Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics最新文献

{"title":"JUNO physics and detector","authors":"JUNO Collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103927","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector in a laboratory at 700-m underground. An excellent energy resolution and a large fiducial volume offer exciting opportunities for addressing many important topics in neutrino and astro-particle physics. With six years of data, the neutrino mass ordering can be determined at a 3–4</span><span><math><mi>σ</mi></math></span><span> significance and the neutrino oscillation parameters </span><span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mo>sin</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><msub><mrow><mi>θ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>12</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msubsup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>21</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span>, and <span><math><mrow><mo>|</mo><mi>Δ</mi><msubsup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>32</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo>|</mo></mrow></math></span><span> can be measured to a precision of 0.6% or better, by detecting reactor antineutrinos<span> from the Taishan and Yangjiang nuclear power plants. With ten years of data, neutrinos from all past core-collapse supernovae could be observed at a 3</span></span><span><math><mi>σ</mi></math></span> significance; a lower limit of the proton lifetime, <span><math><mrow><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>34</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>33</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> years (90% C.L.), can be set by searching for <span><math><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>→</mo><mover><mrow><mi>ν</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>̄</mo></mrow></mover><msup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span><span><span>; detection of solar neutrinos would shed new light on the solar </span>metallicity problem and examine the vacuum-matter transition region. A typical core-collapse supernova at a distance of 10 kpc would lead to </span><span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn>5000</mn></mrow></math></span> inverse-beta-decay events and <span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn>2000</mn></mrow></math></span> (300) all-flavor neutrino–proton (electron) elastic scattering events in JUNO. Geo-neutrinos can be detected with a rate of <span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn>400</mn></mrow></math></span><span> events per year. Construction of the detector is very challenging. In this review, we summarize the final design of the JUNO detector and the key R&D achievements, following the Conceptual Design Report in 2015 (Djurcic et al., 2015). All 20-inch PMTs have been procured and tested. The average photon detection efficiency is 28.9% for the 15,000 MCP PMTs and 28.1% for the 5000 dynode PMTs, higher than the JUNO requirement of 27%. Together with the </span><span><math><mrow><mo>></mo><mn>20</mn></mrow></math></span> m attenuation length of the liquid scintillator achieved in a 20-ton pilot purification test and the <span><math><mrow><mo>></mo><mn>96</mn><mtext>%</mtext></mrow></math></span><span> transparency of t","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"123 ","pages":"Article 103927"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3076686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electric monopole transitions in nuclei","authors":"T. Kibédi ,&nbsp;A.B. Garnsworthy ,&nbsp;J.L. Wood","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103930","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Electric monopole, <span><math><mrow><mi>E</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></math></span> transitions in nuclei are reviewed. Values for <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mn>0</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><mi>X</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mn>0</mn><mo>/</mo><mi>E</mi><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>q</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msubsup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mn>0</mn><mo>/</mo><mi>E</mi><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> are tabulated. Particular attention is paid to a complete re-evaluation of all reported values starting from raw input data, i.e. none of the adopted values are taken from the literature without evaluation. Values for <span><math><mrow><mi>J</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>J</mi></mrow></math></span> transitions for <span><math><mrow><mi>J</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><mi>J</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span>, and some selected <span><math><mrow><mi>J</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></math></span> transitions are given. The <span><math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>→</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span> transitions involve evaluation of <span><math><mrow><mi>δ</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mn>2</mn><mo>/</mo><mi>M</mi><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> mixing ratios. These were usually assessed from values given in ENSDF. Asymmetric uncertainties and multiple sources of error are handled using up-to-date, Monte Carlo-based procedures. All conversion coefficients and electronic factors are taken from the latest tabulations. As a second major component of the review, a detailed illustration of the association of <span><math><mrow><mi>E</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></math></span> transition strengths with the manifestation of shape coexistence in nuclei is made. This demonstrates that large <span><math><mrow><mi>E</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></math></span> transition strengths are a strong indication of the presence of shape coexistence in nuclei. In many cases this is shown to be directly corroborated by <span><math><mrow><mi>B</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> data. Some details of experimental techniques behind the input data are given. The connection between <span><math><mrow><mi>E</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></math></span> transition strengths and mean-square charge radii, isotope and isomer shifts is sketched.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"123 ","pages":"Article 103930"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3076687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling relativistic heavy-ion collisions with dynamical transport approaches","authors":"Marcus Bleicher ,&nbsp;Elena Bratkovskaya","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103920","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>We discuss the basic ideas of relativistic transport models used for the interpretation and description of experimental data from heavy-ion collisions at high collision energies. We highlight selected results from microscopic simulations of these reactions with a main focus on the UrQMD and </span>PHSD<span> approaches. We also address the results of macroscopic approaches like hydrodynamics or coarse-grained dynamics used in different model combinations in comparison to experimental data. We address the results of such simulations for the description of QCD matter close to equilibrium in terms of transport coefficients like shear </span></span><span><math><mi>η</mi></math></span> and bulk viscosity <span><math><mi>ζ</mi></math></span><span> and discuss the connection of the radial flow<span> to the equation of state and the transport properties. Then we turn to dileptons and photons as messengers from the hot and dense region before coming to the exploration of the decoupling stage. Generally, we find that microscopic simulations provide a good description of a large variety of observables over many orders of collision energies.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 103920"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2306563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum to “Collider searches for long-lived particles beyond the standard model” [Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 106 (2019) 210–255]","authors":"Lawrence Lee ,&nbsp;Christian Ohm ,&nbsp;Abner Soffer ,&nbsp;Tien-Tien Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We correct two typos in Eqs. 10 and 14 of our review.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 103912"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2306562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the origin of matter in the Universe","authors":"Pasquale Di Bari","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103913","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The understanding of the physical processes that lead to the origin of matter in the early Universe, creating both an excess of matter over anti-matter and a dark matter abundance that survived until the present, is one of the most fascinating challenges in modern science. The problem cannot be addressed within our current description of fundamental physics and, therefore, it currently provides a very strong evidence of new physics. Solutions can either reside in a modification of the standard model of elementary particle physics or in a modification of the way we describe gravity, based on general relativity, or at the interface of both. We will mainly discuss the first class of solutions. Traditionally, models that separately explain either the matter–antimatter asymmetry of the Universe or dark matter have been proposed. However, in the last years there has also been an accreted interest and intense activity on scenarios able to provide a unified picture of the origin of matter in the early universe. In this review we discuss some of the main ideas emphasising primarily those models that have more chances to be experimentally tested during next years. Moreover, after a general discussion, we will focus on extensions of the standard model that can also address neutrino masses and mixing. Since this is currently the only evidence of physics beyond the standard model coming directly from particle physics experiments, it is then reasonable that such extensions might also provide a solution to the problem of the origin of matter in the universe.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 103913"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103913","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1802800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photonuclear reactions—From basic research to applications","authors":"A. Zilges ,&nbsp;D.L. Balabanski ,&nbsp;J. Isaak ,&nbsp;N. Pietralla","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Nuclear reactions induced by photons play a vital role for very different aspects of basic research and applications in physics. They are a key ingredient for the synthesis of nuclei in the Universe and provide, due to the </span>selectivity and the model-independence of the reaction mechanism, an extremely valuable probe for researchers. The penetrability of photons in the MeV energy range makes them, in addition, an ideal tool for meeting various societal challenges. The last two decades saw a rapid development of advanced photon sources and detection methods for </span>photonuclear reaction<span><span> products. Bremsstrahlung and quasi-monoenergetic </span>photon beams with unprecedented intensity and quality combined with state-of-the-art detector technology paved the way for new scientific discoveries and technological applications.</span></p><p>This review focuses on a comprehensive overview of the most important developments since the turn of the millennium restricted to the energy range between atomic and hadronic degrees of freedom. This includes a description of the formalism of photonuclear reactions below and above the particle-separation threshold. The most important techniques used to generate photon beams in the MeV energy range are presented along with selected facilities and instrumentation for diagnostics and for the analysis of photonuclear reactions. The power of photons to probe the atomic nucleus is exemplified in a number of selected examples from fundamental and applied science. New developments, facilities, and ideas promise a vivid future for photonuclear physics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 103903"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2306561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parton distributions and lattice-QCD calculations: Toward 3D structure","authors":"Martha Constantinou ,&nbsp;Aurore Courtoy ,&nbsp;Markus A. Ebert ,&nbsp;Michael Engelhardt ,&nbsp;Tommaso Giani ,&nbsp;Tim Hobbs ,&nbsp;Tie-Jiun Hou ,&nbsp;Aleksander Kusina ,&nbsp;Krzysztof Kutak ,&nbsp;Jian Liang ,&nbsp;Huey-Wen Lin ,&nbsp;Keh-Fei Liu ,&nbsp;Simonetta Liuti ,&nbsp;Cédric Mezrag ,&nbsp;Pavel Nadolsky ,&nbsp;Emanuele R. Nocera ,&nbsp;Fred Olness ,&nbsp;Jian-Wei Qiu ,&nbsp;Marco Radici ,&nbsp;Anatoly Radyushkin ,&nbsp;Rui Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The strong force which binds hadrons<span> is described by the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Determining the character and manifestations of QCD is one of the most important and challenging outstanding issues necessary for a comprehensive understanding of the structure of hadrons. Within the context of the QCD </span></span>parton picture, the parton distribution functions (PDFs) have been remarkably successful in describing a wide variety of processes. However, these PDFs have generally been confined to the description of collinear partons within the hadron. New experiments and facilities provide the opportunity to additionally explore the transverse structure of hadrons which is described by generalized parton distributions (GPDs) and transverse-momentum-dependent parton distribution functions (TMD PDFs). In our previous report Lin et al. (2018), we compared and contrasted the two main approaches used to determine the collinear PDFs: the first based on perturbative QCD factorization theorems, and the second based on lattice-QCD calculations. In the present report, we provide an update of recent progress on the collinear PDFs, and also expand the scope to encompass the generalized PDFs (GPDs and TMD PDFs). We review the current state of the various calculations, and consider what new data might be available in the near future. We also examine how a shared effort can foster dialog between the PDF and lattice-QCD communities, and yield improvements for these generalized PDFs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 103908"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1802802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How does Clifford algebra show the way to the second quantized fermions with unified spins, charges and families, and with vector and scalar gauge fields beyond the standard model","authors":"N.S. Mankoč Borštnik ,&nbsp;H.B. Nielsen","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fifty years ago the <span><em>standard model</em></span><span> offered an elegant new step towards understanding elementary fermion<span> and boson fields, making several assumptions, suggested by experiments. The assumptions are still waiting for an explanation. There are many proposals in the literature for the next step. The </span></span><em>spin-charge-family</em> theory of one of us (N.S.M.B.) is offering the explanation for not only all by the <em>standard model</em><span> assumed properties of quarks and leptons and antiquarks and antileptons, with the families included, of the vectors gauge fields, of the Higgs scalar and Yukawa couplings, but also for the second quantization postulates of Dirac and for cosmological observations, like there are the appearance of the </span><em>dark matter</em>, of <em>matter–antimatter asymmetry</em>, making several predictions. This theory proposes a simple starting action in <span><math><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>≥</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>13</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>-dimensional space with fermions interacting with the gravity only (the vielbeins and the two kinds of the spin connection fields), what manifests in <span><math><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> as the vector and scalar gauge fields, and uses the odd Clifford algebra to describe the internal space of fermions, what enables that the creation and annihilation operators for fermions fulfil the anticommutation relations for the second quantized fields without Dirac’s postulates: Fermions single particle states already anticommute. We present in this review article a short overview of the <em>spin-charge-family</em> theory, illustrating shortly on the toy model the breaks of the starting symmetries in <span><math><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>13</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>-dimensional space, which are triggered either by scalar fields — the vielbeins with the space index belonging to <span><math><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> — or by the condensate of the two right handed neutrinos, with the family quantum number not belonging to the observed families. We compare properties and predictions of this theory with the properties and predictions of <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>O</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> unifying theories.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 103890"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103890","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2306566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards grounding nuclear physics in QCD","authors":"Christian Drischler ,&nbsp;Wick Haxton ,&nbsp;Kenneth McElvain ,&nbsp;Emanuele Mereghetti ,&nbsp;Amy Nicholson ,&nbsp;Pavlos Vranas ,&nbsp;André Walker-Loud","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Exascale computing could soon enable a predictive theory of nuclear structure and reactions rooted in the Standard Model, with quantifiable and systematically improvable uncertainties. Such a predictive theory will help exploit experiments that use nucleons and nuclei as laboratories for testing the Standard Model and its limitations. Examples include direct dark matter detection, neutrinoless double beta decay, and searches for permanent electric dipole moments of the neutron and atoms. It will also help connect QCD to the properties of cold neutron stars and hot supernova cores. We discuss how a quantitative bridge between QCD and the properties of nuclei and nuclear matter will require a synthesis of lattice QCD (especially as applied to two- and three-nucleon interactions), effective field theory, and ab initio methods for solving the nuclear many-body problem. While there are significant challenges that must be addressed in developing this triad of theoretical tools, the rapid advance of computing is accelerating progress. In particular, we focus this review on the anticipated advances from lattice QCD and how these advances will impact few-body effective theories of nuclear physics by providing critical input, such as constraints on unknown low-energy constants of the effective (field) theories. We also review particular challenges that must be overcome for the successful application of lattice QCD for low-energy nuclear physics. We describe progress in developing few-body effective (field) theories of nuclear physics, with an emphasis on HOBET, a non-relativistic effective theory of nuclear physics, which is less common in the literature. We use the examples of neutrinoless double beta decay and the nuclear-matter equation of state to illustrate how the coupling of lattice QCD to effective theory might impact our understanding of symmetries and exotic astrophysical environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 103888"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103888","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3076689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nuclear fragments in projectile fragmentation reactions","authors":"Chun-Wang Ma ,&nbsp;Hui-Ling Wei ,&nbsp;Xing-Quan Liu ,&nbsp;Jun Su ,&nbsp;Hua Zheng ,&nbsp;Wei-Ping Lin ,&nbsp;Ying-Xun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Theoretical prediction shows that about 9000 nuclei could be bounded, of which the properties will be hot topics in the new nuclear physics era opened by the new third generation of radioactive nuclear beam (RNB) facilities. Projectile fragmentation reactions are important to produce rare nuclei with extreme large <span><math><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>Z</mi></mrow></math></span><span> asymmetry even to the drip lines. Variety of key questions in nuclear physics, for example, the nuclear Equation of State, the extreme of nuclides at drip lines, the shell evolution, etc, are hoped to be answered. A review is presented on the topic related to projectile fragmentation reactions, including the historical review of RNB facilities, the characteristics of modern RNB facilities, the particle identification techniques for searching rare isotopes in RNB experiments and benchmark projectile fragmentation reactions. Furthermore, the theory reviews for fragment production predictions are also made, which include the empirical formula, transport models, statistical models, machine learning methods, etc. Some important probes to nuclear properties have also been presented, which are the temperature/thermometer, the isoscaling, the isobaric ratio difference scaling, the neutron-skin thickness, etc.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 103911"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103911","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2365090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}