Vestnik Permskogo Universiteta-Istoriya-Perm University Herald-History最新文献

{"title":"THE U.S. IN SEARCH OF AN ANSWER TO THE IRANIAN CHALLENGE: THE KURDISH CASE, NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 1979","authors":"V. T. Yungblud, A. I. Sennikov","doi":"10.17072/2219-3111-2023-2-70-83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2023-2-70-83","url":null,"abstract":"As a result of the capture of the American embassy by supporters of the supreme leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatollah R. Khomeini, the U.S. lost the chances for a quick restoration of its positions in the Middle East. The events unfolding in Tehran demanded a serious and balanced response from the adminis-tration of John Carter. Under these conditions, the American government and its analytical structures began to look for tools to influence and put pressure on the Islamic regime. One of the potential levers of American policy could be the Kurdish issue, which was again openly put on the agenda after the Islamic revolution of 1978–1979. The potential of the Iranian Kurds in terms of countering the Khomeini regime, their controlla-bility and the conformity of their struggle with U.S. interests have become the subject of analytical work of the state services. The article examines the place and role of the Kurdish question in the search for U.S. res-ponses to the challenges of the Iranian crisis caused by the capture of the U.S. embassy in November 1979. Based on a wide range of documents from the U.S. National Archives, the John Carter Presidential Library, the State Department, the Central Intelligence Agency and the Council of National U.S. security, the author traces the course of developing a policy towards Iran and a position regarding the national movement of Ira-nian Kurds. The context of regional policy and the influence of the Afghan issue on the Iranian course of Washington are also traced. As a result of the development of decisions, the line of Secretary of State S. Vance prevailed, demanding to refrain from active aggressive actions against Iran, to ignore the Kurdish movement. The entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan also had an impact, turning the entire political situa-tion in the Middle East upside down.","PeriodicalId":41257,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Permskogo Universiteta-Istoriya-Perm University Herald-History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136367855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On One of the Reasons for the Great War Protraction and Destabilization of the Situation in Wilhelm Germany","authors":"S. V. Fomenko","doi":"10.53549/27132374_2023_4_1_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53549/27132374_2023_4_1_3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41257,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Permskogo Universiteta-Istoriya-Perm University Herald-History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87566089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"S. S. Uvarov's Personnel Policy and the Formation of Scientific Schools in St.-Petersburg University during the 1810s - early 1820s","authors":"Ivan Sergeevich Pustovoit","doi":"10.53549/27132374_2023_4_1_6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53549/27132374_2023_4_1_6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41257,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Permskogo Universiteta-Istoriya-Perm University Herald-History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75183799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TAXES IN THE KAMA REGION IN THE 1730S–1770S: RECONSTRUCTING THE AMOUNT OF TAXES COLLECTED","authors":"А. А. Kosmovskaya","doi":"10.17072/2219-3111-2023-3-28-44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2023-3-28-44","url":null,"abstract":"The salaries of the tavern, customs and office fees in the Kama region in the 1730s–1770s were studied. An analysis of salaries in the Perm province makes it possible to identify the importance of individual fees in the overall structure of income, assess the tax burden on the population, and study other economic aspects of the functioning of provincial and voivodeship offices of the Kama region as the main agents of the central government at the local level. Based on the materials from the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, data on the receipt of main fees was restored, and conclusions were drawn about the evolution of salaries. During the period under study until the mid-1760s, salaries changed insignificantly. Subsequently, there was a tendency towards an increase in tavern wine collections and a decrease in petty stationery collections. The wine tavern fees came to the budget in the amount of about 15 thousand rubles. Other tavern fees, “newly imposed” by the decrees of 1750 and 1756, were taken into account separately in the documentation. They were collected in a comparable amount to a salary. Since 1767, tax revenues from salaries of taverns have increased several times. Non-salary fees during certain periods could come to the office in the amount of the salary. Provincial administrators included money sent from the Solikamsk voivodeship office for different years, milking, real money and other fees in them. By the end of the current year, the salary funds were rarely collected in full; the addition took place in the first months of the next year. The author concludes that by 1780, cash receipts increased significantly compared to the early 18th century. The structure of the collections became less diverse, and the main part was made up of income from the sale of wine.","PeriodicalId":41257,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Permskogo Universiteta-Istoriya-Perm University Herald-History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135008136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ADVERTISING IN THE RUSSIAN PROVINCE IN THE LAST QUARTER OF THE 19TH CENTURY (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE “YEKATERINBURG WEEK” NEWSPAPER)","authors":"G. N. Plotnikova, S. N. Plotnikov","doi":"10.17072/2219-3111-2023-1-186-194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2023-1-186-194","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the formation and development of newspaper advertising in the Perm province in the last quarter of the 19th century. The advertisements placed in the first private newspaper of the region called “Yekaterinburgskaya Nedelya” (“Ekaterinburg Week”, 1879–1896) are analyzed. The main functions of advertising, its content, features and significance are shown. Newspaper advertising, which makes it possible to present the maximum amount of various information in the minimum number of text units, was a kind of “cut” of the daily life of a provincial society. Advertising products demonstrate the relations between material and spiritual needs, range of interests, leisure and work activities of the inhabitants of the Russian provinces. A significant place in the newspaper was given to private announcements that did not have a pronounced nature of advertising, but were such in essence. They were called upon to help the population of the province in solving a number of everyday problems. Newspaper advertising successfully fulfilled its main task – it stimulated the sale of goods, sales growth, thereby activating the development of market relations in the region. This testified to the natural process of commercialization of the press, including the provincial one. A certain imprint on the advertising products of the first private newspaper of the Perm province was imposed by the mining specificity of the region. Being a barometer of the social life of the region, “Ekaterinburg Week” reflected on its pages the changes that took place in the process of the formation of the advertising business in the Russian Empire in the last quarter of the 19th century.","PeriodicalId":41257,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Permskogo Universiteta-Istoriya-Perm University Herald-History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136302782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BAKAL DWELLINGS OF THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES (FOREST-STEPPE OF THE TOBOL AND ISHIM BASIN)","authors":"N. P. Matveeva, N. Y. Raevskaya","doi":"10.17072/2219-3111-2023-1-61-72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2023-1-61-72","url":null,"abstract":"The study of housing space is an important step in reconstructing the life support system and the social structure of ancient societies. The article examines different types of housing buildings of the Bakal culture’ population of the early Middle Ages in the Trans-Urals, when the dwellings became more diverse. Data on the dwellings of this archaeological culture were obtained during the excavations of the Bolshoy and Maly Bakalsky, Staro-Lybaevsky-1, Kolovsky, Ust-Utyak-1, Ust-Tersyuk-1, Tsarevo, Papskoe settlements and Isetsky-2, Isetsky-3 settlements. Thus, the authors have information about forty buildings of the Bakal culture. There are two main types of buildings: ground dwellings and semi-dugouts. All of them are single-chamber and are divided into subtypes depending on the construction technique (frame houses, log cabins) and the shape of the housing area (rectangular, oval). Another important part of the house, to which part of the article is devoted, is the hearth. Archaeological information is supplemented by information about the construction of traditional houses of the Bashkirs and indigenous peoples of the north of Western Siberia. The tendency of the preferential use in medieval housing construction of smaller dwellings and log structures relative to the previous time is associated with a change in economic activities, an increase in the mobility of the population, the expansion of trade and the improvement of construction equipment.","PeriodicalId":41257,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Permskogo Universiteta-Istoriya-Perm University Herald-History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136303113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"«I WAS IN JAIL IN THE MOST DIFFICULT TIME AND SUFFERED EVERYTHING»: OLGA KAMENEVA'S PRISON YEARS","authors":"P. N. Gordeev","doi":"10.17072/2219-3111-2023-2-128-136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2023-2-128-136","url":null,"abstract":"By the mid-1930s, Olga Kameneva, a prominent figure in Soviet cultural construction, had lost most of her former posts. The sister of Leon Trotsky and the wife of Lev Kamenev, two of Joseph Stalin’s biggest opponents, she had practically no chance of avoiding repression, despite the public renunciation of her brother and divorce from her husband. Based on the materials of the investigative cases stored in the Central Archive of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation and introduced into academic circulation for the first time, the article reconstructs Kameneva's path through interrogations, prisons and exile. The repressions started in March 1935 with the arrest of Kameneva in the so-called “Kremlin case”. Kameneva tried to assure the investigator and the leadership of the NKVD of her innocence (she was accused of spreading rumors about the unnatural death of Stalin's wife Nadezhda Alliluyeva) – of course, unsuccessfully. Exiled to Alma-Ata, and then to Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod), two years later (in 1937) she was arrested for the second time. Despite the terrible conditions of interrogations during the “Great Terror” and hints on the part of the investigator about the ability to influence the fate of her youngest son Yuri (also arrested), Kameneva behaved with dignity, admitting neither her guilt, nor of any of those surrounding her, with the exception of her own husband Lev Kamenev, already executed by that time. Although the accusations against her (of anti-Soviet agitation and that she knew but had not reported Lev Kamenev’s “terrorist” activities) were insignificant by the standards of that time, on February 1, 1938, she was sentenced to 25 years in prison, and three years later, in 1941, she was shot extrajudicially.","PeriodicalId":41257,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Permskogo Universiteta-Istoriya-Perm University Herald-History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136367636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE SPECIFICS OF THE PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES OF RUSSIAN MERCHANTS IN CENTRAL ASIA IN THE LATE IMPERIAL PERIOD (ACCORDING TO THE MEMOIRS OF NIKOLAY A. VARENTSOV)","authors":"K. A. Аbdrakhmanov","doi":"10.17072/2219-3111-2023-3-64-73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2023-3-64-73","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes the business trip of the Moscow merchant Nikolay A. Varentsov to Central Asia in 1891 from the perspective of the history of everyday life. The published memoirs of Varentsov served as the basis of the study. Certain aspects of the daily life of Russian merchants, presented in these ego-materials, have not yet become the object of research, which makes the presented work valuable. In addition to these materials, other documents were used in the study, including those of personal origin (diaries, travel notes, historical and geographical essays, etc.), which logically supplement and confirm Varentsov's story about the specifics of solving business problems in the Asian direction. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the features of the life of Russian merchants in the urban environment of the khanates of Central Asia in the late 19th century during their visits on trade matters. The author of the memoir went on his journey reluctantly, sharing the idea common among Russian people that Asia was a very distant and dangerous place. Varentsov emphasized the problem of recruiting employees for managerial positions, which was relevant for businessmen. While inspecting the Central Asian representative offices of the Moscow Commercial and Industrial Association, located in different towns of the region, the visitor learned about the dangers to the traveler posed by wild animals and robbers. Participating in negotiations with local merchants and representatives of the administration, Varentsov, despite his will, experienced certain traditions of the Turkic peoples. The research showed a number of differences between the conditions of professional activities of merchants who traded with the Asian khanates during the period of their independence, and entrepreneurs operating in the late 19th century. For example, by the time of Varentsov’s trip, camels, which had previously been the only transport capable of delivering merchants and their goods to the markets of Central Asia, had already lost their leading positions to rail transport.","PeriodicalId":41257,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Permskogo Universiteta-Istoriya-Perm University Herald-History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135008397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ACTIVITIES OF THE SECRET COMMITTEE: NEW APPROACHES TO SOLVING CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES","authors":"O. V. Erohina, V. Y. Zakharov","doi":"10.17072/2219-3111-2023-1-146-159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2023-1-146-159","url":null,"abstract":"In the first years of the reign of Alexander I, a Secret Committee (a circle of “young friends”) was created, which had a certain impact on the formation of domestic and foreign policy. Its participants believed that they should focus on studying the state of affairs in the Russian Empire to further prepare and implement the necessary transformations. It was attended by P.A. Stroganov, his cousin N.N. Novosiltsev, V.P. Kochubey and A. Chartorizhsky. Under the influence of the Secret Committee, Alexander I carried out part of the reforms in the early 19th century. However, the “young friends” acted unofficially and with a certain degree of secrecy. Therefore, there was no official records management of its meetings. These factors will later lead to the emergence of different points of view regarding the activities of the Secret Committee. The authors of the article pursue several goals: to determine the chronological framework for the existence of the Secret Committee, the composition and goals of the Committee, to identify its place in the political system of the Alexander era, to establish its role in the balance of power in court circles, and to evaluate its activities. Sources and the currently existing literature on the Secret Committee were analyzed to reveal these goals. The authors conclude that the upper limit of the activities of the Secret Committee should be increased at least until 1805, and the lower limit should be considered not the first meeting on June 24, 1801, but the activities of the “young friends” circle in 1797–1799 as a kind of preparatory stage. According to the authors, Alexander I, who chaired its meetings and set the agenda, as well as F. La Harpe as a kind of associate member, should be included in the Secret Committee. On the question of the place of the Secret Committee in the alignment of political forces in court circles, the authors state that the Secret Committee played a dual role. On the one hand, it was a new “command” and support for the young emperor, created to develop and conduct serious political and social reforms, and at the same time served as a kind of barrier against attempts by “conspirators” and part of the Catherine's old men, led by G.R. Derzhavin, to limit the supreme power in aristocratic interests. After analyzing the list of events held by the Secret Committee, it was found that its activities were not inconclusive, although for a number of reasons not all of the plans were implemented.","PeriodicalId":41257,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Permskogo Universiteta-Istoriya-Perm University Herald-History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136302279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE AS SUBJECTS OF HISTORY BOOK REVIEW: BOLTUNOVA, E. & V. SANDERLEND (EDS.) (2021), REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: IDENTITY, REPRESENTATION, (ON) MEANING: COLLECTIVE MONOGRAPH, NOVOE LITERATURNOE OBOZRENIE, MOSCOW, RUSSIA, 304 P.: ILL. (HISTORIA ROSSICA SERIES)","authors":"N. I. Gorskaya","doi":"10.17072/2219-3111-2023-1-166-172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2023-1-166-172","url":null,"abstract":"At the center of the collective monograph of Russian and foreign researchers is the concept of “region”, interpreted as a subject that creates history, and at the same time as an object of historical research, a basic construct or (and) a very specific territory. Chronologically, the book covers a large period of Imperial Russia: from the 1760s to 1910. It presents the various outlying regions of the Empire and Central Russia. The desire of historians to show the role of regions in the system of their relations with the central government is associated with the search for what should be called a region, with the search for its history and understanding of identity. The ambiguity of the concept of region, which the authors adhere to, has opened up the opportunity to present regions through the economic, political, cultural relations of “their” time and “their” problems; and to focus on representations and meanings. The narrative of some authors contrasts with the explanatory models employed by others; and imaginary territories alternate on the pages of the book with regions that are quite specific in ethnic or socio-economic terms. In general, the reviewed monograph shows the importance of regions in Russian history and the importance of a regional approach in the study of Russia","PeriodicalId":41257,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Permskogo Universiteta-Istoriya-Perm University Herald-History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136302301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}