-1β, that attach to specific receptors. Sequences include IKKβ-mediated phosphorylation of IκBα that becomes degraded through the proteasome releasing p50/p65 dimers. On the other hand, the alternative pathway is induced by B-cell activating factor (BAFF) or lymphotoxin β. It includes IKKα activation through NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK), p100 phosphorylation by IKKα, and its processing by the proteasome to yield p52. Next steps include liberation of RelB/p52 dimers, nuclear translocation, and triggering specific genes, which are different from the genes controlled by the classical pathway. In the atypical pathway, hypoxic injury or oxidative stress (DNA damage) leads to massive IκBα phosphorylation via p38-induced casein kinase-2 (CK-2) and release of p50/p65 dimers[9]. Role of NF-κB signaling in immune response and inflammatory process Extensive studies have been conducted on NF-κB signaling pathways owing to its major role in activating plentiful genes implicated in the infection response. Cell surface toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed via dendritic cells (DCs), mucosal epithelial cells, and macrophages are the main component of the innate immune response that identifies pathogens (cell wall LPS and nu","PeriodicalId":41408,"journal":{"name":"Parasitologists United Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43552190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invasion and egress cascade in intracellular protozoa: Part 2 (T. gondii)","authors":"S. Abaza","doi":"10.21608/puj.2021.86834.1125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/puj.2021.86834.1125","url":null,"abstract":"As an apicomplexan member, T. gondii has a complex life cycle that involves multiplication within vertebrate and invertebrate hosts by specialized cell-invasive and egressed life cycle stages, called zoites. They are unique eukaryotic cells with characteristic four main sub-cellular structures. They include a specific inner membrane complex beneath the plasma membrane, an apical “conoid” to sustain parasite micro-tubular cytoskeleton, a plastid responsible for lipids synthesis, and specific secretory organelles; micronemes (MICs), rhoptries (ROs) and dense granules (DGs). The last is involved in maturation of the parasitophorous vacuole (PV), where the parasite multiplies; the first essential step after invasion and before egress. Similar to Plasmodium sp., successful invasion and egress cascade accounts mainly on efficient rapid invasion without alteration of host cell cytoskeleton, and multiplication within host cells inside its PV. However, Plasmodium sp. export proteins into host cell cytoplasm and plasma membrane utilizing PV as a trafficking vehicle. Instead, PV of T. gondii zoites utilized abundantly expressed DGs and ROs proteins to build up the intra-vacuolar membranous network (IVMN) for trafficking. The present editorial aims to clarify roles of proteins released from MICs, ROs and DGs in invasion and egress cascade of T. gondii.","PeriodicalId":41408,"journal":{"name":"Parasitologists United Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43270221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies using Sabin- Feldman dye test among equines in Isparta province, Turkey","authors":"M. Acıöz, F. Bozkaya, C. Babür","doi":"10.21608/PUJ.2021.69445.1112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/PUJ.2021.69445.1112","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Toxoplasmosis is a protozoan disease widely spread among different animal species with an incidence of up to 90%. The presence of this agent among equine species has been reported to be about 46.3%. T.gondii infection in equids could favor the spreading of the infection as equine carcasses are used for animal diets in zoos, as well as dead equine carcasses left outside villages are eaten by stray dogs and cats. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii among equine species (horses, donkeys and mules) raised in Isparta province of Turkey by using Sabin Feldman Dye test which is a reference test widely used for detecting T. gondii antibodies in different animal species. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) among equids in Isparta province, Turkey. Material and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 192 animals including horses (n=72), donkeys (n=88) and mules (n= 32) from January to December of 2016. Separated sera were tested for Anti-T. gondii antibodies using the Sabin-Feldman Dye Test (SFDT). Results: Out of 192 samples, 44 (22.9%) reacted positive. Sero-positivity was 27.8%, 27.8% and 25.0% in horses, donkeys, and mules, respectively with no statistical difference. According to age of animals, the seroprevalence was 14.3%, 32.8%, and 20.8% in age groups 0-5, 6-10 and over 11 years, respectively with a statistically significant difference. Sero-positivity in male animals was 19.44% and in females 25.0%, with no statistical difference. Conclusion: The prevalence of exposure to T. gondii was determined as 22.9% in equids in Isparta province.","PeriodicalId":41408,"journal":{"name":"Parasitologists United Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43802700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virulence factors","authors":"S. Abaza","doi":"10.21608/puj.2020.34856.1080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/puj.2020.34856.1080","url":null,"abstract":"Parasites developed several strategies for their survival and host tissue invasion. Helminths express potent molecules mainly for immunomodulation, which is why they stay in their hosts for years. Helminths display several mechanisms not only to evade host immune response(s), but also to preserve the host for as long as they could live. In contrast, protozoa evolve several policies primarily for pathogenesis, and invasion. Therefore, variable clinical manifestations are reported in protozoal diseases. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases are commonly observed in amoebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, cryptosporidiosis and toxoplasmosis, while mild, moderate, and severe cases occur in malaria, leishmaniasis, African sleeping sickness and Chagas’ disease. This was primarily attributed to strains variability and to a lesser extent, to host immune response(s). With recent evolutionary technology in molecular parasitology and bioinformatics, several molecules are established as virulence factors. These factors encourage researchers and scientists to develop novel drug targets and/or vaccine candidates. The present review aims to highlight, and review virulence strategies adapted by parasites to invade host tissue, enhance its replication and spread, as well as other processes for immunomodulation or immunoevasion of host immune response(s). Abbreviations: CATH: Cathepsin; CP: Cysteine protease; CPI: Cysteine protease inhibitor; CYS: Cystatin; endogenous CPI; EMP1: Erythrocyte membrane protein 1; EVs: Extracellular vesicles; GP: Glycoprotein; HSP: Heat shock protein; MEROPS: Proteases database (www.ebi.ac.uk/merops/); MP: Metalloprotease; PV: Parasitophorous vacuole; SP: Serine protease; SUB: Subtilase, subtilisin-like proteases; VSPs: Variant surface proteins. Parasite virulence Abaza 77 communicate within their own populations for several functions including growth promotion, host immune system evasion, disease transmission, and manipulation of micro-environmental stress. Communication is also directed to the host through trafficking transfer of effector molecules to host cells to manipulate host gene expression, and consequently mediate parasite pathogenicity[7]. • Extracellular vesicles (EVs): These are nano-scale lipid bilayer membrane-bound structures. They contribute in the trafficking of virulence factors required for parasite nutrition, cytoadherence, host cell migration and invasion, cytotoxicity, and host immune system evasion[7]. Reviewing literature, EVs are classified into exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. Exsomes and microvesicles are released with conserved biogenesis and functional roles. For example, exsomes in G. lamblia, T. vaginalis and pathogenic trypanosomatids are released at the flagellar pocket, whereas they are intracellularly released in apicomplexans as microvesicles[8]. It is worth mentioning that Plasmodium EVs include exonemes, micronemes, and mononemes. They are merozoite secretory apical organelles that","PeriodicalId":41408,"journal":{"name":"Parasitologists United Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45666141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}