Progress in Energy and Combustion Science最新文献

{"title":"Static theoretical investigations of organic redox active materials for redox flow batteries","authors":"Aleksandr Zaichenko, Andreas Johannes Achazi, Simon Kunz, Hermann Andreas Wegner, Jürgen Janek, Doreen Mollenhauer","doi":"10.1088/2516-1083/ad0913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/ad0913","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract New efficient redox flow batteries (RFBs) are currently of great interest for large-scale renewable energy storage. Further development requires improvement of the redox active materials. Quantum chemical methods allow to screen large numbers of redox active molecules for required molecular properties. Especially the redox potentials are calculated in high-throughput studies. In addition, calculations of other properties such as solubility or stability and in-depth analysis of the electronic structure are performed on smaller number of molecules. This review provides an overview of various known classes of active material molecules and their results in quantum chemical calculations. We will focus on electronic structure methods such as density functional theory and wave function-based methods. Significant theoretical results are presented and discussed for each considered class of redox-active molecules. In addition, the various quantum chemical approaches are also examined, specifically with regard to their advantages and limitations. Another focus of this review is on comparing theoretically predicted results with experimental studies, which are discussed using various examples. Finally, further challenges and trends in the theoretical development of active materials are highlighted.","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"230 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135876460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochar as the effective adsorbent to combustion gaseous pollutants: Preparation, activation, functionalization and the adsorption mechanisms","authors":"Chang Wen , Tianyu Liu , Dapeng Wang , Yaqin Wang , Hanping Chen , Guangqian Luo , Zijian Zhou , Changkang Li , Minghou Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The massive combustion utilization of fossil fuel in human industrial activities, such as power plants, waste incineration<span><span>, and kiln combustion for </span>cement production, would emit serious gaseous pollutants (SO</span></span><sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub>, VOC, and mercury), aerosols and CO<sub>2</sub><span><span>. There is a growing interest in using novel solid sorbents, i.e., activated carbon (AC), zeolites, </span>carbon nanotube<span>, carbon molecular sieve<span>, and MOFs (metal-organic frameworks), for their ability to capture gaseous pollutants from combustion flue gas<span> through adsorption processes. However, these emerging alternatives are generally expensive, limiting large-scale industrial utilization. Biochar, as a stable carbon-rich solid by-product from biomass thermal treatment, is not only capable of replacing coal as fuel in power plants but also widely reported to be an effective and cheap sorbent for removing the gaseous pollutants in flue gas, including SO</span></span></span></span><sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>X</sub>, Hg, CO<sub>2</sub><span> and VOC, due to its high porosity and specific surface area and surface functional groups. In this review, the physical activation, chemical activation, and novel modification methods including microwave, ultrasonic, plasma, ball-milling, and molten salts were introduced as their optimization to the porous properties and active surface functional groups for biochar sorbents. The functionalized treatments including metal, ammonia/amines, and halogen modification on activated biochar were reviewed to observe the further improved adsorption performance of biochar, for possible engineering application. The abundant amounts of the oxygenic functional group increase the number of active sites onto which NH</span><sub>3</sub> or Hg can be adsorbed, resulting in higher NO and Hg removal efficiencies. Oxygenated anchoring sites are also effective intermediate stage to introduce the nitrogen functional groups, which are generally more effective than the porous texture for acidic SO<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub><span> adsorption, especially at adsorption temperature higher than ∼100 °C. The redox reactions of metal catalyst in biochar and the improved adsorption ability of NH</span><sub>3</sub> and Hg mainly determine the removal performance of biochar for NO<sub>x</sub> and Hg<sup>0</sup>. The halogen addition to form C-halogen groups can transform Hg<sup>0</sup><span> into mercury halide retained on the biochar. The practical removal performance of various gaseous pollutants is affected by the adsorption conditions, such as adsorption temperature, humidity and impurities concentrations in simulated flue gas, selectivity, synergistic adsorption of typical gases, and regeneration capacity. The adsorption isotherm<span> models and the adsorption kinetic models are helpful for predicting the adsorption amount and controlling mechanism and calculating the energy of adsorptio","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 101098"},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48356990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical stimulation of gasless reaction in inorganic systems: A mini review","authors":"Alexander S. Mukasyan ,&nbsp;Metin Örnek ,&nbsp;Steven F. Son","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>The investigation of shock compression in highly exothermic inorganic powder mixtures leading to reaction has been a subject of interest for several decades. In particular, understanding the processes occurring within the time scale of the high-pressure shock state, resulting in the formation of new materials and phases, has garnered significant attention. Chemical reactions in shock-compressed media are generally categorized based on their time scale: i) shock-induced chemical reactions occur in the shock front or shortly behind it (in the stress pulse) during the time scale of mechanical equilibration (&lt;1 μs), and ii) shock-assisted chemical reactions occur on the longer time scale of bulk temperature equilibration (&gt;10 μs) after the state of stress has been released. It is worth noting that a solid-state </span>detonation wave involves a type of combustion with a supersonic exothermic front that accelerates through a medium, ultimately supporting the leading shock front. While extensive discussions have focused on shock-induced and shock-assisted reactions, as well as the solid-state detonation, certain questions regarding the possibility of i) shock-induced reactions occurring within the time scale of high-pressure shock state, and ii) chemical reactions occurring promptly enough after the shock wave to sustain a detonation wave (ultra-fast gasless reactions), remained unanswered. In this paper, we provide a brief review of shock compression of reactive heterogeneous media, with a particular emphasis on recent experimental studies. We critically address the chemical reactions occurring within these material systems and the underlying mechanisms, supported by </span><em>in-situ</em> and <em>ex-situ</em><span> experimental evidences. Specifically, our primary focus lies on the aluminum-nickel and the metal nitride-boron systems. Based on our analysis, we conclude that the shock-induced reactions can occur in the time scale of the propagated shock wave and can be explained by the mechanically induced thermal explosion phenomena. However, the observed phenomena so far cannot be attributed to solid-state detonation, since they cannot result in a self-sustained mode of shock wave propagation.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 101121"},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41981278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing active power reserve strategies for photovoltaic systems under varying shading scenarios: A comparative study","authors":"Pankaj Verma, Nitish Katal","doi":"10.1088/2516-1083/acffa1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/acffa1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The installed capacity of grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) systems is increasing rapidly; therefore, in the near future, the total system inertia may possibly decrease. Reserving some active power in PV systems is crucial to manage the problem of low inertia. In this paper, we critically analyse and compare the performances of several active power reserve and frequency regulation techniques for PV systems. The discussed techniques do not use energy storage devices and are aimed at enabling the inertial capabilities of PV systems. These techniques are broadly classified according to the shading conditions and methodologies adopted for reserve generation. In this paper, we closely investigate different deloading techniques used in PV systems. In deloading, PV systems are operated at a voltage distant from the maximum power point. Further, we also address the effectiveness and suitability of the aforementioned techniques under different operating conditions. Through this review paper, we aim to provide a one-stop reference for PV researchers to select appropriately from the available reserve techniques for designing flexible DC–DC controls for PV systems.","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134931104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance and degradation analysis for different solar photovoltaic technologies under hot and humid environment: A review","authors":"Amandeep Singh Makhija, S. Bohra","doi":"10.1088/2516-1083/acfc92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/acfc92","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Solar photovoltaic (SPV) systems installed on water bodies, i.e. floating solar PV (FSPV) and canal top solar PV (CTSPV), have gained significant propulsion in recent years, not only because of their enormous potential but also because of other additional co-benefits. This review article discusses the scope and potential of FSPV and CTSPV, an ambitious plan, and various upcoming FSPV projects in India. The review focuses on different degradation modes, failure mechanisms, characterization techniques and distinct factors influencing the degradation of SPVs operating in tropical climates. It was explored that potential induced degradation and materialistic degradation have a significant impact on the performance of SPV. The paper provides an overview of the test procedures outlined in IEC-61215 and IEC-62804 that pertain to SPV performance under hot and humid conditions. Additionally, it presents a comprehensive review of the various methodologies adopted for accelerated damp heat testing to predict the life of PV systems in such conditions, and their significant quantitative and visual outcomes is elucidated. Also, till date, no simulation tool has been available to assess the long-term performance of SPV in a humid environment. As this energy generation technique is still in its infancy, this study will help many researchers and solar power developers recognize the impact of elevated and prolonged exposure to temperature and humidity on generation, degradation, and mode of failure for different SPV technologies.","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135323826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in thermal energy storage: Fundamentals and applications","authors":"Hafiz Muhammad Ali ,&nbsp;Tauseef-ur Rehman ,&nbsp;Müslüm Arıcı ,&nbsp;Zafar Said ,&nbsp;Benjamin Duraković ,&nbsp;Hayder I. Mohammed ,&nbsp;Rajan Kumar ,&nbsp;Manish K. Rathod ,&nbsp;Ozge Buyukdagli ,&nbsp;Mohamed Teggar","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Thermal energy storage (TES) is increasingly important due to the demand-supply challenge caused by the intermittency of renewable energy and waste heat dissipation to the environment. This paper discusses the fundamentals and novel applications of TES materials and identifies appropriate TES materials for particular applications. The selection and ranking of suitable materials are discussed through multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques considering chemical, technical, economic and thermal performance. The recent advancements in TES materials, including their development, performance and applications are discussed in detail. Such materials show enhanced thermal conductivity, reduced supercooling, and the advantage of having multiple phase change temperatures (cascade PCMs). Nano-enhanced PCMs have found the thermal conductivity enhancement of up to 32% but the latent heat is also reduced by up to 32%. MXene is a recently developed 2D nanomaterial with enhanced electrochemical properties showing thermal conductivity and efficiency up to 16% and 94% respectively. Shape-stabilized PCMs are able to enhance the heat transfer rate several times (3–10 times) and are found to be best suited for solar collector and PV-based heat recovery systems. Cascade and molten slats PCMs find their best applications in the thermal management of buildings and the power sector (concentrated solar plants). Microencapsulated, nanoPCMs and shape-stabilized PCMs effectively reduce the supercooling of hydrated salts. The recent trends of TES materials in various applications, including building, industrial, power, food storage, smart textiles, thermal management, and desalination are also briefly discussed. Finally, future research in advanced energy storage materials is also addressed in this study, which is intended to help create new insights that will revolutionize the thermal management field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 101109"},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360128523000394/pdfft?md5=5c0cf8a84398feb2797e75e3a4e2b1c2&pid=1-s2.0-S0360128523000394-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136968443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal state monitoring of lithium-ion batteries: Progress, challenges, and opportunities","authors":"Yusheng Zheng ,&nbsp;Yunhong Che ,&nbsp;Xiaosong Hu ,&nbsp;Xin Sui ,&nbsp;Daniel-Ioan Stroe ,&nbsp;Remus Teodorescu","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Transportation electrification is a promising solution to meet the ever-rising energy demand and realize sustainable development. Lithium-ion batteries, being the most predominant energy storage devices, directly affect the safety, comfort, driving range, and reliability of many electric mobilities. Nevertheless, thermal-related issues of batteries such as potential thermal runaway, performance degradation at low temperatures, and accelerated aging still hinder the wider adoption of electric mobilities. To ensure safe, efficient, and reliable operations of lithium-ion batteries, monitoring their thermal states is critical to safety protection, performance optimization, as well as prognostics, and health management. Given insufficient onboard temperature sensors and their inability to measure battery internal temperature, accurate and timely temperature estimation is of particular importance to thermal state monitoring. Toward this end, this paper provides a comprehensive review of temperature estimation techniques in battery systems regarding their mechanism, framework, and representative studies. The potential metrics used to characterize battery thermal states are discussed in detail at first considering the spatiotemporal attributes of battery temperature, and the strengths and weaknesses of applying such metrics in battery management are also analyzed. Afterward, various temperature estimation methods, including impedance/resistance-based, thermal model-based, and data-driven estimations, are elucidated, analyzed, and compared in terms of their strengths, limitations, and potential improvements. Finally, the key challenges to battery thermal state monitoring in real applications are identified, and future opportunities for removing these barriers are presented and discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 101120"},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41079485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on the recent advances of flash boiling atomization and combustion applications","authors":"Xuesong Li ,&nbsp;Shangning Wang ,&nbsp;Shangze Yang ,&nbsp;Shuyi Qiu ,&nbsp;Zhe Sun ,&nbsp;David L.S. Hung ,&nbsp;Min Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Flash boiling atomization is a promising approach to enhance spray atomization with internal energy as the driving force as well. Past investigations primarily focused on the morphologies and macroscopic characteristics of flash boiling sprays. Recently, with the advances in experimental techniques and the need in developing cleaner and more efficient combustion systems, thorough and detailed analyses were carried out on flash boiling atomization. This review article will introduce and discuss recent flash boiling advances using experimental approaches. This work will first discuss the gas-liquid, two-phase features in the nozzle and the impacts on the primary breakup of flash boiling sprays. Then, the characteristics of the external flash boiling spray plumes will be discussed with a dense vapor and sparse droplet feature. Furthermore, practical issues in adopting flash boiling atomization such as injector tip-wetting and spray wall impingement effects are covered in the flash boiling regime. Finally, practical applications of flash boiling atomization in combustors such as reciprocating internal combustion engines are presented. It is aimed that this review can provide an up-to-date summary of the current state-of-the-art of flash boiling atomizations and shed light on the future development of active flashing atomization techniques.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 101119"},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41079502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spark ignition transitions in premixed turbulent combustion","authors":"Shenqyang (Steven) Shy","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Recent discoveries and developments on the dynamic process of premixed turbulent spark ignition are reviewed. The focus here is on the variation of turbulent minimum ignition energies (MIE</span>_T) against laminar MIE (MIE_L<span>) over a wide range of r.m.s. turbulence fluctuation velocity (</span><em>u</em>ʹ) alongside effects of the spark gap between electrodes, Lewis number, and some other parameters on MIE. Two distinguishable spark ignition transitions are discussed. (1) A monotonic <em>MIE transition</em>, where MIE_L sets the lower bound, marks a critical <em>u</em>ʹ_c between linear and exponential increase in MIE_T with <em>u</em>ʹ increased. (2) A non-monotonic <em>MIE transition</em>, where the lower bound is to be set by a MIE_T at some <em>u</em>ʹ_c, stems from a great influence of Lewis number and spark gap despite turbulence. At sufficiently large Lewis number &gt;&gt; 1 and small spark gap (typically less than 1 mm), turbulence facilitated ignition (<em>TFI</em>), where MIE_T &lt; MIE_L, occurs; then MIE_T increases rapidly at larger <em>u</em>ʹ &gt; <em>u</em>ʹ_c<span> because turbulence re-asserts its dominating role. Both phenomena are explained by the coupling effects of differential diffusion, heat losses to electrodes, and turbulence on the spark kernel. In particular, the ratio of small-scale turbulence diffusivity<span><span> to reaction zone thermal diffusivity, a reaction zone </span>Péclet number, captures the similarity of monotonic </span></span><em>MIE transition</em><span>, regardless of different ignition sources (conventional electrodes </span><em>versus</em> laser), turbulent flows, pressure, and fuel types. Furthermore, <em>TFI</em> does and/or does not occur when conventional spark is replaced by nanosecond-repetitively-pulsed-discharge and/or laser spark. The latter is attributed to the third lobe formation of laser kernel with some negative curvature segments that enhance reaction rate through differential diffusion, where MIE_L &lt; MIE_T (no <em>TFI</em>). Finally, the implications of <em>MIE transitions</em><span> relevant to lean-burn spark ignition engines are briefly mentioned, and future studies are suggested.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 101099"},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2622294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbons as low-platinum catalyst supports and non-noble catalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cells","authors":"Yizhe Chen,&nbsp;Shiming Zhang,&nbsp;Joey Chung-Yen Jung,&nbsp;Jiujun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Polymer electrolyte fuel cells<span>, including acidic proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and alkaline anion exchange membrane<span> fuel cells (AEMFCs), are the types of the most promising high-efficiency techniques for conversion hydrogen energy to electricity energy. However, the catalysts’ insufficient activity and stability toward </span></span></span>oxygen reduction reaction<span> (ORR) at the cathodes of these devices are still the important constraints to their performance. So far, carbon black supported platinum (Pt/C) and its alloys are still the most practical and best-performing type of catalysts. However, the scarcity of Pt is highly challenging and the high price of commercial catalyst will continue to drive up the cost of both PEMFCs and AEMFCs. Moreover, the traditional carbon black support is susceptible to corrosion especially under electrochemical operation, itself inactive for ORR and weakly binding with Pt-based nanoparticles<span><span><span>. In this review, the advanced carbons synthesized by various template methods, including hard-template, soft-template, self-template and combined-template, are systematically evaluated as low-Pt catalyst supports and non-noble catalysts. For the templates-induced carbon-based catalysts, this review presents a comprehensive overview on the carbon supported low-Pt catalysts from aspect of composition, size and shape control as well as the non-noble carbon catalysts such as transition metal-nitrogen-carbons, metal-free carbons and defective carbons. Furthermore, this review also summarizes the applications of low/non-Pt carbon-based catalysts base on the template-induce advanced carbons at the cathodes of PEMFCs and AEMFCs. Overall, the templates-induced carbons can show some perfect attributes including ordered morphology, reasonable pore structure, high conductivity and surface area, </span>good corrosion resistance and mechanical property, as well as strong metal–support interaction. All of these features are of particular importance for the construction of high-performance carbon-based ORR catalysts. However, some drawbacks mainly involve the removal of templates, maintenance of morphological structure, and demetalation. To address these issues, this review also summarizes some effective strategies, such as employing the easily removed hard/soft-templates, developing the advantageous self-templates, enhancing the metal–support interaction by formation of chemical binds, etc. In conclusion, this review provides an effective guide for the construction of template-induced advanced carbons and carbon-based low/non-Pt catalysts with analysis of technical challenges in the development of ORR </span>electrocatalysts for both PEMFCs and AEMFCs, and also proposes several future research directions for overcoming the challenges towards practical applications.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 101101"},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1886067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}