Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials最新文献

{"title":"Arsenides-and related III-V materials-based multilayered structures for terahertz applications: Various designs and growth technology","authors":"Alexander E. Yachmenev ,&nbsp;Sergey S. Pushkarev ,&nbsp;Rodion R. Reznik ,&nbsp;Rustam A. Khabibullin ,&nbsp;Dmitry S. Ponomarev","doi":"10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2020.100485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2020.100485","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The fabrication and investigation of single and multilayered structures have become an essential issue in the past decades since these structures directly define valuable properties and efficiency of widely used terahertz (THz) emitters and detectors. Since the development of molecular-beam epitaxy, as well as other crystal growth techniques, a variety of structural designs has appeared and has been proposed. Since that, an enormous progress has been achieved beginning from the pioneering work on photoconductivity in </span>silicon<span> toward different multilayered heterostructures. The last are now commonly utilized as base components in photoconductive THz emitters/detectors, quantum-cascade lasers for pulsed and continuous-wave THz spectroscopic and imaging systems providing critical fundamental and practical applications at the forefront of scientific knowledge (sensors, flexible electronics, security systems, biomedicine, and others). This review summarizes the developments in different approaches and crystal growth techniques, emphasizing the importance of using single and multilayered arsenides-and related III-V materials-based (phosphides, antimonides, bismuthides) structures to accomplish the needs of modern and existing instruments of THz science and technology.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":409,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials","volume":"66 2","pages":"Article 100485"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2020.100485","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2164408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements (and challenges) in the study of protein crystal nucleation and growth; thermodynamic and kinetic explanations and comparison with small-molecule crystallization","authors":"Christo N. Nanev","doi":"10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2020.100484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2020.100484","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>This paper reviews advancements and some novel ideas (not yet covered by reviews and monographs) concerning thermodynamics and kinetics of protein crystal nucleation and growth, as well as some outcomes resulting therefrom. By accounting the role of physical and biochemical factors, the paper aims to present a comprehensive (rather than complete) review of recent studies and efforts to elucidate the protein crystallization process. Thermodynamic rules that govern both protein and small-molecule crystallization are considered firstly. The thermodynamically substantiated EBDE method (meaning equilibration between the cohesive energy which maintains the integrity of a crystalline cluster and the destructive energies tending to tear-up it) determines the </span>supersaturation<span> dependent size of stable nuclei (i.e., nuclei that are doomed to grow). The size of the stable nucleus is worth-considering because it is exactly related to the size of the critical crystal nucleus, and permits calculation of the latter. Besides, merely stable nuclei grow to visible crystals, and are detected experimentally. EBDE is applied for considering protein crystal nucleation in pores and hydrophobicity assisted protein crystallization. The logistic functional kinetics of nucleation (expressed as nuclei number density vs. nucleation time) explains quantitatively important aspects of the crystallization process, such as supersaturation dependence of crystal nuclei number density at fixed nucleation time and crystal size distribution (CSD) resulting from batch crystallization. It is shown that the CSD is instigated by the crystal nucleation stage, which produces an ogee-curve shaped CSD vs. crystal birth moments. Experimental results confirm both the logistic functional nucleation kinetics and the calculated CSD. And even though </span></span>Ostwald ripening modifies the latter (because the smallest crystals dissolve rendering material for the growth of larger crystals), CSD during this terminal crystallization stage retains some traces of the CSD shape inherited from the nucleation stage. Another objective of this paper is to point-out some biochemical aspects of the protein crystallization, such as bond selection mechanism (BSM) of protein crystal nucleation and growth and the effect of electric fields exerted on the process. Finally, an </span><em>in-silico</em> study on crystal polymorph selection is reviewed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":409,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials","volume":"66 2","pages":"Article 100484"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2020.100484","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2601093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of silica and alkaline earth metals with biomolecules in the biomineralization processes: the eggshell's formation and the crystallization in vivo for x-ray crystallography","authors":"Nerith Rocío Elejalde-Cadena ,&nbsp;Mayra Cuéllar-Cruz ,&nbsp;Abel Moreno","doi":"10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2019.100473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2019.100473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>This contribution is a scientific journey divided into three parts. In the first part, we review the role that silica biomorphs of </span>alkaline earth metals<span> have played in the formation of complex structures as a reminiscence of the chemistry of the primitive life on Earth. These biomorphs, and their variety of forms synthesized by simple chemical reactions, can nowadays be experimentally used to explain some mechanisms of biomineralization in living organisms. In the second part, we review the role of calcium carbonates in the formation of eggshells in avian. The mechanism of the mineral eggshell´s formation of the biogenic </span></span>calcite<span> deposited on an organic matrix is revised. The competitive crystal growth mechanism of the mineralized part orientates these crystals preserving the semispherical shape of the egg. We are using these eggshell formations as a second model to understand the biomineralization processes in Nature. The third and final part is about the importance that biomineralization concepts have to produce hybrid materials for the future. This has allowed us to obtain tailored size control of complex morphologies by synthetic chemical procedures that give rise to these new materials’ specific forms and ad hoc properties. We conclude this part with the advantage of knowing the biological mechanisms, based on molecular biology concepts, to obtain protein crystals </span></span><em>in vivo</em> and <em>in cellulo</em><span> techniques. Both methods use the cellular machinery of growing biocrystals in specialized cells that have evolved through millions of years. This new way of producing protein crystals has been trending topic for modern crystallography when using the facilities of the X-ray free-electron lasers (four generation of synchrotrons) for megahertz serial crystallography.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":409,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials","volume":"66 1","pages":"Article 100473"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2019.100473","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3389026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preferred crystallographic orientation of nanocrystals embedded inside nanopores","authors":"Hanna Bishara ,&nbsp;Shlomo Berger","doi":"10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2019.100464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2019.100464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The preferred crystallographic orientation of nanocrystals plays a significant role in determining their properties. From the wide variety of nanocrystal growth techniques, we focus in this paper on crystal growth by precipitation from liquid solutions inside porous substrates, and discuss the progress that has been made during the last decade concerning the control of crystal growth direction through this method. In this overview, the motivation and principal mechanisms of achieving highly oriented nanocrystals are presented. Moreover, different experimental challenges within the described growth technique are probed. The paper presents the thermodynamic and kinetic considerations for favoring crystal growth inside pores rather than bulk growth. A special focus is made on the origin of obtaining preferred crystallographic orientations in various types of materials, including varying perspectives of thermodynamic and kinetic driving forces. The paper ends with technological application of crystal growth with preferred crystallographic orientation inside nano-pores.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":409,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials","volume":"65 4","pages":"Article 100464"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2019.100464","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2601094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth and characterization of two-dimensional crystals for communication and energy applications","authors":"Laxmi Narayan Tripathi,&nbsp;Sourabh Barua","doi":"10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2019.100465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2019.100465","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>This review article covers the growth and characterization of two-dimensional (2D) crystals of transition metal chalcogenides<span><span>, h-BN, graphene, etc. The chemical vapor transport method for bulk single crystal growth is discussed in detail. Top-down methods like mechanical and liquid exfoliation and bottom-up methods like </span>chemical vapor deposition<span> and molecular beam epitaxy for mono/few-layer growth are described. The optimal characterization techniques such as optical, atomic force, scanning electron, and </span></span></span>Raman spectroscopy<span> for identification of mono/few-layer(s) of the 2D crystals are discussed. In addition, a survey was done for the application of 2D crystals for both creation and deterministic transfer of single-photon sources and photovoltaic<span> systems. Finally, the application of plasmonic nanoantenna was proposed for enhanced solar-to-electrical energy conversion and faster/brighter quantum communication devices.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":409,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials","volume":"65 4","pages":"Article 100465"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2019.100465","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2000660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hair growth at a solid-liquid interface as a protein crystal without cell division","authors":"Jun-ichi Chikawa ,&nbsp;Masaichi Bandou ,&nbsp;Ken Tabuchi ,&nbsp;Katsuhiko Tani ,&nbsp;Hisashi Saji ,&nbsp;Yozo Takasaki","doi":"10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2019.04.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2019.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Concentrations of elements in single hair samples were evaluated by X-ray fluorescence by scanning with a narrow beam in the growth direction. Zn binds to the hair protein molecules, and is distributed uniformly from hair tip to root bulb by steady-state growth. To avoid the effect of thickness variation for the bulb, the hair elements were evaluated as the amount per protein molecule using the hair [Zn], resulting in the fault-bounded [S] change typical for a solid–liquid interface; the papilla is in a liquid state and the segregation of elements occurs so as to maintain the amount of shaft element equal to the element inflow into the papilla from the blood, leading to the relationship between hair and blood concentrations. The diffusion boundary layer of S segregation in the bulb gives the diffusion coefficient of </span><em>D</em>∼1 × 10⁻⁸ cm²<span>/s. The liquid papilla during hair growth solidifies with temperature decrease with the formation of the hair specimen, and the results for solidified papilla are different from the state during growth. It is proposed that the serum protein supplied into dermal papilla changes into precursor keratin molecules, and then into insolvable keratin in the hair matrix cells, i.e., hair makes “protein-melt growth.” The pulsed or stepwise variations of [Ca] and [Sr] occur due to the ion channel gating of matrix cells; such variations can never be expected for the cell division growth as deduced from the solidified papilla. The hair growth reflects the status of ion channels and pumping only possible because of the solid–liquid growth interface driven by the gradient in chemical potential nearly perpendicular to the skin surface. Thus, a hair root is a solid–liquid system for hair formation from serum protein.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":409,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials","volume":"65 3","pages":"Article 100452"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2019.04.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2706062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Professor J. Brian Mullin retires as Editor-in-Chief from the journal Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2019.05.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2019.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":409,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials","volume":"65 3","pages":"Article 100453"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2019.05.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2706057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Publisher Note","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0960-8974(19)30023-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8974(19)30023-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":409,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials","volume":"65 3","pages":"Article 100458"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0960-8974(19)30023-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1591021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, growth and characterization of PbTe-based thermoelectric materials","authors":"Su Ching-Hua","doi":"10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2019.04.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2019.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Thermoelectric devices convert thermal energy, i.e. heat, into electric energy. With no moving parts, the thermoelectric generator has demonstrated its advantage of long-duration operational reliability. The IV–VI compound semiconductor PbTe-based materials have been widely adopted for the thermoelectric applications in the medium temperature range of 350–650</span><span></span><span>°C. In most of the reports, thermoelectric materials<span> were manufactured by a hot pressing or quench and annealing method. The recent advancements in the converting efficiency of thermoelectrics, including PbTe-based materials, have been attributed to the modification on material inhomogeneity of microstructures by hot pressing or simply cooling the melt to reduce the thermal conductivity. On the other hand, due to its time-consuming preparation/processing and unnecessary good crystalline quality (for thermoelectric applications), the processing of thermoelectric materials by crystal growth resulted in very few investigations. In this report, the design and growth of the PbTe-based materials solidified from the melt for thermoelectric applications as well as the results of their thermoelectric characterizations will be reviewed. It shows that, besides its Figure of Merit comparable to other processing methods, the melt grown PbTe material has several additional capabilities, including the reproducibility, thermal stability and the functional gradient characteristics from the variation of properties along the growth length.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":409,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials","volume":"65 2","pages":"Pages 47-94"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2019.04.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3385820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metamorphic InAs(Sb)/InGaAs/InAlAs nanoheterostructures grown on GaAs for efficient mid-IR emitters","authors":"S.V. Ivanov ,&nbsp;M.Yu. Chernov ,&nbsp;V.A. Solov'ev ,&nbsp;P.N. Brunkov ,&nbsp;D.D. Firsov ,&nbsp;O.S. Komkov","doi":"10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2018.12.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2018.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>High-efficiency semiconductor lasers and light-emitting diodes operating in the 3–5 μm mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral range are currently of great demand for a wide variety of applications, in particular, gas sensing, noninvasive medical tests, </span>IR spectroscopy </span><em>etc.</em><span><span> III-V compounds with a lattice constant of about 6.1 Å are traditionally used for this spectral range. The attractive idea to fabricate such emitters on GaAs substrates by using In(Ga,Al)As compounds is restricted by either the minimum operating wavelength of ∼8 μm in case of pseudomorphic AlGaAs-based </span>quantum cascade lasers or requires utilization of thick metamorphic In</span><em>_x</em>Al₁<em>_-x</em><span>As buffer layers (MBLs) playing a key role in reducing the density of threading dislocations (TDs) in an active region, which otherwise result in a strong decay of the quantum efficiency of such mid-IR emitters. In this review we present the results of careful investigations of employing the convex-graded In</span><em>_x</em>Al₁<em>_-x</em><span><span>As MBLs for fabrication by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs (001) substrates of In(Ga,Al)As </span>heterostructures<span> with a combined type-II/type-I InSb/InAs/InGaAs quantum well (QW) for efficient mid-IR emitters (3–3.6 μm). The issues of strain relaxation, elastic stress balance, efficiency of radiative and non-radiative recombination at </span></span><em>T</em> = 10–300 K are discussed in relation to molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth conditions and designs of the structures. A wide complex of techniques including <em>in-situ</em><span><span><span> reflection high-energy electron diffraction, </span>atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning and </span>transmission electron microscopies<span>, X-ray diffractometry, reciprocal space mapping, selective area electron diffraction, as well as photoluminescence<span> (PL) and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy was used to study in detail structural and optical properties of the metamorphic QW structures. Optimization of the growth conditions (the substrate temperature, the As</span></span></span>₄/III ratio) and elastic strain profiles governed by variation of an inverse step in the In content profile between the MBL and the InAlAs virtual substrate results in decrease in the TD density (down to 3 × 10⁷ cm⁻²<span>), increase of the thickness of the low-TD-density near-surface MBL region to 250–300 nm, the extremely low surface roughness with the RMS value of 1.6–2.4 nm, measured by AFM, as well as rather high 3.5 μm-PL intensity at temperatures up to 300 K in such structures. The obtained results indicate that the metamorphic InSb/In(Ga,Al)As QW heterostructures of proper design, grown under the optimum MBE conditions, are very promising for fabricating the efficient mid-IR emitters on a GaAs platform.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":409,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials","volume":"65 1","pages":"Pages 20-35"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2018.12.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2392415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}