Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics最新文献

{"title":"Finite-density lattice QCD and sign problem: Current status and open problems","authors":"Keitaro Nagata","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Finite-density lattice QCD<span> aims for the first-principle study of QCD at finite density, which describes the system consisting of many quarks. The main targets are systems such as quark–gluon plasma, nuclei, and neutron stars<span>. Explaining macroscopic physics from the microscopic theory is a natural path in the development of physics. To understand the strong interaction completely, we have to solve finite-density QCD. Each of the systems mentioned above has open problems which cannot easily be accessed by experiment or observation, so it is important to make progress in finite-density lattice QCD.</span></span></p><p>In this article, we summarize the past development and current status of the field of finite-density lattice QCD. The difficulty in the study of theories with the sign problem is that the numerical methods which are correct in principle do not necessarily work in practice and it is hard to know when it fails. We will introduce various approaches in this article, but all of them have pitfalls, which lead to unphysical results unless we study carefully. We will explain what kinds of studies were done in the past, to what extent they succeeded, and what kinds of obstacles they encountered, and why the approaches are correct in principle can lead to wrong answers. In this way, we would like to provide lessons from the past for ambitious researchers who plan to work on the finite-density lattice QCD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 103991"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2703856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promises and challenges of high-energy vortex states collisions","authors":"Igor P. Ivanov","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Vortex states of photons, electrons, and other particles are non-plane-wave solutions of the corresponding wave equation with helicoidal </span>wave fronts<span>. These states possess an intrinsic orbital angular momentum<span> with respect to the average propagation direction, which represents a new degree of freedom, previously unexplored in particle or nuclear collisions. Vortex states of photons, electrons, neutrons, and neutral atoms have been experimentally produced, albeit at low energies, and are being intensively explored. Anticipating future experimental progress, one can ask what additional insights on nuclei and particles one can gain once collisions of high-energy vortex states become possible. This review describes the present-day landscape of physics opportunities, experimental progress and suggestions relevant to vortex states in high energy collisions. The aim is to familiarize the community with this emergent cross-disciplinary topic and to provide a sufficiently complete literature coverage, highlighting some results and calculational techniques.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 103987"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2703854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foundations and applications of quantum kinetic theory","authors":"Yoshimasa Hidaka ,&nbsp;Shi Pu ,&nbsp;Qun Wang ,&nbsp;Di-Lun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103989","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Many novel quantum phenomena emerge in non-equilibrium relativistic quantum matter under extreme conditions such as strong magnetic fields and rotations. The quantum </span>kinetic theory<span> based on Wigner functions in quantum field theory provides a powerful and effective microscopic description of these quantum phenomena. In this article we review some of recent advances in the quantum kinetic theory and its applications in describing these quantum phenomena.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 103989"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2703855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics with CEBAF at 12 GeV and future opportunities","authors":"J. Arrington ,&nbsp;M. Battaglieri ,&nbsp;A. Boehnlein ,&nbsp;S.A. Bogacz ,&nbsp;W.K. Brooks ,&nbsp;E. Chudakov ,&nbsp;I. Cloët ,&nbsp;R. Ent ,&nbsp;H. Gao ,&nbsp;J. Grames ,&nbsp;L. Harwood ,&nbsp;X. Ji ,&nbsp;C. Keppel ,&nbsp;G. Krafft ,&nbsp;R.D. McKeown ,&nbsp;J. Napolitano ,&nbsp;J.W. Qiu ,&nbsp;P. Rossi ,&nbsp;M. Schram ,&nbsp;S. Stepanyan ,&nbsp;X. Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103985","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>We summarize the ongoing scientific program of the 12 GeV Continuous Electron Beam<span> Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) and give an outlook into future opportunities. The program addresses important topics in nuclear, hadronic, and electroweak physics, including nuclear femtography, meson and </span></span>baryon<span><span> spectroscopy, quarks and gluons in nuclei, precision tests of the </span>standard model<span> and dark sector searches. Potential upgrades of CEBAF and their impact on scientific reach are discussed, such as higher luminosity, the addition of polarized and unpolarized positron beams, and doubling the beam energy.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 103985"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1635564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel approaches in hadron spectroscopy","authors":"Miguel Albaladejo ,&nbsp;Łukasz Bibrzycki ,&nbsp;Sebastian M. Dawid ,&nbsp;César Fernández-Ramírez ,&nbsp;Sergi Gonzàlez-Solís ,&nbsp;Astrid N. Hiller Blin ,&nbsp;Andrew W. Jackura ,&nbsp;Vincent Mathieu ,&nbsp;Mikhail Mikhasenko ,&nbsp;Victor I. Mokeev ,&nbsp;Emilie Passemar ,&nbsp;Alessandro Pilloni ,&nbsp;Arkaitz Rodas ,&nbsp;Jorge A. Silva-Castro ,&nbsp;Wyatt A. Smith ,&nbsp;Adam P. Szczepaniak ,&nbsp;Daniel Winney ,&nbsp;(Joint Physics Analysis Center)","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The last two decades have witnessed the discovery of a myriad of new and unexpected hadrons<span>. The future holds more surprises for us, thanks to new-generation experiments. Understanding the signals and determining the properties of the states requires a parallel theoretical effort. To make full use of available and forthcoming data, a careful amplitude modeling is required, together with a sound treatment of the statistical uncertainties, and a systematic survey of the model dependencies. We review the contributions made by the Joint Physics Analysis Center to the field of hadron spectroscopy.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 103981"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3139627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cosmic nucleosynthesis: A multi-messenger challenge","authors":"Roland Diehl ,&nbsp;Andreas J. Korn ,&nbsp;Bruno Leibundgut ,&nbsp;Maria Lugaro ,&nbsp;Anton Wallner","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103983","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;The origins of the elements and isotopes of cosmic material is a critical aspect of understanding the evolution of the universe. Nucleosynthesis typically requires physical conditions of high temperatures and densities. These are found in the Big Bang, in the interiors of stars, and in explosions with their compressional shocks and high neutrino and neutron fluxes&lt;span&gt;. Many different tools are available to disentangle the composition of cosmic matter, in material of extraterrestrial origins such as cosmic rays, meteorites&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, stardust grains, lunar and terrestrial sediments, and through astronomical observations across the electromagnetic spectrum. Understanding &lt;/span&gt;cosmic abundances&lt;span&gt; and their evolution requires combining such measurements with approaches of astrophysical, nuclear theories and laboratory experiments, and exploiting additional cosmic messengers, such as neutrinos and gravitational waves. Recent years have seen significant progress in almost all these fields; they are presented in this review.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Sun and the solar system are our reference system for abundances of elements and isotopes. Many direct and indirect methods are employed to establish a refined abundance record from the time when the Sun and the Earth were formed. Indications for nucleosynthesis in the local environment when the Sun was formed are derived from meteoritic material and inclusion of radioactive atoms in deep-sea sediments. Spectroscopy at many wavelengths and the neutrino flux from the hydrogen fusion processes in the Sun have established a refined model of how the &lt;/span&gt;nuclear energy production&lt;span&gt; shapes stars. Models are required to explore nuclear fusion of heavier elements. These stellar evolution&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; calculations have been confirmed by observations of nucleosynthesis products in the ejecta of stars and &lt;/span&gt;supernovae, as captured by stardust grains and by characteristic lines in spectra seen from these objects. One of the successes has been to directly observe &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;γ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; rays from radioactive material synthesised in stellar explosions, which fully support the astrophysical models. Another has been the observation of radioactive afterglow and characteristic heavy-element spectrum from a neutron-star merger, confirming the neutron rich environments encountered in such rare explosions. The ejecta material captured by Earth over millions of years in sediments and identified through characteristic radio-isotopes suggests that nearby nucleosynthesis occurred in recent history, with further indications for sites of specific nucleosynthesis. Together with stardust and diffuse &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;γ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; rays from radioactive ejecta, these help to piece together how cosmic materials are transported in interstellar space and re-cycled into and between generations of stars. Our description of cosmic compositional e","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 103983"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3139628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Holographic approach to compact stars and their binary mergers","authors":"Carlos Hoyos ,&nbsp;Niko Jokela ,&nbsp;Aleksi Vuorinen","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this review article, we describe the role of holography in deciphering the physics of dense QCD matter, relevant for the description of compact stars and their binary mergers. We review the strengths and limitations of the holographic duality in describing strongly interacting matter at large baryon density, walk the reader through the most important results derived using the holographic approach so far, and highlight a number of outstanding open problems in the field. Finally, we discuss how we foresee holography contributing to compact-star physics in the coming years.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 103972"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3270352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nuclear weak rates and nuclear weak processes in stars","authors":"Toshio Suzuki","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103974","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Nuclear weak rates in stellar environments are obtained by taking into account recent advances in shell-model studies of spin-dependent excitation modes in nuclei including Gamow–Teller (GT) and spin-dipole transitions. They are applied to nuclear weak processes in stars such as cooling and heating of the cores of stars and nucleosynthesis in supernovae. The important roles of accurate weak rates for the study of &lt;/span&gt;astrophysical processes are pointed out in the following cases. (1) The electron-capture (e-capture) and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;β&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;-decay rates in &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;-shell are evaluated with the USDB Hamiltonian and used to study the evolution of O-Ne-Mg cores in stars with 8–10 M&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⊙&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. The important roles of the &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; 23 and 25 pairs of nuclei for the cooling of the cores by nuclear Urca processes are investigated. (2) They are also used to study heating of the O-Ne-Mg core by double e-captures on &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;20&lt;/sup&gt;Ne in later stages of the evolution. Especially, the e-capture rates for a second-forbidden transition in &lt;sup&gt;20&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ne are evaluated with the multipole expansion method by Walecka as well as the method of Behrens–B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;u&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;̈&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;hring. Possible important roles of the transition in heating the O-Ne-Mg cores and implications on the final fate of the cores (core-collapse or thermonuclear explosion) are discussed. (3) The weak rates in &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-shell nuclei are evaluated with a new Hamiltonian, GXPF1J, and applied to nucleosynthesis of iron-group elements in Type Ia supernova explosions. The over-production problem of neutron-rich &lt;/span&gt;iron isotopes&lt;span&gt; compared with the solar abundances, which remained for the rates according to Fuller, Fowler and Newman, is much improved, and the over-production is now reduced to be within a factor of two. (4) The weak rates for nuclei with two-major shells are evaluated. For &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; shell in the island of inversion, the weak rates for the &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 31 pair of nuclei, which are important for nuclear Urca processes in neutron-star crusts, are evaluated with the effective interaction obtained by the extended Kuo–Krenciglowa (EKK) method. Neutron-rich nuclei with and near neutron number (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) of 50 are important for core-collapse processes in supernova explosions. The transition strengths and e-capture rates in &lt;sup&gt;78&lt;/sup&gt;Ni are evaluated with a new shell-model Hamiltonian for the &lt;span&gt;&lt;math","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 103974"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3270353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond-mean-field approaches for nuclear neutrinoless double beta decay in the standard mechanism","authors":"J.M. Yao ,&nbsp;J. Meng ,&nbsp;Y.F. Niu ,&nbsp;P. Ring","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103965","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Nuclear weak decays provide important probes to fundamental symmetries in nature. A precise description of these processes in atomic nuclei requires comprehensive knowledge on both the strong and weak interactions in the nuclear medium and on the dynamics of quantum many-body systems. In particular, an observation of the hypothetical double beta decay without emission of neutrinos (</span><span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mi>ν</mi><mi>β</mi><mi>β</mi></mrow></math></span><span>) would unambiguously demonstrate the Majorana nature of neutrinos and the existence of the lepton-number-violation process. It would also provide unique information on the ordering and absolute scale of neutrino masses. The next-generation tonne-scale experiments with sensitivity up to </span><span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>28</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span><span> years after a few years of running will probably provide a definite answer to these fundamental questions based on our current knowledge on the nuclear matrix element (NME), the precise determination of which is a challenge to nuclear theory. Beyond-mean-field approaches have been frequently adapted for the study of nuclear structure and decay throughout the nuclear chart for several decades. In this review, we summarize the status of beyond-mean-field calculations of the NMEs of </span><span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mi>ν</mi><mi>β</mi><mi>β</mi></mrow></math></span> decay assuming the standard mechanism of an exchange of light Majorana neutrinos. The challenges and prospects in the extension and application of beyond-mean-field approaches for <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mi>ν</mi><mi>β</mi><mi>β</mi></mrow></math></span> decay are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 103965"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3451557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transport model comparison studies of intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions","authors":"Hermann Wolter ,&nbsp;Maria Colonna ,&nbsp;Dan Cozma ,&nbsp;Pawel Danielewicz ,&nbsp;Che Ming Ko ,&nbsp;Rohit Kumar ,&nbsp;Akira Ono ,&nbsp;ManYee Betty Tsang ,&nbsp;Jun Xu ,&nbsp;Ying-Xun Zhang ,&nbsp;Elena Bratkovskaya ,&nbsp;Zhao-Qing Feng ,&nbsp;Theodoros Gaitanos ,&nbsp;Arnaud Le Fèvre ,&nbsp;Natsumi Ikeno ,&nbsp;Youngman Kim ,&nbsp;Swagata Mallik ,&nbsp;Paolo Napolitani ,&nbsp;Dmytro Oliinychenko ,&nbsp;Tatsuhiko Ogawa ,&nbsp;Wen-Jie Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103962","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Transport models are the main method to obtain physics information on the nuclear </span>equation of state and in-medium properties of particles from low to relativistic-energy heavy-ion collisions. The Transport Model Evaluation Project (TMEP) has been pursued to test the robustness of transport model predictions in reaching consistent conclusions from the same type of physical model. To this end, calculations under controlled conditions of physical input and set-up were performed with various participating codes. These included both calculations of nuclear matter in a box with </span>periodic boundary conditions<span>, which test separately selected ingredients of a transport code, and more realistic calculations of heavy-ion collisions. Over the years, six studies have been performed within this project. In this intermediate review, we summarize and discuss the present status of the project. We also provide condensed descriptions of the 26 participating codes, which contributed to some part of the project. These include the major codes in use today. After a compact description of the underlying transport approaches, we review the main results of the studies completed so far. They show, that in box calculations the differences between the codes can be well understood and a convergence of the results can be reached. These studies also highlight the systematic differences between the two families of transport codes, known under the names of Boltzmann–Uehling–Uhlenbeck (BUU) and Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD) type codes. However, when the codes were compared in full heavy-ion collisions using different physical models, as recently for pion production, they still yielded substantially different results. This calls for further comparisons of heavy-ion collisions with controlled models and of box comparisons of important ingredients, like momentum-dependent fields, which are currently underway. Our evaluation studies often indicate improved strategies in performing transport simulations and thus can provide guidance to code developers. Results of transport simulations of heavy-ion collisions from a given code will have more significance if the code can be validated against benchmark calculations such as the ones summarized in this review.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 103962"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3270355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}