{"title":"“Midwinter Spring”: The ‘Logic’ of “Little Gidding”","authors":"Joon-Soo Bong","doi":"10.14364/t.s.eliot.2023.32.2.89-122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14364/t.s.eliot.2023.32.2.89-122","url":null,"abstract":"This essay traces the contour of the poetic “logic” in T. S. Eliot’s “Little Gidding.” Inscribed in Little Gidding (the site of Nicholas Ferrar’s religious community) is Eliot’s self-consciously constructed identity as classicist, royalist, and anglo-catholic and the place is envisioned to be in and out of time simultaneously, both historical and transcendental in the way the human and the divine intersect in the Incarnation. As a matter of fact, the poem begins with a miraculous seasonal intersection (“Midwinter spring”), which constitutes a paradox so characteristic of the poem as a whole. “Little Gidding” is, indeed, a poem of intersections, and the figure of paradox consistently functions at the rhetorical and thematic levels. As a poem of World War II, “Little Gidding” cannot help but witness to the fall of human civilization symbolically represented in the death of the four elements but ultimately embraces the Christian vision of Julian of Norwich (“All shall be well, and / All manner of thing shall be well”). The vision can be realized when the symbols of fire and rose become one, a union made possible, if we follow this purgatorial poem’s argument, through extremely rigorous self-reflection and purification.","PeriodicalId":413558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the T. S. Eliot Society of Korea","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121808043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“더 이상 돌아가기를 원치 않기에” : 『재의 수요일』에서의 앵글로가톨릭적 요소","authors":"S. Joe","doi":"10.14364/t.s.eliot.2023.32.2.221-39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14364/t.s.eliot.2023.32.2.221-39","url":null,"abstract":"This essay aims to examine the centrality of the Anglo-Catholic doctrines in Eliot’s poem, Ash-Wednesday, as a part of the Anglo-faith which Eliot embraced as his way of life. The poem, as Ronald Schuchard notes in his book, Eliot’s Dark Angel: Intersections of Life and Art, could also be seen as a poem of Eliot’s journey towards penance. The poetic persona offers a prayer to a Lady of Silences—a venerated figure similar to Mary—before he begins his journey. In this way, the title itself has the Anglo-Catholic significance in that Ash Wednesday refers to a period in which people undergo their penance and wait for the Easter. Thus, Anglo-Catholic element plays a crucial role in the poetic narrative. In this way, Ash-Wednesday can be read as an Anglo-Catholic poem in a way different from other poems such as “Journey of the Magi” and Four Quartets, in which Anglo-Catholic or Christian theme appear only occasionally, often, indirectly.","PeriodicalId":413558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the T. S. Eliot Society of Korea","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129277507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reading Eliot’s Four Quartets: From the Fleshy to the Spiritual World through Recovering Times","authors":"Cheol-hee Lee","doi":"10.14364/t.s.eliot.2023.32.2.173-92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14364/t.s.eliot.2023.32.2.173-92","url":null,"abstract":"It is very difficult for us to define the main theme of Four Quartets conclusively. Nevertheless, many researchers agree that it is based on Christianity. This paper examines the significance of Christianity, especially redemption from/in time in Four Quartets. Eliot divides time into two categories: fleshy and spiritual world. Surely Eliot emphasizes the former. So he demands that we pay attention to the spiritual, not fleshy, world. Concentrating on the spiritual world, our soul could be away from the fleshy world. The fleshy time is visible and calculable while the spiritual time is invisible and uncalulable. The way that we could go into the spiritual time is to give our own self up and wait with patience and humility. In Four Quartets Eliot profoundly probes the theme through the still point, love, dance, zero summer.","PeriodicalId":413558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the T. S. Eliot Society of Korea","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126020441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tradition, Empire and the Gold Standard: T. S. Eliot at the Lloyds Bank","authors":"Seunghyeok Kweon","doi":"10.14364/t.s.eliot.2023.32.2.1-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14364/t.s.eliot.2023.32.2.1-25","url":null,"abstract":"In “Tradition and the Individual Talents,” comparing a poet to a catalyst in a chemical reaction, T. S. Eliot suggested that a literary work should be interpreted as an objective or disinterested being which has nothing to do with any political, economical, or social matters. He kept the same critical view on a literary work in some essays, such as “The Perfect Critic,” “The Idea of a Literary Review,” and so on. Following his ideas, most critics have read his literary works as being irrelevant to his personal experiences, his contemporary political events and economic fluctuations. However, it would be interesting to note that while he wrote these essays, he worked for the Lloyds Bank. His experiences at the Lloyds bank sharpened his understanding on the meanings of the political incidents and economic rising and falling. He also integrated his intimate knowledge into his poems such as “A Cooking Egg” and The Waste Land. On the basis of such discoveries, this paper attempts to re-read these poems in his contemporary political, economical contexts.","PeriodicalId":413558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the T. S. Eliot Society of Korea","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122242327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"T. S. Eliot’s Genealogical Exploration of Leibniz’s Monadism and Problems of Substance","authors":"Hong-Seop Lee","doi":"10.14364/t.s.eliot.2023.32.2.193-219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14364/t.s.eliot.2023.32.2.193-219","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this article is to examine the significance of T. S. Eliot’s genealogical exploration of Leibniz’s monadology in his “The Development of Leibniz’s Monadism” published in 1916. Critical of the contemporary Bertrand Russsel’s purely logical approach toward Leibniz’s metaphysics, Eliot pays keen attention to the theoretical and, especially, theological backgrounds from which Leibniz’s monadology emerges. As an origin of Leibniz’s thought of the monad, Eliot pinpoints Aristotle’s concept of the substance. Merging Aristotle’s concept of the substance with a modern theory of atomism, the monad of Leibniz is immaterial, individable, and eternal. Yet, Eliot makes conclusions that there exist unresolvable gaps between Leibniz’s scientific and theological orientation that underlies his monadology, and that he ultimately fails to accomplish his “ambitious” project to restore Christian belief in the immortality of the soul.","PeriodicalId":413558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the T. S. Eliot Society of Korea","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129006296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Eliot’s The Waste Land and Thomson’s The City of Dreadful Night: Exploring a Cityscape and a Soundscape","authors":"Yangsoon Kim","doi":"10.14364/t.s.eliot.2023.32.1.27-60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14364/t.s.eliot.2023.32.1.27-60","url":null,"abstract":"Starting with Eliot’s own acknowledgement of a particular debt toward James Thomson, this study closely compares Eliot’s The Waste Land and Thomson’s The City of Dreadful Night, and examines how the two poets’ interest in London as a subject is manifested in their works and how the cityscape is embodied in each poem. It may be easy to find the thematic similarities from the sterile urban settings between the two poems: the speaker(s)’ quest, the hellish city reality, and the pessimistic overtones. Based on a detailed analysis of both poems, this paper also discusses the types of factors that make The Waste Land a modernist poem, and The City of Dreadful Night a Victorian poem regardless of the differing eras to which each author belongs. The particularized visual images and the acoustic modernity of The Waste Land will be emphasized, as its fragmented sonic dimension including its polyglot and dissonant idioms, songs and noises, and its differing and diverse voices, is strikingly innovative and unique.","PeriodicalId":413558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the T. S. Eliot Society of Korea","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121526609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"T. S. Eliot’s Objective Poetics and the Locus of Emotion","authors":"Hyonyung Yoon","doi":"10.14364/t.s.eliot.2023.32.2.147-71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14364/t.s.eliot.2023.32.2.147-71","url":null,"abstract":"My paper aims to find the locus of emotion in T. S. Eliot’s objective poetics. Eliot is best known as the promulgator of modern poetics of objectivity in contrast to the Romantic conception of poetry emphasizing subjective feelings. Specifically, along with “an objective correlative,” “impersonality,” defined as “escape from emotion” or “escape from personality,” becomes the watchword identifying the objectivity of his poetic theory. The problem is that the subsequent Modernist reception of Eliot’s poetics contains misunderstanding it as if it disregarded the emotional aspect of poetry. But, actually, Eliot affirms emotion and personality as the essential poetic experiences over and over again throughout his essays on poetry. And even in those scholars who have recognized that affirmation, the problem lies, too: they are at a loss, looking on Eliot’s acknowledgment of both personality and impersonality as a contradiction. In an attempt to solve these problems, my thesis has raised and justified the argument that Eliot, in his basic premise, allocates “impersonality” in the sphere of the poetic technique of creation and “personality” or “emotion” in the locus of the poetic content. By finding the locus of emotion in another poetic sphere than the objective technique, my argument has concomitantly clarified that Eliot’s conceptions of personality and impersonality are not contradictory at all but consistent over the critical writings published throughout his career.","PeriodicalId":413558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the T. S. Eliot Society of Korea","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128234282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anglo Catholic’s Sin in the Light of Bergson’s Pure Memory in Family Reunion of T. S. Eliot","authors":"Jae-yong Yang","doi":"10.14364/t.s.eliot.2023.32.2.123-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14364/t.s.eliot.2023.32.2.123-46","url":null,"abstract":"Eliot’s love and betrayal to Vivien and Hale caused him to feel guilty about the religious sin which was originated from Anglo Catholic’s faith and Creed. The death of his first wife and the separation of Hale made him recognize the evil and sin of his Anglo-Catholic faith and creed handed down by Catholic religious tradition. Only Agatha of Harry’s family recognized that the sin of his family(original sin) was inherited to Harry’s conscience through Bergson’s mechanical memory. Harry perceived sin of his family through the aid of Agatha. Eliot’s self-consciousness of doing evil to Vivien Haigh-Wood and Emily Hale made him choose the way of purgatory. Bergson’s pure memory enabled him to be free from the sin of the past because of being cut off from the consciousness of the past. He had to choose purgatory way purifying his sin in search of Anglo-Catholic’ faith and creed. Now to be purged of sin, Harry had to undergo the way of self-surrender of Anglo-Catholic’ faith and Creed. Harry chose a way sinners must undergo to get salvation. After Harry purged the sin of his family, he could reach a still point free from the purgatory, which was negative way of redemption in Anglo-Catholicism.","PeriodicalId":413558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the T. S. Eliot Society of Korea","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129228110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nirvana Samatha and T. S. Eliot’s Four Quartets","authors":"Seong-Chil Park","doi":"10.14364/t.s.eliot.2023.32.2.61-87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14364/t.s.eliot.2023.32.2.61-87","url":null,"abstract":"Four Quartets expresses suffering as the universal condition of human beings and seeks a way to escape from it through the theme of time. By mixing individual sensibility and intelligence with thoughts of Christianity, Buddhism, and Hinduism, the poem atriculates the themes in phrases and sentences with various connotative and contradictory meanings. Typical examples include phrases such as “The first world”, “Rose garden”, “Midwinter spring”, “Zero summer”, “A white light still and moving”, and a sentence “At the still point of the turning world. Neither flesh nor fleshless; / Neither from nor towards; at the still point, there the dance is, / But neither arrest nor movement.” These connotative and contradictory meanings would be hard to understand by common readers. Foregrounding Nirvana Samatha in Buddhism as a main subject of Four Quartet, this article delves into the sub-themes such as time(world of phenomenon), eternity, and salvation(redeption). As a Christian poet, Eliot presents Christ/God as the redeemer of humanity in diverse and, even, contradictory ways in the poem. The Lord becomes the end point toward which sufferings human being strive to save themselves, and the archytype of human redemption. Ways to go toward the Lord include repentance, prayer, emptying, humility, and practicing love. Buddhism’s nirvana is much similar to this, but seems a little different from Christianity in the method of seeking. Nirvana is based on internal inquiry. But Both of them are ultimately equal in that they are based on salvation for the eternal happiness of mankind. The ending of the poem, where a fire and a rose become one, visually signifies that humanity can be redeemed by empting herself and loving each other genuinely, and exemplies a poetic expression that unites the religious redemption of the East and the West.","PeriodicalId":413558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the T. S. Eliot Society of Korea","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131205700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Eliot’s Definition of the Metaphysical in the Clark Lectures","authors":"Sue-Jean Joe","doi":"10.14364/t.s.eliot.2021.31.3.179-97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14364/t.s.eliot.2021.31.3.179-97","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":413558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the T. S. Eliot Society of Korea","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121505062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}