{"title":"Making Space in Canadian Sociology","authors":"Vanessa Watts","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.14","url":null,"abstract":"Indigenous Peoples have been studied by governments and social scientists (largely anthropologists) for over two centuries. Indigenous Peoples in Canadian sociology have historically been imbedded into the discipline as an unsolved problem of modernity. Indigenous social lives are therefore largely constructed through markers of success and failure situated within a settler-colonial lens. Further, sociological notions of “society” and “culture” are largely defined by the interrelations between humans only, limiting considerations of other-than-human relations on societal formations and the dynamics therein. Through a discussion about epistemology, ontology, and other-than-human relations, this chapter examines the ways in which Indigenous worlds both conceive of societal formations and articulate social events.","PeriodicalId":409773,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Indigenous Sociology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128322071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Kids Feeling Good About Being Indigenous at School and Its Link to Heightened Educational Aspirations","authors":"Huw Peacock, M. Guerzoni","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.46","url":null,"abstract":"Aspiration formation is an important milestone in the cognitive and personal development of children, influential in directing their life pursuits entering adulthood. Educational aspirations are particularly prized, and subsequently nurtured, within Western societies. For Indigenous children, connection to, embrace of, and security in one’s indigeneity has been shown to be conducive to more favorable maturation, educational outcomes, and emotional and physical well-being. This chapter employs quantitative data from the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children Wave 8 K cohort to examine how cultural identity influences the secondary school completion aspirations of 499 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and/or Torres Strait Islander children aged 10.5–12 years. The authors find that Indigenous children who are comfortable in their indigeneity, particularly in the classroom, are more likely to desire to complete their secondary education. These findings support the need for further awareness and more support by teachers of Indigenous children.","PeriodicalId":409773,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Indigenous Sociology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128961380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Indigenous Societies and Disasters","authors":"Simon Lambert","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.40","url":null,"abstract":"Colonization can be interpreted as a disaster with a fixed beginning but an indeterminate end, whose very purpose was to dispossess, disarm and, if necessary, destroy Indigenous Peoples. Disasters therefore continue to fall disproportionately on disempowered Indigenous communities, families, and individuals—and Indigenous vulnerability is the corollary to settler colonial, capitalist, and neoliberal resiliency. Although Indigenous Knowledges can and do contribute to better disaster risk reduction (DRR), it is not obvious that the ongoing deployment of Indigenous Knowledges will prevent or even mitigate disasters for Indigenous communities. Positioning Indigenous Peoples as inherently resilient risks reifying the status quo of vulnerability and diverts attention from a key sociological component of resilience to disasters, namely sovereignty.","PeriodicalId":409773,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Indigenous Sociology","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115925887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Colonialism and the Racialization of Indigenous Identity","authors":"Angela A. Gonzales, J. Kertész","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.36","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter traces the emergence of “race” as a handmaiden to colonialism and the consequential racialization of Indigenous Peoples. We argue that colonialism and the ideas that inform colonial structures, such as race, not only serve to hide their existence but also to legitimate the power relations that they establish. As a consequence, the larger context of colonialism created and required “race” to justify the dispossession and displacement of Indigenous Peoples. Here, dispossession and displacement carry a number of meanings, from territorial expropriation to the usurpation and replacement of Indigenous self-identifications. The chapter also calls attention to the process of racialization and the historical legacies of racialized science to make appreciable how colonialism reinscribes both Native nations and their members as racialized subjects.","PeriodicalId":409773,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Indigenous Sociology","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123212988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deep Consciousness and Reclaiming the Old Ways","authors":"J. Baltra-Ulloa","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.26","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the parallels of being a Mapuche woman in Chile and being an Aboriginal woman in Australia. Aboriginal women in Australia and Mapuche women in Chile are at the bottom of the racial hierarchy, and both are most fiercely ignored and subjugated. Indigeneity in the life context of these women is a triple burden: burdened with the gender disparity as a woman, burdened with Western feminism largely devoid of an Indigenist perspective, and burdened by the legacy of colonization and its daily reenactments. Against this sociocultural, political, and economic backdrop, Mapuche and Aboriginal women rise daily, and have done so for millennia, as storytellers, healers, and activists, sharing the Dreaming and the wisdom of ancestors. They activate, educate, and lead their communities, reclaiming culture and a oneness with nature. From the periphery of the current world order, the Indigenist female Other tells very different stories about the grand challenges that humanity faces in the 21st century. What, then, can we learn from these women? What can we unlearn from these women? In this chapter, these questions are explored by sharing what these women live by: a deep consciousness that reclaiming old ways can lead a global paradigm shift.","PeriodicalId":409773,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Indigenous Sociology","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132836041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Beyond the “Abyssal Line”","authors":"D. Cormack, P. King","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.35","url":null,"abstract":"Colonization fundamentally disrupted Indigenous knowledge systems, establishing epistemic hierarchies that privilege Eurocentric colonial epistemologies and methodologies. In this chapter, the authors explore how epistemic hierarchies are (re)produced in the current context of “big data” and datafication, in particular for mokopuna Māori in the nation-state known as New Zealand (NZ). (We use the concept of “mokopuna Māori” to refer to and position Māori babies, children, and young people within the Māori world as the sacred reflection of our ancestors and a blueprint for future generations.) The chapter then considers the possibilities for Indigenous epistemic justice in the “zone of nonbeing” or beyond the “abyssal line.”","PeriodicalId":409773,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Indigenous Sociology","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122561500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gender, Epistemic Violence, and Indigenous Resistance","authors":"N. Moodie","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.20","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an introduction to gendered differences in work, poverty, and violence experienced by Indigenous People and the limitations of sociology in explaining Indigenous Peoples continued dispossession and oppression. The chapter also provides an overview of the contribution of Indigenous feminisms and queer Indigenous studies to broader thinking on gender, coloniality, and First Nations sovereignty. Integral to this analysis is the colonial imposition of gender binaries and the gendered violence of settler-colonial societies, which is central to the formation of such states, their spatiotemporalities, and the ongoing oppression of Indigenous Peoples and our lifeworlds. Central to the focus of an Indigenous sociology of gender are myriad forms of resistance to epistemic violence, anchored in tradition and by normative systems, and essential for the maintenance and reinvention of Indigenous futures. This chapter provides an introduction to Indigenous scholarship on gender and sexuality, gendered structures of historic and contemporary violence toward Indigenous Peoples, and maps the resistance of gendered identities as fundamental to the resurgence of Indigenous lifeworlds.","PeriodicalId":409773,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Indigenous Sociology","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122351351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Closing the Gap","authors":"Ian G. Anderson","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.13","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an overview of the negotiations led by the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) on the renewal of a set of agreements, first struck in 2008, referred to as the “Close the Gap” agenda. It covers three years of negotiations from 2017 to 2020. In the second phase of these negotiations, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (hereafter also referred to as Indigenous) organizations were included as decision-making partners. This made a significant difference to the policy reforms and accountabilities outlined in the final agreement. The chapter provides an insight into how Indigenous Peoples can negotiate power in the context of liberal governmentality.","PeriodicalId":409773,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Indigenous Sociology","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133185855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rangatahi Māori and Youth Justice in New Zealand","authors":"Arapera Blank-Penetito, Juan Tauri, R. Webb","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.16","url":null,"abstract":"An ongoing area of major concern for Māori communities in Aotearoa New Zealand is the criminal justice system, in particular the system’s responses to rangatahi (youth) and their whānau (families). This chapter examines the early findings from the Aotearoa leg of a larger qualitative research project on Māori and Samoan experiences of youth justice. Focusing upon Māori, it discusses the theme of marginalization of rangatahi and whānau, drawn from the analysis of Māori community narratives on how they experience state justice practices. This includes concerns over tokenism and being constrained by the system, the lack of alternatives to the mainstream justice processes, and the privileging of the individual focus over the collective Māori understandings and responses. It also discusses narratives on the silencing of rangatahi and whānau voices that impacts on community experiences of the criminal justice sector.","PeriodicalId":409773,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Indigenous Sociology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129692601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Indigenous Peoples’ Earnings, Inequality, and Well-Being","authors":"Randall K. Q. Akee","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.17","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes earnings inequality and poverty measures for four groups of Indigenous peoples in the United States over the past 30 years using available data. The analysis provides a useful comparison to racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. Additionally, the chapter explores ways in which the existing measures of monetary income and earnings may miss significant sources of resource exchange, transfer, and provision in these communities. Accounting for these additional activities may indicate that these communities are more resilient than official measures would suggest. This chapter also argues that certain environmental and natural resources provide uncounted and unmeasured value; however, the benefit and value that they provide to communities and peoples are not allocated via price mechanisms and are thus not easily counted or measured. A potential solution is the inclusion of expanded questions and surveys that include questions that measure non-market-based flows of income and services for Indigenous peoples.","PeriodicalId":409773,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Indigenous Sociology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128716562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}