Progress in Energy and Combustion Science最新文献

{"title":"Turbulent combustion modeling for internal combustion engine CFD: A review","authors":"S. Posch ,&nbsp;C. Gößnitzer ,&nbsp;M. Lang ,&nbsp;R. Novella ,&nbsp;H. Steiner ,&nbsp;A. Wimmer","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101200","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The modeling of combustion or, to be exact, turbulent combustion using numerical simulation has become state-of-the-art in the process of developing internal combustion engines (ICE). Since the combustion regimes that occur fundamentally differ depending on the combustion concept used, several turbulent combustion models have been developed to meet the respective requirements. The selection of appropriate combustion models is crucial to accurately reflect the physical processes, specifically considering the mixing conditions and the effects of turbulence on the mean reaction rate. This review provides an overview of turbulent combustion models for use in ICE computational fluid dynamics. After a brief introduction to the basic aspects of ICE combustion simulation, the underlying governing equations and the required physical background are outlined. Next, the relevant turbulent combustion models for ICE application and their mathematical formulations are aggregated to enable the discussion of relevant model parameters and characteristics. A comprehensive review of application cases with respect to ICE technologies, namely spark ignition and compression ignition, is given. Furthermore, recent advances and future prospects in terms of the integration of future fuels, the enhancement of turbulent combustion models to meet future engine technologies and the use of machine learning techniques to advance turbulent combustion simulation in the context of ICE are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 101200"},"PeriodicalIF":32.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142592771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and optimization of anaerobic digestion technology: Current status and future outlook","authors":"Tina Kegl ,&nbsp;Eloísa Torres Jiménez ,&nbsp;Breda Kegl ,&nbsp;Anita Kovač Kralj ,&nbsp;Marko Kegl","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an important technology that can be engaged to produce renewable energy and valuable products from organic waste while reducing the net greenhouse gas emissions. Due to the AD process complexity, further development of AD technology goes hand in hand with the advancement of underlying mathematical models and optimization techniques. This paper presents a comprehensive and critical review of current AD process modeling and optimization techniques as well as various aspects of further processing of AD products. The most important mechanistically inspired, kinetic, and phenomenological AD models and the most frequently used deterministic and stochastic methods for AD process optimization are addressed. The foundations, properties, and features of these models and methods are highlighted, discussed, and compared with respect to advantages, disadvantages, and various performance metrics; the models are also ranked with respect to adequately introduced criteria. Since AD process optimization affects heavily the required treatment and utilization of AD products, biogas and digestate utilization in the production of renewable energy and other valuable products is also addressed. Furthermore, special attention is devoted to the challenges and future research needs related to AD modeling and optimization, such are modeling issues related to foaming and microbial activities, AD model parameters calibration, CFD simulation challenges, availability of experimental data, and optimization of the AD process with respect to further biogas and digestate utilizations. As current research results indicate, further progress in these areas could notably improve AD modeling robustness and accuracy as well as AD optimization performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 101199"},"PeriodicalIF":32.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142446969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress in multiscale research on calcium-looping for thermochemical energy storage: From materials to systems","authors":"Xikun Tian,&nbsp;Sijia Guo,&nbsp;Xiaojun Lv,&nbsp;Shangchao Lin,&nbsp;Chang-Ying Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) based on calcium-looping (CaL) has great potential to mitigate the intermittency and instability problems of solar energy harvesting, especially for high-temperature solar thermal utilization. The CaCO₃/CaO TCES system has been the focus of intense research over the past few decades for its advantages of high energy storage density, natural abundance of raw materials, low cost, and environmentally benign nature, simultaneously. Although some properties of the CaCO₃/CaO TCES system have been concluded, few of them consider the relationships between structures and performances at multiple time and length scales. Herein, we summarize the multiscale developments of the CaCO₃/CaO-based TCES systematically, including atomic-scale mechanisms, reaction thermodynamics, cyclic stabilities, energy storage/release properties in reactors, operations, and efficiency optimizations at a system level. This review aims to broaden research interests in multiscale structure-function relationships in the field of TCES and provide constructive references for exploring advanced methods and mature technologies for material development, reactor upgradation, and system optimization. Finally, it will promote the large-scale industrial applications of calcium-looping for thermochemical energy storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 101194"},"PeriodicalIF":32.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flame stabilization and emission characteristics of ammonia combustion in lab-scale gas turbine combustors: Recent progress and prospects","authors":"Meng Zhang ,&nbsp;Xutao Wei ,&nbsp;Zhenhua An ,&nbsp;Ekenechukwu C. Okafor ,&nbsp;Thibault F. Guiberti ,&nbsp;Jinhua Wang ,&nbsp;Zuohua Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global climate change forces all countries to push the process of de-carbonization. Ammonia, which is carbon free and a potential hydrogen carrier, is proposed as a prospective fuel for the power devices to realize the green economy. It also exhibits very good fuel properties, including its storage condition, energy density. However, two main challenges, the difficulties of flame stabilization and potential high fuel NO_x production, still need to be tackled in its application in gas turbines. In the last decades, valuable investigations were conducted to address characteristics of NH₃/air flame stabilization in swirl combustors as well as the combustion enhancement by cofiring with active molecule like CH₄ and H₂, applying plasma assistance. These measures mainly improve the flame resistance to the flow and increase the key radicals at flame base, which may provide possible solutions to the combustion chamber design. The inherent mechanisms of fuel NO_x production are highlighted by the HNO channel with the presence of OH radical. One promising strategy to mitigate NO_x in gas-turbine like combustor is the staged combustion by staging the air or fuel, which may also fit for the practical combustion chamber. The high-pressure condition and plasma assistance were found to show positive influence on both flame stabilization and NO_x control. This review also emphasizes the fundamental research issues for ammonia fuel and proposes some future research prospects towards the development of more robust, reliable, and low NO_x combustion technologies relevant to gas turbines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 101193"},"PeriodicalIF":32.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of liquid fuel droplet evaporation and combustion behavior with carbon-based nanoparticles","authors":"A S M Sazzad Parveg,&nbsp;Albert Ratner","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanofuels (NFs) are an innovative fuel category where nano-scale metal or carbon-based particles are suspended within liquid fuel (LF) to enhance performance, combustion efficiency, and emission characteristics of internal combustion devices while preserving the base fuel properties. Carbon-nanoparticle-based nanofuels (CNFs) have recently attracted attention for their potential to significantly enhance combustion performance and reduce emissions. CNFs offer advantages such as lower toxicity, a reduced environmental footprint, and cost-effectiveness compared to metal-based alternatives. Carbon nanoparticles exhibit potential in enhancing liquid fuel combustion characteristics, particularly when used at low particle concentrations (≤0.30 % w/w), which is likely to be optimal for improving the burning rate. This enhancement can be attributed to their superior heat absorption and transfer properties, improved atomization mechanisms, and impact on combustion kinetics. This review investigates the potential of CNFs and examines the mechanisms by which they alter combustion and evaporation characteristics. Empirical evidence indicates that the increased evaporation and burning rates of CNFs are primarily due to improved radiation capture and heat transfer. The behavior of ignition is closely related to the aggregation and distribution of nanoparticles within CNF droplets, which affects fuel evaporation dynamics. Additionally, increased micro-explosion intensity and generally reduced micro-explosion frequency are observed during CNF droplet combustion. Factors such as particle size, concentration, morphology, and thermo-physical properties play crucial roles in influencing changes in evaporation rate, burning rate, ignition delay, burning period, and micro-explosion characteristics. Studies conducted at droplet, spray, and engine scales consistently support the positive effects of CNFs observed at the droplet scale. These improvements lead to enhanced combustion parameters, better engine performance and a significant reduction in harmful emissions. However, concerns remain about the potential presence of nanoparticles in exhaust emissions and their implications for the environment and human health. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of CNFs, providing insights into their potential applications and identifying areas that require further research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 101198"},"PeriodicalIF":32.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142327337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review and assessment of the ammonium perchlorate chemistry in AP/HTPB composite propellant gas-phase chemical kinetics mechanisms","authors":"Claire M. Grégoire ,&nbsp;Olivier Mathieu ,&nbsp;Joseph Kalman ,&nbsp;Eric L. Petersen","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101195","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Physical and chemical processes of ammonium perchlorate and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (AP/HTPB) composite propellant combustion have been studied for several decades, and more than 50 years of model development can be reported. Computational methods focus on the heterogeneous aspects—the solid-phase and its decomposition—whereas AP self-deflagration and burning characteristics should be seen as a multi-step, physiochemical process. There has been a lack of systematic studies on the gas-phase chemical kinetics mechanisms for AP combustion, with emphasis on the starting gas-phase species NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and HClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;. Only three recent detailed gas-phase mechanisms with sufficient detail in terms of the number of chemical reactions and number of species are currently available in the literature prior to 2023, and simulations are carried out within the present review to assess the state of their current performance and to highlight potential knowledge gaps that should be filled. Given the importance and prevalence of AP in modern propellants, it is surprising that the chemical kinetics of AP combustion are very much understudied. The authors highlight the fact that the few existing AP mechanisms have never been fully vetted against an applicable database of experimental results, certainly not in the manner that mechanisms are typically validated within the combustion science community for fuels such as hydrogen and various hydrocarbons. This review does not put forward such a mechanism, but rather 1) brings to light the limitations of current AP kinetics mechanisms in predicting some limited, available kinetics data, and 2) underlines the need for additional, fundamental data that can be used to calibrate an AP kinetics model. A limited gas-phase experimental database was identified from currently available sources for two main compound families: ammonia (NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) and perchloric acid (HClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;). The decomposition of AP is initiated by NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;ClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; → NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; + HClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and leads to these two rather complex molecules that differ strongly in their nature and consequently in their reaction schemes for combustion processes. On the one hand, existing measurements of ignition delay times, laminar flame speeds, and speciation were collected for NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, and NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and on the other hand, a similar albeit much smaller body of experimental results was assembled for HClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, ClO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. These global kinetics data were used to evaluate modern AP/HTPB propellant models. We observe that there is much room for improvement regarding models' performance. Significant improvements in our ability to model the gas-phase chemical kinetics of AP combustion can be made by taking advantage of recent developments in ammonia oxidation chemistry modeling. However, additional, fundamental data are needed before similar strengthening of the perc","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 101195"},"PeriodicalIF":32.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360128524000534/pdfft?md5=b8d5629a7f8be1c56bf128da17879861&pid=1-s2.0-S0360128524000534-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142311083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ammonia pyrolysis and oxidation chemistry","authors":"Manuel Monge-Palacios ,&nbsp;Xiaoyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Natalia Morlanes ,&nbsp;Hisashi Nakamura ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Pezzella ,&nbsp;S. Mani Sarathy","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ammonia has been essential to human activities for centuries. It is widely used as feedstock for fertilizers, industrial chemicals, and emission after-treatment systems. Owing to its properties, ammonia has garnered interest as a carrier for hydrogen in energy applications. It can be generated from carbon-free emission sources and pyrolyzed to produce pure hydrogen for various applications. The combustion of ammonia for power generation has been previously reviewed in this journal besides several aspects of ammonia oxidation chemistry, as it relates to emission after-treatment and reburn systems. However, the pyrolysis and oxidation chemistry of ammonia requires further elucidation to improve its use as a hydrogen carrier and as a fuel for combustion systems. This article provides an in-depth review of ammonia pyrolysis and oxidation chemistry in noncatalytic and catalytic systems. The catalytic pyrolysis chemistry of ammonia to produce pure hydrogen is reviewed to understand catalyst and reactor requirements for scaling up this technology. The combustion properties of ammonia as a pure fuel and in mixtures, including ignition, flame propagation, and extinction characteristics; its pyrolysis and oxidation reactions; and its potential to produce pollutant emissions are extensively reviewed. Ammonia combustion reaction mechanisms are reported based on results from pyrolysis and oxidation reactors, shock tubes, rapid compression machines, and research engines. The experimental work is complemented by the development of detailed combustion models via chemical kinetic and quantum chemistry simulations. Herein, recent results on ammonia pyrolysis and oxidation chemistry are introduced and summarized by highlighting the pertinent aspects of this rich and rapidly increasing body of information.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 101177"},"PeriodicalIF":32.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142049668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The potential of RuBisCO in CO2 capture and utilization","authors":"Kamyll Dawn Cocon ,&nbsp;Patricia Luis","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Carbon capture technology is currently considered one of the promising technologies to mitigate atmospheric CO₂ concentration. CO₂ capture and utilization (CCU) captures anthropogenic waste CO₂ and valorizes it into useful products, supporting a circular transition pathway towards carbon neutrality. Unfortunately, the thermodynamic stability of CO₂ requires a high-energy input for its conversion, resulting in processes with a net positive carbon footprint. The incorporation of enzymes as biocatalysts in a process is attractive, as it facilitates CO₂ conversion under ambient conditions. In Nature, the conversion of CO₂ into organic compounds is done through photosynthesis, using an enzyme called ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO). RuBisCO plays a central role in the natural assimilation of CO₂, making it the enzyme chosen in Nature upon which all life forms depend. However, the slow carboxylation rate of RuBisCO (1–10/s) has caused it to be overlooked by faster enzymes such as carbonic anhydrase (CA), which has a carboxylation rate of 10⁶/s. Despite this, RuBisCO has a rate enhancement of 10⁸ to 10¹⁰ times higher than CA. Thus, this review aims to take a closer look at RuBisCO and examine its potential in CCU. Various aspects are considered, such as RuBisCO’s performance in comparison to other enzymes, approaches to overcome its limitations, its applications and implications in CCU, the valuable chemicals that can be derived from it, recent developments in RuBisCO-integrated processes, and its economic and environmental considerations. Through this, RuBisCO’s potential as one of the key enzymes in CCU will be explored.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 101184"},"PeriodicalIF":32.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141979773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifunctional fluidized bed reactors for process intensification","authors":"D. Zapater ,&nbsp;S.R. Kulkarni ,&nbsp;F. Wery ,&nbsp;M. Cui ,&nbsp;J. Herguido ,&nbsp;M. Menendez ,&nbsp;G.J. Heynderickx ,&nbsp;K.M. Van Geem ,&nbsp;J. Gascon ,&nbsp;P. Castaño","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fluidized bed reactors (FBRs) are crucial in the chemical industry, serving essential roles in gasoline production, manufacturing materials, and waste treatment. However, traditional up-flow FBRs have limitations in applications where rapid kinetics, catalyst deactivation, sluggish mass/heat transfer processes, particle erosion or agglomeration (clustering) occur. This review investigates multifunctional FBRs that can function in multiple ways and intensify processes. These reactors can reduce reaction steps and costs, enhance heat and mass transfer, make processes more compact, couple different phenomena, improve energy efficiency, operate in extreme fluidized regimes, have augmented throughput, or solve problems inherited by traditional reactor configurations. They address constraints associated with conventional counterparts and contribute to favorable energy, fuels, and environmental footprints. These reactors can be classified as two-zone, vortex, and internal circulating FBRs, with each concept summarized, including their advantages, disadvantages, process applicability, intensification, visualization, and simulation work. This discussion also includes shared considerations for these reactor types, along with perspectives on future advancements and opportunities for enhancing their performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 101176"},"PeriodicalIF":32.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360128524000340/pdfft?md5=f1cacfb5a9ad528cdeb178943af719ae&pid=1-s2.0-S0360128524000340-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141950288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances and challenges of the Conditional Source-term Estimation model for turbulent reacting flows","authors":"M. Mahdi Salehi ,&nbsp;Cecile Devaud ,&nbsp;W. Kendal Bushe","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Conditional Source-term Estimation (CSE) is a turbulence–chemistry interaction model to simulate reacting flows. This model is similar to the Conditional Moment Closure (CMC) approach in using the conditional scalar field to calculate the conditional reaction rates. However, unlike CMC, where transport equations are solved for the conditional scalars, an integral equation is inverted in CSE to estimate the conditional scalars. The model has been developed and applied to a wide range of combustion regimes, including diffusion, premixed, stratified premixed, mixed-mode combustion in lifted flames, spray combustion and MILD combustion in the past two decades. It has been tested against several Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) databases in <em>a priori</em> analyses and also coupled with both Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) and Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) flow solvers to simulate benchmark burners. The CSE model has also been used in the simulation of practical combustion devices such as internal combustion engines and industrial furnaces. In this paper, the fundamental basis of the CSE model is first presented, and the model’s limitations and strengths are described. The challenges of the application of CSE to different combustion regimes are discussed through a comprehensive review of the past published works. Mathematical and numerical implementation techniques are presented, and future challenges in developing this turbulence–chemistry interaction model are also proposed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 101172"},"PeriodicalIF":32.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141596746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}